Пентоксифиллин (Вазонит) – патогенетический подход для коррекции когнитивных нарушений при цереброваскулярных заболеваниях

1. Чуканова Е.И., Чуканова А.С., Багманян С.Д. Хроническая ишемия мозга – междисциплинарная проблема. Терапия. 2021;5:149-56 [Chukanova EI, Chukanova AS, Bagmanyan SD. Chronic brain ischemia as an interdisciplinary problem. Therapy. 2021;5:149-56 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.18565/therapy.2021.5.149–156
2. Khoury W, Trus R, Chen X, et al. Parsimonious Effect of Pentoxifylline on Angiogenesis: A Novel Pentoxifylline-Biased Adenosine G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Platform. Cells. 2023;12(8):1199. DOI:10.3390/cells12081199
3. Ward A, Clissold SP. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987;34(1):50-97.
DOI:10.2165/00003495-198734010-00003
4. Di Perri T, Guerrini M, Pasini FL, et al. Hemorheological factors in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease. Cephalalgia. 1985;5(Suppl. 2):71-7. DOI:10.1177/03331024850050S212
5. Marcinkowska-Gapińska A, Siemieniak I, Kawałkiewicz W, et al. Interdependence of Rheological and Biochemical Parameters of Blood in a Group of Patients with Clinically Silent Multifocal Vascular Cerebral Lesions. Biomedicines. 2023;11(7):2063. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11072063
6. Barshtein G, Gural A, Arbell D, et al. Red Blood Cell Deformability Is Expressed by a Set of Interrelated Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):12755. DOI:10.3390/ijms241612755
7. Ugurel E, Goksel E, Cilek N, et al. Proteomic Analysis of the Role of the Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP Pathway in Red Blood Cell Mechanical Responses. Cells. 2022;11(7):1250. DOI:10.3390/cells11071250
8. Aviado DM, Dettelbach HR. Pharmacology of pentoxifylline, a hemorheologic agent for the treatment of intermittent claudication. Angiology.
1984;35(7):407-17. DOI:10.1177/000331978403500703
9. Marcel GA, George C. Pentoxifylline and cerebrovascular diseases. Eur Neurol. 1983;22(Suppl. 1):89-97. DOI:10.1159/000115656
10. Martin P, Vives P. The effect of pentoxifylline on red cell deformability in cerebrovascular accidents. Curr Med Res Opin. 1980;6(8):518-22. DOI:10.1185/03007998009109480
11. Ott E, Lechner H, Fazekas F. Hemorheological effects of pentoxifylline on disturbed flow behavior of blood in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Eur Neurol.
1983;22(Suppl. 1):105-7. DOI:10.1159/000115658
12. Angelkort B, Spürk P, Habbaba A, Mähder M. Blood flow properties and walking performance in chronic arterial occlusive disease. Angiology.
1985;36(5):285-92. DOI:10.1177/000331978503600504
13. Strano A, Davi G, Avellone G, et al. Double-blind, crossover study of the clinical efficacy and the hemorheological effects of pentoxifylline in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the lower limbs. Angiology. 1984;35(7):459-66. DOI:10.1177/000331978403500709
14. Белова Л.А., Машин В.В., Прошин А.Н., Костишко Б.Б. Воздействие вазонита на структурно-функциональное состояние цитоплазматической мембраны эритроцитов больных с ишемическим инсультом. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2015;115(3):83-5 [Belova LA, Mashin VV, Proshin AN, Kostishko BB. The effect of vasonit on the structural/functional state of erythrocyte cytoplasmic membrane in patients with ischemic stroke. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2015;115(3):83-5 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/jnevro20151153183-85
15. Santos-Galduróz RF, Bueno OF, Yamaga LI, et al. Influence of blood viscosity to cerebral blood flow in older humans compared to young subjects. Clin Neurophysiol.
2012;123(1):117-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.025
16. Sabayan B, Jansen S, Oleksik AM, et al. Cerebrovascular hemodynamics in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of transcranial Doppler studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;11(2):271-7. DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.009
17. Rogers RL, Meyer JS, Mortel KF, et al. Decreased cerebral blood flow precedes multi-infarct dementia, but follows senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurology. 1986;36(1):1-6. DOI:10.1212/wnl.36.1.1
18. Frampton JE, Brogden RN. Pentoxifylline (oxpentifylline). A review of its therapeutic efficacy in the management of peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Drugs Aging. 1995;7(6):480-503. DOI:10.2165/00002512-199507060-00007
19. Bowton DL, Stump DA, Prough DS, et al. Pentoxifylline increases cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 1989;20(12):1662-6. DOI:10.1161/01.str.20.12.1662
20. Koppenhagen K, Wenig HG, Müller K. Measurement of cerebral blood flow following intravenous administration of pentoxifyline ('Trentral'). Curr Med Res Opin. 1977;4(7):521-8. DOI:10.1185/03007997709109343
21. Hartmann A. Effect of pentoxifylline on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Pharmatherapeutica. 1981;2(8):528-31.
