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Иммунная тромбоцитопения и тромбозы. Гематологический парадокс или клиническая реальность?
Иммунная тромбоцитопения и тромбозы. Гематологический парадокс или клиническая реальность?
Дворецкий Л.И. Иммунная тромбоцитопения и тромбозы. Гематологический парадокс или клиническая реальность? Consilium Medicum. 2021; 23 (6): 463–468. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2021.6.200758
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Аннотация
Одной из особенностей первичной иммунной тромбоцитопении является развитие у больных тромбозов, частота которых превышает таковую в популяции. В обзоре приводятся эпидемиологические данные о тромбоэмболических событиях, патогенетические механизмы и факторы риска их развития, терапевтическая тактика у данной категории пациентов. В развитии тромбоэмболических событий у больных иммунной тромбоцитопенией приобретают значение патогенетические особенности самого заболевания (повышенная функциональная активность юных тромбоцитов, тромбоцитарные микрочастицы, антифосфолипидные антитела, активация комплемента, повышение уровня прокоагулянтов, снижение активности ADAMTS-13), наличие у больных коморбидных факторов риска тромбозов, тромбогенные побочные эффекты лекарственных препаратов, применяемых для лечения иммунной тромбоцитопении. Терапевтическая тактика ведения больных иммунной тромбоцитопенией с развитием тромбоэмболических событий заключается в коррекции количества тромбоцитов (глюкокортикостероиды, препараты внутривенного иммуноглобулина) и назначении антитромботических средств с учетом клинической ситуации и количества тромбоцитов.
Ключевые слова: иммунная тромбоцитопения, тромбозы, кардиоваскулярные заболевания, антикоагулянтная терапия
Key words: immne thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, cardiovascular diseases, anticoagulant therapy
Ключевые слова: иммунная тромбоцитопения, тромбозы, кардиоваскулярные заболевания, антикоагулянтная терапия
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Key words: immne thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, cardiovascular diseases, anticoagulant therapy
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Doobaree I, Nandigam R, Bennett D, et al. Thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Haematol. 2016;97(4):321-30. DOI:101111/ejh.12777
3. Rodeghiero F. Is ITP a thrombophilic disorder? Am J Hematol. 2016;91(1):39-45. DOI:10.1002/ajh.24234
4. Sarpatwari A, Bennett D, Logie JW, et al. Thromboembolic events among adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Haematologica. 2010;95(7):1167-75. DOI:10.3324/haematol.2009.018390
5. Severinsen MT, Engebjerg MC, Farkas DK, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2011;152(3):360-2. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08418.x
6. Norgaard M, Severinsen M, Maegbaek M, et al. Risk of arterial thrombosis in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: A Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2012;159:109-11. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09231.x
7. Nørgaard M, Cetin K, Maegbaek ML, et al. Risk of arterial thrombotic and venous thromboembolic events in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2016;174(4):639-42. DOI:10.1111/bjh.13787
8. Enger C, Bennett D, Forssen U, et al. Comorbidities in patients with persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Hematol. 2010;92(2):289-95. DOI:10.1007/s12185-010-0636-3
9. Aledort LM, Hayward CP, Chen MG, et al. Prospective screening of 205 patients with ITP, including diagnosis, serological markers, and the relationship between platelet counts, endogenous thrombopoietin, and circulating antithrombopoietin antibodies. Am J Hematol. 2004;76(3):205-13. DOI:10.1002/ajh.20104
10. Bennett D, Forssen U, Enger C, Nelson J. Risk of thromboembolic events (TE) among patients with chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). Haematologica. 2008;93.
