Коморбидные заболевания утяжеляют аллергический ринит (АР), требуют проведения дополнительного обследования и коррекции лечения. В статье представлен обзор публикаций по взаимосвязи АР с аденоидами и экссудативным средним отитом (ЭСО). Анализ подтвердил факт более значительной гипертрофии глоточной миндалины и более выраженной назальной обструкции у детей с АР по сравнению с детьми без атопии, более тяжелого течения АР у детей с аденоидами. Ранний контроль аллергии снижает потребность в аденоидэктомии, однако операция не может быть первым этапом, поскольку не излечивает от АР. После аденоидэктомии пациенты должны находиться под более тщательным наблюдением для контроля симптомов аллергии. Анализ публикаций не позволил установить достоверную связь АР и ЭСО. Однако в пользу коморбидности свидетельствует значительная распространенность ЭСО у детей с АР (25%), высокий уровень эозинофильного катионного протеина и иммуноглобулина E в экссудате среднего уха, что требует предпринять попытку консервативного лечения АР перед тимпаностомией. Несмотря на многообразие лекарств для контроля АР, пероральные неседативные антигистаминные препараты по-прежнему входят в 1-ю линию терапии. Особое место занимает производное хинуклидина хифенадин (Фенкарол®), который сочетает преимущества неседативных антигистаминных препаратов I и II поколений. Наряду с холинолитическим, ганглиоблокирующим и антисеротониновым воздействием Фенкарол® ввиду низкой липофильности не проникает через гематоэнцефалический барьер, не потенцирует седативный эффект, что делает его востребованным не только при дерматозах, но и при АР, что продемонстрировано на примере клинического наблюдения.
Comorbid diseases aggravate allergic rhinitis (AR), require additional examination and correction of treatment. The article presents a review of publications on the relationship of AR with adenoid and exudative otitis media (EOM). The analysis confirmed the fact of more significant hypertrophy of the nasopharynx tonsil and more pronounced nasal obstruction in children with AR compared to children without atopy, more severe course of AR in children with adenoid. Early control of allergy reduces the need for adenoidectomy, but surgery cannot be the first step because it does not cure AR. After adenoidectomy, patients should be closely monitored to control allergy symptoms. The analysis of publications did not allow to establish a reliable relationship between AR and EOM. However, comorbidity is supported by a significant prevalence of EOM in children with AR (25%), a high level of eosinophilic cationic protein and immunoglobulin E in the exudate of the middle ear, which requires an attempt at conservative treatment of AR before tympanostomy. Despite the variety of drugs to control AR, oral non-sedating antihistamines are still the first line of therapy. A special place is occupied by the Quinuclidine derivative Hifenadin (Fenkarol®), which combines the advantages of I and II generations of antihistamines. Along with cholinolytic, ganglioblocking and antiserotonin effects, due to its low lipophilicity, Fenkarol® does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, does not potentiate the sedative effect, which makes it in demand not only in dermatoses, but also in AR, which was demonstrated by clinical observation.
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7. Morais-Almeida M, Wandalsen GF, Solé D. Growth and mouth breathers. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95(1):66-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2018.11.005
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12. Marazzato M, Zicari AM, Aleandri M, et al. 16S metagenomics reveals dysbiosis of nasal core microbiota in children with chronic nasal inflammation: role of adenoid hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:458. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00458
13. Modrzyński M, Zawisza E, Mazurek H. The influence of medical treatment of the perennial allergic rhinitis on the adenoid size in children. Otolaryngol Pol. 2006;60(4):543-50 (in Polish).
14. Dogru M, Evcimik MF, Calim OF. Does adenoid hypertrophy affect disease severity in children with allergic rhinitis? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(1):209-13. DOI:10.1007/s00405-016-4196-x
15. Yang Y, Li X, Ma Q, et al. Detecting epidemiological relevance of adenoid hypertrophy, rhinosinusitis, and allergic rhinitis through an Internet search. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(3):1349-55. DOI:10.1007/s00405-021-06885-4
16. Colavita L, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Stroscio G, et al. Allergic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy in children: is adenoidectomy always really useful? J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2015;29(2 Suppl. 1):58‑63.
