Влияние источников синего света на сомнологические расстройства у пациенток с акне легкой и средней степени тяжести
Влияние источников синего света на сомнологические расстройства у пациенток с акне легкой и средней степени тяжести
Яковлева Е.Н., Перламутров Ю.Н. Влияние источников синего света на сомнологические расстройства у пациенток с акне легкой и средней степени тяжести. Consilium Medicum. 2024;26(8):510–515.
DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2024.8.202880
Yakovleva EN, Perlamutrov YuN. The influence of blue light sources on somnological disorders among patients with mild to moderate acne. Consilium Medicum. 2024;26(8):510–515. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2024.8.202880
Влияние источников синего света на сомнологические расстройства у пациенток с акне легкой и средней степени тяжести
Яковлева Е.Н., Перламутров Ю.Н. Влияние источников синего света на сомнологические расстройства у пациенток с акне легкой и средней степени тяжести. Consilium Medicum. 2024;26(8):510–515.
DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2024.8.202880
Yakovleva EN, Perlamutrov YuN. The influence of blue light sources on somnological disorders among patients with mild to moderate acne. Consilium Medicum. 2024;26(8):510–515. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2024.8.202880
Обоснование. Акне – это хроническое воспалительное заболевание кожи, поражающее все возрастные группы населения, оказывающее серьезное влияние на качество жизни (КЖ) пациентов. В патогенезе дерматоза участвуют различные эндо- и экзогенные факторы. Увеличение использования цифровых медиа и интернета оказывает влияние на привычки сна людей, и с изменением его качества могут усиливаться симптомы депрессии, тревоги и стресса, что приводит к более тяжелому течению хронических дерматозов, в том числе и акне. Цель. Оценить взаимосвязь сомнологических расстройств (СР) и частоты использования смартфонов перед сном у пациенток с акне легкой и средней степени тяжести (АЛиССТ). Материалы и методы. Проведено одноцентровое обсервационное проспективное исследование в период с 2023 по 2024 г.: под наблюдением находились 130 пациенток в возрасте от 18 до 30 лет (средний возраст – 23,32±2,75 года) с диагнозом АЛиССТ. Данные о тяжести течения акне оценены с помощью Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), определение степени нарушения сна проводилась при помощи Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), КЖ пациенток определяли согласно данным Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Учет показателей об использовании смартфона с операционной системой iOS или Android включал подсчет среднего экранного времени, оценку зависимости и факта использования смартфона за час до сна. Статистическую обработку проводили с применением программы Jamovi version 2.3.21. Результаты. СР выявлены у 85 (65,38%) пациенток с АЛиССТ. Дерматоз оказывал сильное влияние на КЖ (DLQI>20) у 82,31% (n=107). В 1-й группе пациенток («плохо спящие») наблюдалась прямая корреляционная связь между СР (PSQI) и степенью тяжести дерматоза (ρ=0,533; p<0,001) и длительностью экранного времени (ρ=0,628; p<0,001), проведенного за смартфоном в сутки. Пациентки 1-й группы имели большую зависимость от смартфона по сравнению со 2-й группой («хорошо спящие»): 15,94±1,89 балла против 7,71±1,96 балла (p<0,001). Заключение. Установлено, что уровень СР имеет высокую частоту встречаемости в группе пациенток с АЛиССТ. Наблюдается выраженная корреляционная связь между диссомнией и степенью выраженности дерматоза, у пациенток с нарушенным сном выявлены высокая зависимость от телефона и корреляционная связь с длительностью экранного времени, проведенного за смартфоном в сутки. Данное исследование свидетельствует о необходимости обращать внимание на наличие нарушений качественных характеристик сна у лиц, страдающих кожными заболеваниями, в частности акне.