22. Исакова Е.В, Рябцева А.А, Котов С.В. Состояние микроциркуляторного русла у больных, перенесших ишемический инсульт. РМЖ. 2015;12:680 [Isakova EV, Riabtseva AA, Kotov SV. Sostoianie mikrotsirkuliatornogo rusla u bol'nykh, perenesshikh ishemicheskii insul't. RMZh. 2015;12:680 (in Russian)].
23. Brie D, Sahebkar A, Penson PE, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2016;34(12):2318-39. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001086
24. Lin Y, Xu Z, Zhou B, et al. Pentoxifylline Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating Cellular Senescence in Mice. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:848263. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.848263
25. Kaapa P, Raj JU, Ibe BO, Anderson J. Effect of pentoxifylline in rabbit pulmonary circulation: influence of age and vasomotor tone. Am J Physiol.
1991;261(4 Pt. 2):H975-81. DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.4.H975
26. Seidler NW, Swislocki NI. The effects of pentoxifylline on the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase in age-separated rat and human erythrocytes. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;32(4):332-7. DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03844.x
27. Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(1):220-9. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2014010012
28. Mohammadpour AH, Falsoleiman H, Shamsara J, et al. Pentoxifylline decreases serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. Iran Biomed J.
2014;18(1):23-7. DOI:10.6091/ibj.1211.2013
29. Zhang R, Bharadwaj U, Li M, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on differentiation, maturation, and function of human CD14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunother. 2007;30(1):89-95. DOI:10.1097/01.cji.0000211323.53396.38
30. Fernandes JL, de Oliveira RTD, Mamoni RL, et al. Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease – a randomized placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(1):434-42. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.032
31. Prasad K, Lee P. Suppression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by pentoxifylline and its mechanism. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):313-22. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.034
32. Prasad K, Mishra M. Mechanism of Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Atherosclerosis. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022;23(6):212. DOI:10.31083/j.rcm2306212
33. Donate-Correa J, Ferri CM, Mora-Fernández C, et al. Pentoxifylline ameliorates subclinical atherosclerosis progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomized pilot trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):314. DOI:10.1186/s12933-024-02393-x
34. Гусев Е.И., Чуканова А.С. Современные патогенетические аспекты формирования хронической ишемии мозга. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2015;115(3):4-8 [Gusev EI, Chukanova AS. Modern pathogenetic aspects of development of cerebral chronic ischemia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2015;115(3):4-8 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/jnevro2015115314-8
35. Vakili A, Mojarrad S, Akhavan MM, Rashidy-Pour A. Pentoxifylline attenuates TNF-α protein levels and brain edema following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 2011;1377:119-25. DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.001
36. Шиловский Г.А., Сорокина Е.В., Орловский И.В. Транскрипционный фактор NRF2 – мишень активирующих антиоксидантную систему клетки препаратов: перспективы применения при возрастных заболеваниях. Клиническая геронтология. 2021;27(11-12):57-62 [Shilovsky GA, Sorokina EV, Orlovsky IV. Transcription factor NRF2 – a target of potential antioxidant drugs: prospects in treatment of age-related diseases. Clin Gerontol. 2021;27(11-12):57-62 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26347/1607-2499202111-12057-062
37. Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhao H, et al. Pentoxifylline Enhances Antioxidative Capability and Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Increasing Nrf2 and PGC-1α through the cAMP-CREB Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:6695613. DOI:10.1155/2021/6695613
38. Bluhm RE, Molnar J, Cohen MM. The effect of pentoxifylline on the energy metabolism of ischemic gerbil brain. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8(3):280-5.
DOI:10.1097/00002826-198509000-00009
39. Maruyama T, Hieda M, Mawatari S, Fujino T. Rheological Abnormalities in Human Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Inflammation. Front Physiol. 2022;13:837926. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2022.837926
40. Crouch SP, Fletcher J. Effect of ingested pentoxifylline on neutrophil superoxide anion production. Infect Immun. 1992;60(11):4504-9. DOI:10.1128/iai.60.11.4504-4509.1992
41. Hu R, Yuan BX, Su LZ, et al. Pentoxifylline promotes learning and memory function of aging rats and mice with induced memory impairment. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2007;27(11):1734-7 (in Chinese).