11. Zhou H, Fu R, Wang H, et al. Immune thrombocytopenia in the elderly: clinical course in 525 patients from a single center in China. Ann Hematol. 2013;92(1):79-87. DOI:10.1007/s00277-012-1567-2
12. Ruggeri M, Tosetto A, Palandri F, et al. Thrombotic risk in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia is only mildly increased and explained by personal and treatment-related risk factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(8):1266-73. DOI:10.1111/jth.12636
13. Frederiksen H, Maegbaek M, Norgaard M. Twenty-year mortality of adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2014;166(2):260-7. DOI:10.1111/bjh.12869
14. Chandan JS, Thomas T, Lee S, et al. The association between idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(3):474-80. DOI:10.1111/jth.13940
15. Moulis G, Germain J, Comont T, et al. CARMEN Investigators Group. Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia adults: Clinical epidemiology, exposure to treatments, and evolution. Results of the CARMEN multicenter prospective cohort. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(6):493-500. DOI:10.1002/ajh.24702
16. Ekstrand C, Linder M, Baricault B, et al. Impact of risk factors on the occurrence of arterial thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia – Results from two nationwide cohorts. Thromb Res. 2019;178:124-31. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.016
17. Ito S, Fujiwara SI, Ikeda T, et al. Evaluation of thrombotic events in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(1):49-55. DOI:10.1007/s00277-019-03886-6
18. Rasheed М, Soliman АТ, Yassin М.А. Thrombosis in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia, Review of Literature. Blood. 2020;136(Suppl. 1):9-10. DOI:10.1182/blood-2020-136513
19. Rand ML, Dean JA. Platelet function in autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr. 1998;424:57-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01236.x
20. Endler G, Klimesch A, Sunder-Plassmann H, et al. Mean platelet volume is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction but not for coronary artery disease. Br J Haematol. 2002;117(2):399-404. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03441.x
21. Lacroix R, Dubois C, Leroyer AS, et al. Revisited role of microparticles in arterial and venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(Suppl. 1):24-35. DOI:10.1111/jth.12268
22. Chirinos JA, Heresi GA, Velasquez H, et al. Elevation of endothelial microparticles, platelets, and leukocyte activation in patients with venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 20053;45(9):1467-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.075
23. Nomura S, Yanabu M, Kido H, et al. Antiplatelet autoantibody-related microparticles in patients with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol. 1991;62:103-7. DOI:10.1007/BF01702922
24. Sewify EM, Sayed D, Abdel Aal RF, et al. Increased circulating red cell microparticles (RMP) and platelet microparticles (PMP) in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2013;131(2):e59-63. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.021
25. Ahn YS, Horstman LL, Jy W, et al. Vascular dementia in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2002;107(6):337-44. DOI:10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00337-7
26. Puddu P, Puddu GM, Cravero E, et al. The involvement of circulating microparticles in inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular diseases. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(4):140-5.
DOI:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70371-8
27. Yusuf SW, Iliescu C, Bathina JD, et al. Antiplatelet therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(3):336-40.
28. Ichijo M, Ishibashi S, Ohkubo T, et al. Elevated platelet microparticle levels after acute ischemic stroke with concurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(3):587-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.04.032
29. Boulware R, Refaai MA. Why do patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) experience lower bleeding events despite thrombocytopenia? Thromb Res. 2020;187:154-8. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.020
30. Fruchter O, Blich M, Jacob G. Fatal acute myocardial infarction during severe thrombocytopenia in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323(5):279-80. DOI:10.1097/00000441-200205000-00010
31. Zhu X, Ma D, Zhang J, et al. Elevated interleukin-21 correlated to Th17 and Th1 cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol. 2010;30(2):253-9.
DOI:10.1007/s10875-009-9353-1
32. Semple JW. Infections, antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and immune tolerance: their role in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(6):1177-92. DOI:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.08.007
33. Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation and coagulation. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(Suppl. 2):S26-34. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c98d21
34. Christiansen SC, Naess IA, Cannegieter SC, et al. Inflammatory cytokines as risk factors for a first venous thrombosis: a prospective population-based study. PLoS Med. 2006;3(8):e334. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030334
35. Cervera R, Tektonidou MG, Espinosa G, et al. Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and Non-criteria APS Manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and heart valve lesions. Lupus. 2011;20(2):165-73. DOI:10.1177/0961203310395051
36. Uthman I, Godeau B, Taher A, Khamashta M. The hematologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Rev. 2008;22(4):187-94. DOI:10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.005
37. Diz-Küçükkaya R, Hacihanefioğlu A, Yenerel M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood. 2001;98(6):1760-4. DOI:10.1182/blood.v98.6.1760
38. Thachil J, Callaghan T, Martlew V. Thromboembolic events are not uncommon in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2010;150(4):496-7.