Ключевые слова: акне, нарушение сна, смартфон, качество жизни
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Background. The acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects all age groups of the population and has a serious impact on the quality of life of patients. Various endogenous and exogenous factors are involved in the pathogenesis of dermatosis. The increasing of usage of digital media and the Internet has an impact on people's sleep habits and, with changes in sleep quality, symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress may increase, which leads to a more severe course of chronic dermatoses, including acne. Aim. To evaluate the relationship between somnological disorders (SLD) and the frequency of smartphone use before bedtime in patients with mild to moderate acne (MMA). Materials and methods. A single-center observational prospective study was conducted from 2023 to 2024: 130 patients aged 18 to 30 years (average age 23.32±2.75 years) diagnosed with MMA were observed. The data on the severity of acne were assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS), the degree of sleep disturbance was determined using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the quality of life of patients was determined according to the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Taking into account indicators on the use of a smartphone with the iOS or Android operating system included calculating average screen time, assessing addiction and the fact of using a smartphone 1 hour before bedtime. The statistical processing was carried out using the Jamovi version 2.3.21 program. Results. The SLD were identified in 85 (65.38%) patients with MMA. The dermatosis had a strong impact on quality of life (DLQI>20) in 82.31% (n=107). In group I of patients "poor sleeping" there was a direct correlation between SLD (PSQI) and the severity of dermatosis (ρ=0.533; p<0.001) and the duration of screen time (ρ=0.628; p<0.001) spent on a smartphone per day. The patients of group I had a greater dependence on a smartphone compared to group II of patients "well sleeping": 15.94±1.89 points versus 7.71±1.96 points (p<0.001). Conclusion. It has been established that the level of SLD has a high incidence in the group of patients with MMA. There is a pronounced correlation between dyssomnia and the severity of dermatosis; in patients with disturbed sleep, a high dependence on the phone and a correlation with the duration of screen time spent on a smartphone per day were revealed. This study demonstrates the need to pay attention to the presence of disturbances in the quality of sleep in people suffering from skin diseases, in particular acne.
Keywords: acne, sleep disorders, smartphone, quality of life
1. Barbieri JS, Fulton R, Neergaard R, et al. Patient perspectives on the lived experience of acne and its treatment among adult women with acne: A qualitative study. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157(9):1040-6. DOI:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2185
2. Bagatin E, Freitas THP, Rivitti-Machado MC, et al. Adult female acne: A guide to clinical practice. An Bras Dermatol. 2019;94(1):62-75. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198203. Corrected in: An Bras Dermatol. 2019;94(2):255. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.2019940202
3. Tasneem T, Begum A, Chowdhury MRK, et al. Effects of acne severity and acne-related quality of life on depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults: A cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1153101. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153101
4. Alsulaimani H, Kokandi A, Khawandanh S, Hamad R. Severity of acne vulgaris: Comparison of two assessment methods. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:711-6. DOI:10.2147/CCID.S266320
5. Dhoot D, Budamakuntla L, Parasramani S, et al. Acne in Indian population: An epidemiological study evaluating multiple factors. IP Indian J Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020;6(3):237-42. DOI:10.18231/j.ijced.2020.048
6. Tayel K, Attia M, Agamia N, Fadl N. Acne vulgaris: Prevalence, severity, and impact on quality of life and self-esteem among Egyptian adolescents. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2020;95(1):30. DOI: 10.1186/s42506-020-00056-9
7. Naveed S, Masood S, Rahman A, et al. Impact of acne on quality of life in young Pakistani adults and its relationship with severity: A multicenter study. Pak J Med Sci.
2021;37(3):727-32. DOI:10.12669/pjms.37.3.2819
8. Altunay IK, Özkur E, Dalgard FJ, et al. Psychosocial aspects of adult acne: Data from 13 European Countries. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(4):adv00051. DOI:10.2340/00015555-3409
9. Szepietowska M, Dąbrowska A, Nowak B, et al. Prevalence and quality of life of facial acne: A cross-sectional study in high school students in Poland. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022;39(6):1035-9. DOI:10.5114/ada.2021.112765
10. Szepietowska M, Dąbrowska A, Nowak B, et al. Facial acne causes stigmatization among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(12):6815-21. DOI:10.1111/jocd.15268
11. Xerfan EMS, Facina AS, Andersen ML, et al. Acne flare-up due to mask wearing: A current pandemic scenario and its relationship with sleep. Skin Res Technol. 2021;27(5):1002-3. DOI: 10.1111/srt.13048
12. Ghorpade GS, Kadam KS, Angane AY, Unnithan VB. Cross-sectional study of perceived stress, self-esteem, body image disturbance and suicidal ideation in patients of acne vulgaris. Int J Res Dermatol. 2020;6(6):769-75. DOI:10.18203/issn.2455-4529.IntJResDermatol20204565
13. Skroza N, Tolino E, Proietti I, et al. Women and acne: Any difference from males? A review of the literature. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016;151(1):87-92.