17. Warman M, Granot E, Halperin D. Improvement in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: A secondary benefit of adenoidectomy in children. Ear Nose Throat J. 2015;94(6):220;222;224-7. DOI:10.1177/014556131509400607
18. Lee DJ, Chung YJ, Yang YJ, Mo JH. The Impact of Allergic Rhinitis on Symptom Improvement in Pediatric Patients After Adenotonsillectomy. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;11(1):52-7. DOI:10.21053/ceo.2017.00500
19. Yurtsever N, Soyyigit S, Sozener ZC, et al. Is Adenoidectomy and/or Tonsillectomy a Risk Factor for Allergic Diseases and Asthma in Adulthood? Eurasian J Med. 2018;50(3):152-5. DOI:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17182
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25. Passali D, Passali GC, Lauriello M, et al. Nasal Allergy and Otitis Media: A real correlation? Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2014;14(1):59-64. DOI:10.12816/0003337
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27. Rosenfeld RM, Shin JJ, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154(1):1-41. DOI:10.1177/0194599815623467
28. Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma Working Group. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):70-83. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049
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________________________________________________
1. Gani F, Cottini M, Landi M, et al. Allergic rhinitis and COVID-19: friends or foes? Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;54(2):53-9. DOI:10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.234
2. Liva GA, Karatzanis AD, Prokopakis EP. Review of Rhinitis: Classification, Types, Pathophysiology. J Clin Med. 2021;10(14):3183. DOI:10.3390/jcm10143183
3. Bousquet PJ, Demoly P, Devillier P, et al. Impact of allergic rhinitis symptoms on quality of life in primary care. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;160(4):393-400. DOI:10.1159/000342991
4. Zicari AM, Occasi F, Cesoni Marcelli A, et al. Assessing the relationship between serum resistin and nasal obstruction in children with allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2013;27(5):127-30. DOI:10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3944
5. Thanaviratananich S, Cho SH, Ghoshal AG, et al. Burden of respiratory disease in Thailand: Results from the APBORD observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(28):e4090. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000004090
6. Черняк Б.А., Воржева И.И. Коморбидные заболевания при аллергическом рините. Астма и аллергия. 2017;1:3-7 [Chernyak BA, Vorgeva II. Comorbid diseases in allergic rhinitis. Asthma and Allergy. 2017;1:3-7 (in Russian)].
7. Morais-Almeida M, Wandalsen GF, Solé D. Growth and mouth breathers. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2019;95(1):66-71. DOI:10.1016/j.jped.2018.11.005
8. Evcimik MF, Dogru M, Cirik AA, Nepesov MI. Adenoid hypertrophy in children with allergic disease and influential factors. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(5):694-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.02.017
9. Cho KS, Kim SH, Hong SL, et al. Local Atopy in Childhood Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2018;32(3):160-6. DOI:10.1177/1945892418765003
10. Nuhoglu C, Nuhoglu Y, Bankaoglu M, Ceran O. A retrospective analysis of adenoidal size in children with allergic rhinitis and nonallergic idiopathic rhinitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2010;28(2‑3):136-40.
11. Bozkurt G, Dizdar SK, Korkut AY, Coşkun BU. Adenoid Vegetation in Children with Allergic Rhinitis. Turk Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;53(4):168-72. DOI:10.5152/tao.2015.1359
12. Marazzato M, Zicari AM, Aleandri M, et al. 16S metagenomics reveals dysbiosis of nasal core microbiota in children with chronic nasal inflammation: role of adenoid hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:458. DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00458
13. Modrzyński M, Zawisza E, Mazurek H. The influence of medical treatment of the perennial allergic rhinitis on the adenoid size in children. Otolaryngol Pol. 2006;60(4):543-50 (in Polish).
14. Dogru M, Evcimik MF, Calim OF. Does adenoid hypertrophy affect disease severity in children with allergic rhinitis? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(1):209-13. DOI:10.1007/s00405-016-4196-x
15. Yang Y, Li X, Ma Q, et al. Detecting epidemiological relevance of adenoid hypertrophy, rhinosinusitis, and allergic rhinitis through an Internet search. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(3):1349-55. DOI:10.1007/s00405-021-06885-4
16. Colavita L, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Stroscio G, et al. Allergic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy in children: is adenoidectomy always really useful? J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2015;29(2 Suppl. 1):58‑63.