42. Halis H, Bitiktaş S, Baştuğ O, et al. Differential Effects of Pentoxifylline on Learning and Memory Impairment Induced by Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury in Rats. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2019;17(3):388-99. DOI:10.9758/cpn.2019.17.3.388
43. Zheng L, Jia J, Chen Y, et al. Pentoxifylline alleviates ischemic white matter injury through up-regulating Mertk-mediated myelin clearance. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19(1):128. DOI:10.1186/s12974-022-02480-4
44. Cunha GM, Bezerra PJ, Saldanha MD, et al. Pentoxifylline improves learning and memory in glutamate-lesioned rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav.
2000;66(4):687-94. DOI:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00279-3
45. Blume J, Rùhlmann KU, de la Haye R, Rettig K. Treatment of chronic cerebrovascular disease in elderly patients with pentoxifylline. J Med. 1992;23(6):417-32.
46. Black RS, Barclay LL, Nolan KA, et al. Pentoxifylline in cerebrovascular dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(3):237-44. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02075.x
47. European Pentoxifylline Multi-Infarct Dementia Study. Eur Neurol. 1996;36(5):315-21. DOI:10.1159/000117279
48. Ghose K. Oxpentifylline in dementia: a controlled study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1987;6(1):19-26. DOI:10.1016/0167-4943(87)90035-5
49. Sha MC, Callahan CM. The efficacy of pentoxifylline in the treatment of vascular dementia: a systematic review. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2003;17(1):46-54. DOI:10.1097/00002093-200301000-00006
50. Parnetti L, Ciuffetti G, Mercuri M, et al. The role of haemorheological factors in the ageing brain: long-term therapy with pentoxifylline ('Trental' 400) in elderly patients with initial mental deterioration. Pharmatherapeutica. 1986;4(10):617-27.
51. Torigoe R, Hayashi T, Anegawa S, et al. Effect of propentofylline and pentoxifylline on cerebral blood flow using 123I-IMP SPECT in patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis. Clin Ther. 1994;16(1):65-73.
52. Чуканова Е.И. Фармакоэкономический анализ эффективности применения кавинтона, трентала и актовегина у больных с дисциркуляторными энцефалопатиями. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия. 2001;3(4):140-4 [Chukanova EI. Farmakoekonomicheskii analiz effektivnosti primeneniia kavintona, trentala i aktovegina u bol'nykh s distsirkuliatornymi entsefalopatiiami. Psikhiatriia i Psikhofarmakoterapiia. 2001;3(4):140-4 (in Russian)].
53. Чуканова Е.И., Татаринова М.Ю., Соколова Н.А. Фармакоэкономические аспекты длительного лечения дисциркуляторной энцефалопатии Кавинтоном и другими препаратами цереброваскулярного действия. РМЖ. 2002;16:716 [Chukanova EI, Tatarinova MIu, Sokolova NA. Farmakoekonomicheskie aspekty dlitel'nogo lecheniia distsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii Kavintonom i drugimi preparatami tserebrovaskuliarnogo deistviia. RMZh. 2002;16:716 (in Russian)].
54. Herskovits E, Famulari A, Tamaroff L, et al. Preventive treatment of cerebral transient ischemia: comparative randomized trial of pentoxifylline versus conventional antiaggregants. Eur Neurol. 1985;24(1):73-81. DOI:10.1159/000115765
55. Herskovits E, Famulari A, Tamaroff L, et al. Comparative study of pentoxifylline vs antiaggregants in patients with transient ischaemic attacks. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl.
1989;127:31-5. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1989.tb01808.x
56. Бойко А.Н., Камчатнов П.Р., Чугунов А.В., и др. Коррекция реологических свойств крови – патогенетический подход к лечению больных с вертебрально-базилярной недостаточностью. Врач. 2005;6:45-9 [Boiko AN, Kamchatnov PR, Chugunov AV, et al. Korrektsiia reologicheskikh svoistv krovi – patogeneticheskii podkhod k lecheniiu bol'nykh s vertebral'no-baziliarnoi nedostatochnost'iu. Vrach. 2005;6:45-9 (in Russian)].
57. Дубенко О.Е., Кульгейко В.В., Сараева О.В., и др. Вазонит в терапии лакунарного инсульта. Український неврологічний журнал. 2008;(3):75-80 [Dubenko OE, Kul'geiko VV, Saraeva OV, et al. Vasonit v terapii lakunarnogo insul'ta. Ukraїns'kii Nevrologіchnii Zhurnal. 2008;(3):75-80 (in Russian)].