14. Chan CMH, Siau CS, Wong JE, et al. Prevalence of insufficient sleep and its associated factors among working adults in Malaysia. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:1109-16. DOI:10.2147/NSS.S295537
15. Zhu G, Catt M, Cassidy S, et al. Objective sleep assessment in >80,000 UK mid-life adults: Associations with sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity and caffeine. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226220. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0226220
16. Mann C, Gorai S, Staubach-Renz P, Goldust M. Sleep disorders in dermatology – A comprehensive review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023;21(6):577-84. DOI:10.1111/ddg.14992
17. Jusuf NK, Putra IB, Sutrisno AR. Correlation between stress scale and serum substance P level in acne vulgaris. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:681-6. DOI:10.2147/IJGM.S294509
18. Cappadona R, De Giorgi A, Di Simone E, et al. Sleep, dreams, nightmares, and sex-related differences: a narrative review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(7):3054-65. DOI:10.26355/eurrev_202104_25559
19. Conzatti M, Perez AV, Maciel RF, et al. Sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in women with premenstrual syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021;37(10):945-9. DOI:10.1080/09513590.2021.1968820
20. Nowakowski S, Meers JM. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and women’s health: Sex as a biological variable. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(2):185-97. DOI:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.01.002
21. Khunger N, Mehrotra K. Menopausal acne – Challenges and solutions. Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:555-67. DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S174292
22. Cellini N, Canale N, Mioni G, Costa S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(4):e13074. DOI:10.1111/jsr.13074
23. Tu W, Nie Y, Liu Q. Does the effect of stress on smartphone addiction vary depending on the gender and type of addiction? Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(10):810. DOI:10.3390/bs13100810
24. Olson JA, Sandra DA, Colucci ÉS, et al. Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Comp Hum Behav. 2020;129:1-21. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107138
25. The 48th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development. Center C.I.N.I. April 2022. Available at: https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202111/P020211119394556095096.pdf. Accessed: 10.04.2022.
26. Mobile network subscriptions worldwide 2028. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users worldwide. Accessed: 13.06.2023.
27. Hiramoto K, Kubo S, Tsuji K, et al. Induction of skin cancer by long-term blue light irradiation. Biomedicines. 2023;11(8):2321. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11082321
28. Doshi A, Zaheer A, Stiller MJ. A comparison of current acne grading systems and proposal of a novel system. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36(6):416-8.
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00099.x
29. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193-213. DOI:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
30. Lim DC, Najafi A, Afifi L, et al. The need to promote sleep health in public health agendas across the globe. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(10):e820-6.
DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00182-2
31. Zhang H, Yang Y, Hao X, et al. Effects of digital sleep interventions on sleep and psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2023;110:190-200. DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.036
32. Guo M, Su J, Zheng S, Chen B. Sleep in psoriasis: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2024;176:111543. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111543
33. Manjunath J, Lei D, Ahmed A, et al. Longitudinal course of sleep disturbance and relationship with Itch in adult atopic dermatitis in clinical practice. Dermatitis. 2023;34(1):42-50. DOI:10.1089/DERM.0000000000000859
34. Henry AL, Bundy C, Kyle SD, et al. Understanding the experience of sleep disturbance in psoriasis: A qualitative exploration using the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180(6):1397-404. DOI:10.1111/bjd.17685