17. Warman M, Granot E, Halperin D. Improvement in allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: A secondary benefit of adenoidectomy in children. Ear Nose Throat J. 2015;94(6):220;222;224-7. DOI:10.1177/014556131509400607
18. Lee DJ, Chung YJ, Yang YJ, Mo JH. The Impact of Allergic Rhinitis on Symptom Improvement in Pediatric Patients After Adenotonsillectomy. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;11(1):52-7. DOI:10.21053/ceo.2017.00500
19. Yurtsever N, Soyyigit S, Sozener ZC, et al. Is Adenoidectomy and/or Tonsillectomy a Risk Factor for Allergic Diseases and Asthma in Adulthood? Eurasian J Med. 2018;50(3):152-5. DOI:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17182
20. Akcay A, Tamay Z, Hocaoglu AB, et al. Risk factors affecting asthma prevalence in adolescents living in Istanbul, Turkey. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42:449-58. DOI:10.1016/j.aller.2013.05.005
21. Rakhmanova IV, Soldatskii IuL, Matroskin AG, et al. The role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the development of chronic exudative otitis media in the children during the first year of life. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii. 2018;83(2):14-6 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/otorino201883214-16
22. Zernotti ME, Pawankar R, Ansotegui I, et al. Otitis media with effusion and atopy: is there a causal relationship? World Allergy Organ J. 2017;10(1):37. DOI:10.1186/s40413-017-0168-x
23. Mills R, Hathorn I. Aetiology and pathology of otitis media with effusion in adult life. J Laryngol Otol. 2016;130(5):418-24. DOI:10.1017/S0022215116000943
24. Atkinson H, Wallis S, Coatesworth AP. Otitis media with effusion. Postgrad Med. 2015;127(4):381-5. DOI:10.1080/00325481.2015.1028317
25. Passali D, Passali GC, Lauriello M, et al. Nasal Allergy and Otitis Media: A real correlation? Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2014;14(1):59-64. DOI:10.12816/0003337
26. Yeo SG, Park DC, Eun YG, Cha CI. The role of allergic rhinitis in the development of otitis media with effusion: effect on eustachian tube function. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28(3):148-52. DOI:10.1016/j.amjoto.2006.07.011
27. Rosenfeld RM, Shin JJ, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Otitis Media with Effusion (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154(1):1-41. DOI:10.1177/0194599815623467
28. Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Togias A, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma Working Group. Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):70-83. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.049
29. Shilenkova VV, Nenasheva NM. Allergic rhinitis: what is the patient’s choice of drug based on? Russian study’s results. Vestnik Otorinolaringologii. 2021;86(2):54-61 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/otorino20218602154
30. Wise SK, Lin SY, Toskala E. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: allergic rhinitis-executive summary. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2018;8(2):85-107. DOI:10.1002/alr.22070
31. Bousquet J, Hellings PW, Agache I, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Phase 4 (2018): Change management in allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity using mobile technology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(3):864-79. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.049
32. Belan EB, Gutov MV. Antihistaminic chinuclidine derivatives. Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya. 2010;8(5):76-83 (in Russian).
33. Tiligada E, Ennis M. Histamine pharmacology: from Sir Henry Dale to the 21st century. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177(3):469-89. DOI:10.1111/bph.14524
34. Luss LV. Fenkarol – the first nonsedative antihistamine for parenteral administration. Russian Journal of Allergy. 2015;12(1):54-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.36691/RJA491
35. Orlov EV, Merkulova TB, Konnov PE. Clinical experience of using antihistamine quinuclidine derivatives in combination therapy of itching dermatosis. Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya. 2014;12(6):74-81 (in Russian).
36. Luss LV, Shartanova NV. Antihistamine drugs, quinuclidine derivatives, in allergic diseases. What is their benefit? Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Ter. Arkh.). 2013;85(1):103-6 (in Russian).
37. Masalskiy SS, Smolkin YuS. Place of anti-histamine in therapy of itching skin of children. Allergology and Immunology in Pediatrics. 2021;3(66):4-16 (in Russian). DOI:10.53529/2500-1175-2021-3-4-16
Авторы
В.В. Шиленкова*
ФГБОУ ВО «Ярославский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Ярославль, Россия
*v.shilenkova@mail.ru