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08234.x
39. Baron BW, Martin MS, Sucharetza BS, et al. Four patients with both thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: the concept of a mixed immune thrombocytopenia syndrome and indications for plasma exchange. J Clin Apher. 2001;16(4):179-85. DOI:10.1002/jca.1031
40. Kim WH, Park JB, Jung CW, Kim GS. Rebalanced hemostasis in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelets. 2015;26(1):38-42. DOI:10.3109/09537104.2013.869312
41. McMillan R, Durette C. Long-term outcomes in adults with chronic ITP after splenectomy failure. Blood. 2004;104(4):956-60. DOI:10.1182/blood-2003-11-3908
42. Rodeghiero F, Ruggeri M. Short- and long-term risks of splenectomy for benign haematological disorders: should we revisit the indications? Br J Haematol. 2012;158(1):16-29. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09146.x
43. Boyle S, White RH, Brunson A, Wun T. Splenectomy and the incidence of venous thromboembolism and sepsis in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2013;121(23):4782-90. DOI:10.1182/blood-2012-12-467068
44. Thai LH, Mahévas M, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Long-term complications of splenectomy in adult immune thrombocytopenia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(48):e5098. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000005098
45. Paran D, Herishanu Y, Elkayam O, et al. Venous and arterial thrombosis following administration of intravenous immunoglobulins. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2005;16(5):313-8. DOI:10.1097/01.mbc.0000172694.85233.a8
46. Takagi S, Suzuki I, Watanabe S. Risk of Thromboembolism in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia. J Hematol Thrombo Dis. 2015;3:185. DOI:10.4172/2329-8790.1000185
47. Katz U, Shoenfeld Y. Review: intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and thromboembolic complications. Lupus. 2005;14(10):802-8.
DOI:10.1191/0961203303lu2168rr
48. Woodruff RK, Grigg AP, Firkin FC, Smith IL. Fatal thrombotic events during treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenia with intravenous immunoglobulin in elderly patients. Lancet. 1986;2(8500):217-8. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92511-0
49. Rungjirajittranon T, Owattanapanich W. A serious thrombotic event in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia requiring intravenous immunoglobulin: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2019;13:25. DOI:10.1186/s13256-018-1955-x
50. Alexandrescu DT, Dutcher JP, Hughes JT, et al. Strokes after intravenous gamma globulin: thrombotic phenomenon in patients with risk factors or just coincidence? Am J Hematol. 2005;78(3):216-20.
51. Satoh T, Saotome M, Suwa K, et al. Recurrent Coronary Thrombus in a Patient with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia with Treatment Using Eltrombopag. Сase Rep Cardiol. 2019;2019:2756319. DOI:10.1155/2019/2756319
52. Catalá-López F, Corrales I, de la Fuente-Honrubia C, et al. Risk of thromboembolism with thrombopoietin receptor agonists in adult patients with thrombocytopenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145(12):511-9.DOI:10.1016/j.medcli.2015.03.014
53. Girolami A, de Marinis GB, Bonamigo E, et al. Arterial and venous thromboses in patients with idiopathic (immunological) thrombocytopenia: A possible contributing role of cortisone-induced hypercoagulable state. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2013;19(6):613-8.
54. Bussel JB, Kuter DJ, Pullarkat V, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with romiplostim in thrombocytopenic patients with chronic ITP. Blood. 2009;113(10):2161-71. DOI:10.1182/blood-2008-04-150078
55. Jain А, Saluja S, Chaudhry S, Gupta DK. Recurrent Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia: Clinical Paradox and Therapeutic Challenges. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2019;35(3):590-2. DOI:10.1007/s12288-019-01136-3
56. McCrae К. Immune Thrombocytopenia with Pulmonary Embolism and Deep-Vein Thrombosis: Recommendations for Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy. The Hematologist. 2011;8:6. DOI:10.1182/hem.V8.6.1208
57. Balitsky A, Kelton J, Arnold D. Managing antithrombotic therapy in immune thrombocytopenia: development of the TH2 risk assessment score. Вlood. 2018;132(25):2684-6. DOI:10.1182/blood-2018-08-868406
58. Page LK, Psaila B, Provan D, et al. The immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) bleeding score: assessment of bleeding in patients with ITP. Br J Haematol. 2007;138(2):245-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06635.x
59. Matzdorff A, Beer JH. Immune thrombocytopenia patients requiring anticoagulation-maneuvering between Scylla and Charybdis. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(Suppl. 1):S83-8. DOI:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.020
2. Doobaree I, Nandigam R, Bennett D, et al. Thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Haematol. 2016;97(4):321-30. DOI:101111/ejh.12777
3. Rodeghiero F. Is ITP a thrombophilic disorder? Am J Hematol. 2016;91(1):39-45. DOI:10.1002/ajh.24234