58. Чугунов А.В., Камчатнов П.Р., Казаков А.Ю., и др. Лечение пациентов с хроническими расстройствами мозгового кровообращения: в фокусе пентоксифиллин. Consilium Medicum. 2018;20(2):50-8 [Chugunov AV, Kamchatnov PR, Kazakov AYu, et al. Treatment of patients with chronic cerebral ischemia: pentoxifylline in focus. Consilium Medicum. 2018;20(2):50-8 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/2075-1753_2018.2.50-58
59. Ribaudo G, Memo M, Gianoncelli A. Multi-target Natural and Nature-Inspired Compounds against Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Dual Cholinesterase and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. Applied Sciences. 2021;11(11):5044. DOI:10.3390/app11115044

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1. Chukanova EI, Chukanova AS, Bagmanyan SD. Chronic brain ischemia as an interdisciplinary problem. Therapy. 2021;5:149-56 (in Russian). DOI:10.18565/therapy.2021.5.149–156
2. Khoury W, Trus R, Chen X, et al. Parsimonious Effect of Pentoxifylline on Angiogenesis: A Novel Pentoxifylline-Biased Adenosine G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Platform. Cells. 2023;12(8):1199. DOI:10.3390/cells12081199
3. Ward A, Clissold SP. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987;34(1):50-97.
DOI:10.2165/00003495-198734010-00003
4. Di Perri T, Guerrini M, Pasini FL, et al. Hemorheological factors in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease. Cephalalgia. 1985;5(Suppl. 2):71-7. DOI:10.1177/03331024850050S212
5. Marcinkowska-Gapińska A, Siemieniak I, Kawałkiewicz W, et al. Interdependence of Rheological and Biochemical Parameters of Blood in a Group of Patients with Clinically Silent Multifocal Vascular Cerebral Lesions. Biomedicines. 2023;11(7):2063. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11072063
6. Barshtein G, Gural A, Arbell D, et al. Red Blood Cell Deformability Is Expressed by a Set of Interrelated Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(16):12755. DOI:10.3390/ijms241612755
7. Ugurel E, Goksel E, Cilek N, et al. Proteomic Analysis of the Role of the Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP Pathway in Red Blood Cell Mechanical Responses. Cells. 2022;11(7):1250. DOI:10.3390/cells11071250
8. Aviado DM, Dettelbach HR. Pharmacology of pentoxifylline, a hemorheologic agent for the treatment of intermittent claudication. Angiology.
1984;35(7):407-17. DOI:10.1177/000331978403500703
9. Marcel GA, George C. Pentoxifylline and cerebrovascular diseases. Eur Neurol. 1983;22(Suppl. 1):89-97. DOI:10.1159/000115656
10. Martin P, Vives P. The effect of pentoxifylline on red cell deformability in cerebrovascular accidents. Curr Med Res Opin. 1980;6(8):518-22. DOI:10.1185/03007998009109480
11. Ott E, Lechner H, Fazekas F. Hemorheological effects of pentoxifylline on disturbed flow behavior of blood in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Eur Neurol.
1983;22(Suppl. 1):105-7. DOI:10.1159/000115658
12. Angelkort B, Spürk P, Habbaba A, Mähder M. Blood flow properties and walking performance in chronic arterial occlusive disease. Angiology.
1985;36(5):285-92. DOI:10.1177/000331978503600504
13. Strano A, Davi G, Avellone G, et al. Double-blind, crossover study of the clinical efficacy and the hemorheological effects of pentoxifylline in patients with occlusive arterial disease of the lower limbs. Angiology. 1984;35(7):459-66. DOI:10.1177/000331978403500709
14. Belova LA, Mashin VV, Proshin AN, Kostishko BB. The effect of vasonit on the structural/functional state of erythrocyte cytoplasmic membrane in patients with ischemic stroke. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2015;115(3):83-5 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/jnevro20151153183-85
15. Santos-Galduróz RF, Bueno OF, Yamaga LI, et al. Influence of blood viscosity to cerebral blood flow in older humans compared to young subjects. Clin Neurophysiol.