35. Lee DG, Gui XY, Mukovozov I, et al. Sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis: A scoping review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023;27(2):157-64. DOI:10.1177/12034754231159337
36. Mann C, Dreher M, Weeß HG, Staubach P. Sleep disturbance in patients with urticaria and atopic dermatitis: An underestimated burden. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(6):adv00073. DOI:10.2340/00015555-3416
37. Sanchez-Diaz M, Díaz-Calvillo P, Soto-Moreno A, et al. Factors influencing major life-changing decisions in patients with psoriasis: A cross-sectional study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:adv11640. DOI:10.2340/actadv.v103.11640
38. Wu YY, Chou WH. A bibliometric analysis to identify research trends in intervention programs for smartphone addiction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(5):3840. DOI:10.3390/ijerph20053840
39. Rathakrishnan B, Bikar Singh SS, Kamaluddin MR, et al. Smartphone addiction and sleep quality on academic performance of university students: An exploratory research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8291. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18168291
40. Jang SI, Jung Y, Lee M, et al. Evaluation of changes in skin characteristics due to the poor quality of sleep caused by smartphone usage. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(4):1656-65. DOI:10.1111/jocd.14265
________________________________________________
1. Barbieri JS, Fulton R, Neergaard R, et al. Patient perspectives on the lived experience of acne and its treatment among adult women with acne: A qualitative study. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157(9):1040-6. DOI:10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2185
2. Bagatin E, Freitas THP, Rivitti-Machado MC, et al. Adult female acne: A guide to clinical practice. An Bras Dermatol. 2019;94(1):62-75. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198203. Corrected in: An Bras Dermatol. 2019;94(2):255. DOI:10.1590/abd1806-4841.2019940202
3. Tasneem T, Begum A, Chowdhury MRK, et al. Effects of acne severity and acne-related quality of life on depressive symptoms among adolescents and young adults: A cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1153101. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1153101
4. Alsulaimani H, Kokandi A, Khawandanh S, Hamad R. Severity of acne vulgaris: Comparison of two assessment methods. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2020;13:711-6. DOI:10.2147/CCID.S266320
5. Dhoot D, Budamakuntla L, Parasramani S, et al. Acne in Indian population: An epidemiological study evaluating multiple factors. IP Indian J Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020;6(3):237-42. DOI:10.18231/j.ijced.2020.048
6. Tayel K, Attia M, Agamia N, Fadl N. Acne vulgaris: Prevalence, severity, and impact on quality of life and self-esteem among Egyptian adolescents. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2020;95(1):30. DOI: 10.1186/s42506-020-00056-9
7. Naveed S, Masood S, Rahman A, et al. Impact of acne on quality of life in young Pakistani adults and its relationship with severity: A multicenter study. Pak J Med Sci.
2021;37(3):727-32. DOI:10.12669/pjms.37.3.2819
8. Altunay IK, Özkur E, Dalgard FJ, et al. Psychosocial aspects of adult acne: Data from 13 European Countries. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(4):adv00051. DOI:10.2340/00015555-3409
9. Szepietowska M, Dąbrowska A, Nowak B, et al. Prevalence and quality of life of facial acne: A cross-sectional study in high school students in Poland. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022;39(6):1035-9. DOI:10.5114/ada.2021.112765
10. Szepietowska M, Dąbrowska A, Nowak B, et al. Facial acne causes stigmatization among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(12):6815-21. DOI:10.1111/jocd.15268
11. Xerfan EMS, Facina AS, Andersen ML, et al. Acne flare-up due to mask wearing: A current pandemic scenario and its relationship with sleep. Skin Res Technol. 2021;27(5):1002-3. DOI: 10.1111/srt.13048
12. Ghorpade GS, Kadam KS, Angane AY, Unnithan VB. Cross-sectional study of perceived stress, self-esteem, body image disturbance and suicidal ideation in patients of acne vulgaris. Int J Res Dermatol. 2020;6(6):769-75. DOI:10.18203/issn.2455-4529.IntJResDermatol20204565
13. Skroza N, Tolino E, Proietti I, et al. Women and acne: Any difference from males? A review of the literature. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016;151(1):87-92.