4. Sarpatwari A, Bennett D, Logie JW, et al. Thromboembolic events among adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Haematologica. 2010;95(7):1167-75. DOI:10.3324/haematol.2009.018390
5. Severinsen MT, Engebjerg MC, Farkas DK, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2011;152(3):360-2. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08418.x
6. Norgaard M, Severinsen M, Maegbaek M, et al. Risk of arterial thrombosis in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: A Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2012;159:109-11. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09231.x
7. Nørgaard M, Cetin K, Maegbaek ML, et al. Risk of arterial thrombotic and venous thromboembolic events in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2016;174(4):639-42. DOI:10.1111/bjh.13787
8. Enger C, Bennett D, Forssen U, et al. Comorbidities in patients with persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Hematol. 2010;92(2):289-95. DOI:10.1007/s12185-010-0636-3
9. Aledort LM, Hayward CP, Chen MG, et al. Prospective screening of 205 patients with ITP, including diagnosis, serological markers, and the relationship between platelet counts, endogenous thrombopoietin, and circulating antithrombopoietin antibodies. Am J Hematol. 2004;76(3):205-13. DOI:10.1002/ajh.20104
10. Bennett D, Forssen U, Enger C, Nelson J. Risk of thromboembolic events (TE) among patients with chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). Haematologica. 2008;93.
11. Zhou H, Fu R, Wang H, et al. Immune thrombocytopenia in the elderly: clinical course in 525 patients from a single center in China. Ann Hematol. 2013;92(1):79-87. DOI:10.1007/s00277-012-1567-2
12. Ruggeri M, Tosetto A, Palandri F, et al. Thrombotic risk in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia is only mildly increased and explained by personal and treatment-related risk factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(8):1266-73. DOI:10.1111/jth.12636
13. Frederiksen H, Maegbaek M, Norgaard M. Twenty-year mortality of adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2014;166(2):260-7. DOI:10.1111/bjh.12869
14. Chandan JS, Thomas T, Lee S, et al. The association between idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(3):474-80. DOI:10.1111/jth.13940
15. Moulis G, Germain J, Comont T, et al. CARMEN Investigators Group. Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia adults: Clinical epidemiology, exposure to treatments, and evolution. Results of the CARMEN multicenter prospective cohort. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(6):493-500. DOI:10.1002/ajh.24702
16. Ekstrand C, Linder M, Baricault B, et al. Impact of risk factors on the occurrence of arterial thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia – Results from two nationwide cohorts. Thromb Res. 2019;178:124-31. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.016
17. Ito S, Fujiwara SI, Ikeda T, et al. Evaluation of thrombotic events in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(1):49-55. DOI:10.1007/s00277-019-03886-6
18. Rasheed М, Soliman АТ, Yassin М.А. Thrombosis in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia, Review of Literature. Blood. 2020;136(Suppl. 1):9-10. DOI:10.1182/blood-2020-136513
19. Rand ML, Dean JA. Platelet function in autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr. 1998;424:57-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01236.x
20. Endler G, Klimesch A, Sunder-Plassmann H, et al. Mean platelet volume is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction but not for coronary artery disease. Br J Haematol. 2002;117(2):399-404. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03441.x
21. Lacroix R, Dubois C, Leroyer AS, et al. Revisited role of microparticles in arterial and venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(Suppl. 1):24-35. DOI:10.1111/jth.12268
22. Chirinos JA, Heresi GA, Velasquez H, et al. Elevation of endothelial microparticles, platelets, and leukocyte activation in patients with venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 20053;45(9):1467-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.075
23. Nomura S, Yanabu M, Kido H, et al. Antiplatelet autoantibody-related microparticles in patients with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol. 1991;62:103-7. DOI:10.1007/BF01702922
24. Sewify EM, Sayed D, Abdel Aal RF, et al. Increased circulating red cell microparticles (RMP) and platelet microparticles (PMP) in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2013;131(2):e59-63. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.021
25. Ahn YS, Horstman LL, Jy W, et al. Vascular dementia in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2002;107(6):337-44. DOI:10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00337-7
26. Puddu P, Puddu GM, Cravero E, et al. The involvement of circulating microparticles in inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular diseases. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(4):140-5.
DOI:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70371-8
27. Yusuf SW, Iliescu C, Bathina JD, et al. Antiplatelet therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(3):336-40.