2012;123(1):117-20. DOI:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.025
16. Sabayan B, Jansen S, Oleksik AM, et al. Cerebrovascular hemodynamics in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of transcranial Doppler studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;11(2):271-7. DOI:10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.009
17. Rogers RL, Meyer JS, Mortel KF, et al. Decreased cerebral blood flow precedes multi-infarct dementia, but follows senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurology. 1986;36(1):1-6. DOI:10.1212/wnl.36.1.1
18. Frampton JE, Brogden RN. Pentoxifylline (oxpentifylline). A review of its therapeutic efficacy in the management of peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Drugs Aging. 1995;7(6):480-503. DOI:10.2165/00002512-199507060-00007
19. Bowton DL, Stump DA, Prough DS, et al. Pentoxifylline increases cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 1989;20(12):1662-6. DOI:10.1161/01.str.20.12.1662
20. Koppenhagen K, Wenig HG, Müller K. Measurement of cerebral blood flow following intravenous administration of pentoxifyline ('Trentral'). Curr Med Res Opin. 1977;4(7):521-8. DOI:10.1185/03007997709109343
21. Hartmann A. Effect of pentoxifylline on regional cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Pharmatherapeutica. 1981;2(8):528-31.
22. Isakova EV, Riabtseva AA, Kotov SV. Sostoianie mikrotsirkuliatornogo rusla u bol'nykh, perenesshikh ishemicheskii insul't. RMZh. 2015;12:680 (in Russian).
23. Brie D, Sahebkar A, Penson PE, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on inflammatory markers and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2016;34(12):2318-39. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001086
24. Lin Y, Xu Z, Zhou B, et al. Pentoxifylline Inhibits Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating Cellular Senescence in Mice. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:848263. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2022.848263
25. Kaapa P, Raj JU, Ibe BO, Anderson J. Effect of pentoxifylline in rabbit pulmonary circulation: influence of age and vasomotor tone. Am J Physiol.
1991;261(4 Pt. 2):H975-81. DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.4.H975
26. Seidler NW, Swislocki NI. The effects of pentoxifylline on the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase in age-separated rat and human erythrocytes. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;32(4):332-7. DOI:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03844.x
27. Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(1):220-9. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2014010012
28. Mohammadpour AH, Falsoleiman H, Shamsara J, et al. Pentoxifylline decreases serum level of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis patients. Iran Biomed J.
2014;18(1):23-7. DOI:10.6091/ibj.1211.2013
29. Zhang R, Bharadwaj U, Li M, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on differentiation, maturation, and function of human CD14+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunother. 2007;30(1):89-95. DOI:10.1097/01.cji.0000211323.53396.38
30. Fernandes JL, de Oliveira RTD, Mamoni RL, et al. Pentoxifylline reduces pro-inflammatory and increases anti-inflammatory activity in patients with coronary artery disease – a randomized placebo-controlled study. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(1):434-42. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.032
31. Prasad K, Lee P. Suppression of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by pentoxifylline and its mechanism. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):313-22. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.034
32. Prasad K, Mishra M. Mechanism of Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Atherosclerosis. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022;23(6):212. DOI:10.31083/j.rcm2306212
33. Donate-Correa J, Ferri CM, Mora-Fernández C, et al. Pentoxifylline ameliorates subclinical atherosclerosis progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomized pilot trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):314. DOI:10.1186/s12933-024-02393-x
34. Gusev EI, Chukanova AS. Modern pathogenetic aspects of development of cerebral chronic ischemia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2015;115(3):4-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/jnevro2015115314-8
35. Vakili A, Mojarrad S, Akhavan MM, Rashidy-Pour A. Pentoxifylline attenuates TNF-α protein levels and brain edema following temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res. 2011;1377:119-25. DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.001
36. Shilovsky GA, Sorokina EV, Orlovsky IV. Transcription factor NRF2 – a target of potential antioxidant drugs: prospects in treatment of age-related diseases. Clin Gerontol.
2021;27(11-12):57-62 (in Russian). DOI:10.26347/1607-2499202111-12057-062
37. Wang Y, Zhang T, Zhao H, et al. Pentoxifylline Enhances Antioxidative Capability and Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Increasing Nrf2 and PGC-1α through the cAMP-CREB Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:6695613. DOI:10.1155/2021/6695613
38. Bluhm RE, Molnar J, Cohen MM. The effect of pentoxifylline on the energy metabolism of ischemic gerbil brain. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1985;8(3):280-5.
DOI:10.1097/00002826-198509000-00009
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Н.В. Титова*^1,2, И.А. Путятин<sup>1

1</sup>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
²ФГБУ «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» ФМБА России, Москва, Россия
*nattitova@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Nataliya V. Titova*^1,2, Ilya A. Putyatin<sup>1

1</sup>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
²Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Moscow, Russia
*nattitova@yandex.ru