14. Chan CMH, Siau CS, Wong JE, et al. Prevalence of insufficient sleep and its associated factors among working adults in Malaysia. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:1109-16. DOI:10.2147/NSS.S295537
15. Zhu G, Catt M, Cassidy S, et al. Objective sleep assessment in >80,000 UK mid-life adults: Associations with sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity and caffeine. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226220. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0226220
16. Mann C, Gorai S, Staubach-Renz P, Goldust M. Sleep disorders in dermatology – A comprehensive review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023;21(6):577-84. DOI:10.1111/ddg.14992
17. Jusuf NK, Putra IB, Sutrisno AR. Correlation between stress scale and serum substance P level in acne vulgaris. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:681-6. DOI:10.2147/IJGM.S294509
18. Cappadona R, De Giorgi A, Di Simone E, et al. Sleep, dreams, nightmares, and sex-related differences: a narrative review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(7):3054-65. DOI:10.26355/eurrev_202104_25559
19. Conzatti M, Perez AV, Maciel RF, et al. Sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness in women with premenstrual syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2021;37(10):945-9. DOI:10.1080/09513590.2021.1968820
20. Nowakowski S, Meers JM. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and women’s health: Sex as a biological variable. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(2):185-97. DOI:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.01.002
21. Khunger N, Mehrotra K. Menopausal acne – Challenges and solutions. Int J Womens Health. 2019;11:555-67. DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S174292
22. Cellini N, Canale N, Mioni G, Costa S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(4):e13074. DOI:10.1111/jsr.13074
23. Tu W, Nie Y, Liu Q. Does the effect of stress on smartphone addiction vary depending on the gender and type of addiction? Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13(10):810. DOI:10.3390/bs13100810
24. Olson JA, Sandra DA, Colucci ÉS, et al. Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Comp Hum Behav. 2020;129:1-21. DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107138
25. The 48th Statistical Report on China’s Internet Development. Center C.I.N.I. April 2022. Available at: https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202111/P020211119394556095096.pdf. Accessed: 10.04.2022.
26. Mobile network subscriptions worldwide 2028. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/330695/number-of-smartphone-users worldwide. Accessed: 13.06.2023.
27. Hiramoto K, Kubo S, Tsuji K, et al. Induction of skin cancer by long-term blue light irradiation. Biomedicines. 2023;11(8):2321. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines11082321
28. Doshi A, Zaheer A, Stiller MJ. A comparison of current acne grading systems and proposal of a novel system. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36(6):416-8.
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00099.x
29. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193-213. DOI:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
30. Lim DC, Najafi A, Afifi L, et al. The need to promote sleep health in public health agendas across the globe. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(10):e820-6.
DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00182-2
31. Zhang H, Yang Y, Hao X, et al. Effects of digital sleep interventions on sleep and psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2023;110:190-200. DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.036
32. Guo M, Su J, Zheng S, Chen B. Sleep in psoriasis: A meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2024;176:111543. DOI:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111543
33. Manjunath J, Lei D, Ahmed A, et al. Longitudinal course of sleep disturbance and relationship with Itch in adult atopic dermatitis in clinical practice. Dermatitis. 2023;34(1):42-50. DOI:10.1089/DERM.0000000000000859
34. Henry AL, Bundy C, Kyle SD, et al. Understanding the experience of sleep disturbance in psoriasis: A qualitative exploration using the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation. Br J Dermatol. 2019;180(6):1397-404. DOI:10.1111/bjd.17685
35. Lee DG, Gui XY, Mukovozov I, et al. Sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis: A scoping review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2023;27(2):157-64. DOI:10.1177/12034754231159337
36. Mann C, Dreher M, Weeß HG, Staubach P. Sleep disturbance in patients with urticaria and atopic dermatitis: An underestimated burden. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020;100(6):adv00073. DOI:10.2340/00015555-3416
37. Sanchez-Diaz M, Díaz-Calvillo P, Soto-Moreno A, et al. Factors influencing major life-changing decisions in patients with psoriasis: A cross-sectional study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2023;103:adv11640. DOI:10.2340/actadv.v103.11640
38. Wu YY, Chou WH. A bibliometric analysis to identify research trends in intervention programs for smartphone addiction. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(5):3840. DOI:10.3390/ijerph20053840
39. Rathakrishnan B, Bikar Singh SS, Kamaluddin MR, et al. Smartphone addiction and sleep quality on academic performance of university students: An exploratory research. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8291. DOI:10.3390/ijerph18168291
40. Jang SI, Jung Y, Lee M, et al. Evaluation of changes in skin characteristics due to the poor quality of sleep caused by smartphone usage. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21(4):1656-65. DOI:10.1111/jocd.14265
Авторы
Е.Н. Яковлева*, Ю.Н. Перламутров
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*en_yakovleva@list.ru