28. Ichijo M, Ishibashi S, Ohkubo T, et al. Elevated platelet microparticle levels after acute ischemic stroke with concurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(3):587-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.04.032
29. Boulware R, Refaai MA. Why do patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) experience lower bleeding events despite thrombocytopenia? Thromb Res. 2020;187:154-8. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.020
30. Fruchter O, Blich M, Jacob G. Fatal acute myocardial infarction during severe thrombocytopenia in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323(5):279-80. DOI:10.1097/00000441-200205000-00010
31. Zhu X, Ma D, Zhang J, et al. Elevated interleukin-21 correlated to Th17 and Th1 cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol. 2010;30(2):253-9.
DOI:10.1007/s10875-009-9353-1
32. Semple JW. Infections, antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and immune tolerance: their role in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(6):1177-92. DOI:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.08.007
33. Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation and coagulation. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(Suppl. 2):S26-34. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c98d21
34. Christiansen SC, Naess IA, Cannegieter SC, et al. Inflammatory cytokines as risk factors for a first venous thrombosis: a prospective population-based study. PLoS Med. 2006;3(8):e334. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030334
35. Cervera R, Tektonidou MG, Espinosa G, et al. Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and Non-criteria APS Manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and heart valve lesions. Lupus. 2011;20(2):165-73. DOI:10.1177/0961203310395051
36. Uthman I, Godeau B, Taher A, Khamashta M. The hematologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Rev. 2008;22(4):187-94. DOI:10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.005
37. Diz-Küçükkaya R, Hacihanefioğlu A, Yenerel M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood. 2001;98(6):1760-4. DOI:10.1182/blood.v98.6.1760
38. Thachil J, Callaghan T, Martlew V. Thromboembolic events are not uncommon in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2010;150(4):496-7.
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08234.x
39. Baron BW, Martin MS, Sucharetza BS, et al. Four patients with both thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: the concept of a mixed immune thrombocytopenia syndrome and indications for plasma exchange. J Clin Apher. 2001;16(4):179-85. DOI:10.1002/jca.1031
40. Kim WH, Park JB, Jung CW, Kim GS. Rebalanced hemostasis in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelets. 2015;26(1):38-42. DOI:10.3109/09537104.2013.869312
41. McMillan R, Durette C. Long-term outcomes in adults with chronic ITP after splenectomy failure. Blood. 2004;104(4):956-60. DOI:10.1182/blood-2003-11-3908
42. Rodeghiero F, Ruggeri M. Short- and long-term risks of splenectomy for benign haematological disorders: should we revisit the indications? Br J Haematol. 2012;158(1):16-29. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09146.x
43. Boyle S, White RH, Brunson A, Wun T. Splenectomy and the incidence of venous thromboembolism and sepsis in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2013;121(23):4782-90. DOI:10.1182/blood-2012-12-467068
44. Thai LH, Mahévas M, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Long-term complications of splenectomy in adult immune thrombocytopenia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(48):e5098. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000005098
45. Paran D, Herishanu Y, Elkayam O, et al. Venous and arterial thrombosis following administration of intravenous immunoglobulins. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2005;16(5):313-8. DOI:10.1097/01.mbc.0000172694.85233.a8
46. Takagi S, Suzuki I, Watanabe S. Risk of Thromboembolism in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia. J Hematol Thrombo Dis. 2015;3:185. DOI:10.4172/2329-8790.1000185
47. Katz U, Shoenfeld Y. Review: intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and thromboembolic complications. Lupus. 2005;14(10):802-8.
DOI:10.1191/0961203303lu2168rr
48. Woodruff RK, Grigg AP, Firkin FC, Smith IL. Fatal thrombotic events during treatment of autoimmune thrombocytopenia with intravenous immunoglobulin in elderly patients. Lancet. 1986;2(8500):217-8. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92511-0
49. Rungjirajittranon T, Owattanapanich W. A serious thrombotic event in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia requiring intravenous immunoglobulin: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2019;13:25. DOI:10.1186/s13256-018-1955-x
50. Alexandrescu DT, Dutcher JP, Hughes JT, et al. Strokes after intravenous gamma globulin: thrombotic phenomenon in patients with risk factors or just coincidence? Am J Hematol. 2005;78(3):216-20.
51. Satoh T, Saotome M, Suwa K, et al. Recurrent Coronary Thrombus in a Patient with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia with Treatment Using Eltrombopag. Сase Rep Cardiol. 2019;2019:2756319. DOI:10.1155/2019/2756319
52. Catalá-López F, Corrales I, de la Fuente-Honrubia C, et al. Risk of thromboembolism with thrombopoietin receptor agonists in adult patients with thrombocytopenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Clin (Barc). 2015;145(12):511-9.DOI:10.1016/j.medcli.2015.03.014
53. Girolami A, de Marinis GB, Bonamigo E, et al. Arterial and venous thromboses in patients with idiopathic (immunological) thrombocytopenia: A possible contributing role of cortisone-induced hypercoagulable state. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2013;19(6):613-8.
54. Bussel JB, Kuter DJ, Pullarkat V, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with romiplostim in thrombocytopenic patients with chronic ITP. Blood. 2009;113(10):2161-71. DOI:10.1182/blood-2008-04-150078
55. Jain А, Saluja S, Chaudhry S, Gupta DK. Recurrent Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia: Clinical Paradox and Therapeutic Challenges. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2019;35(3):590-2. DOI:10.1007/s12288-019-01136-3
56. McCrae К. Immune Thrombocytopenia with Pulmonary Embolism and Deep-Vein Thrombosis: Recommendations for Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy. The Hematologist. 2011;8:6. DOI:10.1182/hem.V8.6.1208
57. Balitsky A, Kelton J, Arnold D. Managing antithrombotic therapy in immune thrombocytopenia: development of the TH2 risk assessment score. Вlood. 2018;132(25):2684-6. DOI:10.1182/blood-2018-08-868406
58. Page LK, Psaila B, Provan D, et al. The immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) bleeding score: assessment of bleeding in patients with ITP. Br J Haematol. 2007;138(2):245-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06635.x
59. Matzdorff A, Beer JH. Immune thrombocytopenia patients requiring anticoagulation-maneuvering between Scylla and Charybdis. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(Suppl. 1):S83-8. DOI:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.03.020
________________________________________________
2. Doobaree I, Nandigam R, Bennett D, et al. Thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur J Haematol. 2016;97(4):321-30. DOI:101111/ejh.12777
3. Rodeghiero F. Is ITP a thrombophilic disorder? Am J Hematol. 2016;91(1):39-45. DOI:10.1002/ajh.24234
4. Sarpatwari A, Bennett D, Logie JW, et al. Thromboembolic events among adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database. Haematologica. 2010;95(7):1167-75. DOI:10.3324/haematol.2009.018390
5. Severinsen MT, Engebjerg MC, Farkas DK, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2011;152(3):360-2. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08418.x
6. Norgaard M, Severinsen M, Maegbaek M, et al. Risk of arterial thrombosis in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: A Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2012;159:109-11. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09231.x
7. Nørgaard M, Cetin K, Maegbaek ML, et al. Risk of arterial thrombotic and venous thromboembolic events in patients with primary chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2016;174(4):639-42. DOI:10.1111/bjh.13787
8. Enger C, Bennett D, Forssen U, et al. Comorbidities in patients with persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Hematol. 2010;92(2):289-95. DOI:10.1007/s12185-010-0636-3
9. Aledort LM, Hayward CP, Chen MG, et al. Prospective screening of 205 patients with ITP, including diagnosis, serological markers, and the relationship between platelet counts, endogenous thrombopoietin, and circulating antithrombopoietin antibodies. Am J Hematol. 2004;76(3):205-13. DOI:10.1002/ajh.20104
10. Bennett D, Forssen U, Enger C, Nelson J. Risk of thromboembolic events (TE) among patients with chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP). Haematologica. 2008;93.
11. Zhou H, Fu R, Wang H, et al. Immune thrombocytopenia in the elderly: clinical course in 525 patients from a single center in China. Ann Hematol. 2013;92(1):79-87. DOI:10.1007/s00277-012-1567-2
12. Ruggeri M, Tosetto A, Palandri F, et al. Thrombotic risk in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia is only mildly increased and explained by personal and treatment-related risk factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(8):1266-73. DOI:10.1111/jth.12636
13. Frederiksen H, Maegbaek M, Norgaard M. Twenty-year mortality of adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a Danish population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol. 2014;166(2):260-7. DOI:10.1111/bjh.12869
14. Chandan JS, Thomas T, Lee S, et al. The association between idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and cardiovascular disease: a retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(3):474-80. DOI:10.1111/jth.13940
15. Moulis G, Germain J, Comont T, et al. CARMEN Investigators Group. Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia adults: Clinical epidemiology, exposure to treatments, and evolution. Results of the CARMEN multicenter prospective cohort. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(6):493-500. DOI:10.1002/ajh.24702
16. Ekstrand C, Linder M, Baricault B, et al. Impact of risk factors on the occurrence of arterial thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia – Results from two nationwide cohorts. Thromb Res. 2019;178:124-31. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.04.016
17. Ito S, Fujiwara SI, Ikeda T, et al. Evaluation of thrombotic events in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(1):49-55. DOI:10.1007/s00277-019-03886-6
18. Rasheed М, Soliman АТ, Yassin М.А. Thrombosis in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia, Review of Literature. Blood. 2020;136(Suppl. 1):9-10. DOI:10.1182/blood-2020-136513
19. Rand ML, Dean JA. Platelet function in autoimmune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr. 1998;424:57-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01236.x
20. Endler G, Klimesch A, Sunder-Plassmann H, et al. Mean platelet volume is an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction but not for coronary artery disease. Br J Haematol. 2002;117(2):399-404. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03441.x
21. Lacroix R, Dubois C, Leroyer AS, et al. Revisited role of microparticles in arterial and venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(Suppl. 1):24-35. DOI:10.1111/jth.12268
22. Chirinos JA, Heresi GA, Velasquez H, et al. Elevation of endothelial microparticles, platelets, and leukocyte activation in patients with venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 20053;45(9):1467-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.075
23. Nomura S, Yanabu M, Kido H, et al. Antiplatelet autoantibody-related microparticles in patients with idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol. 1991;62:103-7. DOI:10.1007/BF01702922
24. Sewify EM, Sayed D, Abdel Aal RF, et al. Increased circulating red cell microparticles (RMP) and platelet microparticles (PMP) in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2013;131(2):e59-63. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2012.11.021
25. Ahn YS, Horstman LL, Jy W, et al. Vascular dementia in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2002;107(6):337-44. DOI:10.1016/s0049-3848(02)00337-7
26. Puddu P, Puddu GM, Cravero E, et al. The involvement of circulating microparticles in inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular diseases. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(4):140-5.
DOI:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70371-8
27. Yusuf SW, Iliescu C, Bathina JD, et al. Antiplatelet therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome and thrombocytopenia. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(3):336-40.
28. Ichijo M, Ishibashi S, Ohkubo T, et al. Elevated platelet microparticle levels after acute ischemic stroke with concurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(3):587-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.04.032
29. Boulware R, Refaai MA. Why do patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) experience lower bleeding events despite thrombocytopenia? Thromb Res. 2020;187:154-8. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.01.020
30. Fruchter O, Blich M, Jacob G. Fatal acute myocardial infarction during severe thrombocytopenia in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323(5):279-80. DOI:10.1097/00000441-200205000-00010
31. Zhu X, Ma D, Zhang J, et al. Elevated interleukin-21 correlated to Th17 and Th1 cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol. 2010;30(2):253-9.
DOI:10.1007/s10875-009-9353-1
32. Semple JW. Infections, antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and immune tolerance: their role in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(6):1177-92. DOI:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.08.007
33. Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation and coagulation. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(Suppl. 2):S26-34. DOI:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c98d21
34. Christiansen SC, Naess IA, Cannegieter SC, et al. Inflammatory cytokines as risk factors for a first venous thrombosis: a prospective population-based study. PLoS Med. 2006;3(8):e334. DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030334
35. Cervera R, Tektonidou MG, Espinosa G, et al. Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and Non-criteria APS Manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and heart valve lesions. Lupus. 2011;20(2):165-73. DOI:10.1177/0961203310395051
36. Uthman I, Godeau B, Taher A, Khamashta M. The hematologic manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Rev. 2008;22(4):187-94. DOI:10.1016/j.blre.2008.03.005
37. Diz-Küçükkaya R, Hacihanefioğlu A, Yenerel M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a prospective cohort study. Blood. 2001;98(6):1760-4. DOI:10.1182/blood.v98.6.1760
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Авторы
Л.И. Дворецкий*
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*dvoretski@mail.ru
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*dvoretski@mail.ru
ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет), Москва, Россия
*dvoretski@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
*dvoretski@mail.ru
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