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Инфекция, вызванная Mycoplasma genitalium: клиника, диагностика, лечение
Инфекция, вызванная Mycoplasma genitalium: клиника, диагностика, лечение
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются вопросы биологии и патогенеза Mycoplasma genitalium, а также проводится анализ исследований, доказывающих роль данного микроорганизма в этиологии воспалительных заболеваний урогенитального тракта. Обсуждаются аспекты диагностики и лечения инфекций, вызываемых M. genitalium.
Ключевые слова: Mycoplasma genitalium, уретрит, цервицит, диагностика, лечение
Ключевые слова: Mycoplasma genitalium, уретрит, цервицит, диагностика, лечение
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Baseman JB, Cagle M, Korte JE et al. Diagnostic assessment of Mycoplasma genitalium in culture-positive women. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 203–11.
3. Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Tully JG, Rose DL. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2266–9.
4. Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P, Jensen JS. Conjuctivitis associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 2: 134–6.
5. Сadieux N, Lebel P, Brousseau R. Use of a triplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in the presence of human DNA. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139: 2431–7.
6. Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1866–74.
7. Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi AS. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 2002; 359: 765–6.
8. Cohen CR, Mugo NM, Astete SG. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 463–6.
9. Cook R, Hutchison S, _stergaard L et al. Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 914–25.
10. Dallo SF, Baseman JB. Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Microbiol Pathol 2000; 29: 301–9.
11. De Barbeyrac B, Bernet-Poggi C, F_brer F et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl. 1): 83–9.
12. Deguchi T, Gilroy CB, Taylor-Robinson D. Comparison of two PCR-based assays for detecting Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 629–31.
13. Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M et al. Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 602–5.
14. Dutro SM, Hebb JK, Garin CA et al. Development and performance of a microwell-plate-based polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 756–63.
15. Eastick K, Leeming JP, Caul EO et al. A novel polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Pathol 2003; 56: 25–8.
16. Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 318–9.
17. Falk L, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, symptoms, signs and treatment efficacy among attendees at a Swedish STD outpatient clinic. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12: 107.
18. Fernald GW, Collier AM, Clyde WAJ. Respiratory infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and children. Pediatrics 1975; 55: 327–35.
19. Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O et al. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 1995; 270: 397–403.
20. Gambini D, Decleva I, Lupica L et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in males with nongonococcal urethritis: prevalence and clinical efficacy of eradication. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 27: 226–9.
21. Gaydos CA, Quinn TA. Urine nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in clinical practice. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18: 55–66.
22. Hannan PC. Comparative susceptibilities of various AIDS-associated and human urogenital tract mycoplasmas and strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to 10 classes of antimicrobial agents in vitro. J Med Microbiol 1998; 47: 1115–22.
23. Himmelreich R, Hilbert H, Plagens H et al. Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 4420–49.
24. Hsieh YH, Howell MR, Gaydos JC et al. Preference among female Army recruits for use of self-administrated vaginal swabs or urine to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 769–73.
25. Horner PJ, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with acute non-gonococcal urethritis. Lancet 1993; 342: 582–5.
26. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology – Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45: 605–12.
27. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Diagnosis, clinical aspects, and pathogenesis. Kopenhagen, 2005.
28. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium – the aetiologic agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18: 1–11.
29. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Use of TaqMan 5' nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 683–92.
30. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 499–507.
31. Jensen JS, Blom J, Lind K. Intracellular location of Mycoplasma genitalium in cultured Vero cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75: 91–8.
32. Jensen JS, Borre BMDohn B. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 261–6.
33. Jensen JS, Dohn B, Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P. Failure to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae in urogenital tract specimens and Mycoplasma genitalium in respiratory tract specimens. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. Sydney, Australia. 1998; P. 107.
34. Jensen JS, Hansen HT, Lind K. Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the male urethra. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 286–91.
35. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen J et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
36. Jensen JS, Orsum R, Dohn B, Uldum S et al. Mycoplasma genitalium: a cause of male urethritis? Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 265–9.
37. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen S et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
38. Johannisson G, Enstrom Y, Lowhagen G. Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 324–6.
39. Jurstrand M, Jensen JS, Fredlund H et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens by real-time PCR and by conventional PCR assay. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 23–9.
40 Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB et al. The association of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma genitalium with bacterial vaginosis: observations on heterosexual women and their male partners. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 356–60.
41. Kokotovic B, Friis NF, Jensen JS, Ahrens P. Amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycoplasma species. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 37: 3300–7.
42. Lind K, Kristensen CK. Significance of antibodies to Mycoplasma genitalium in salpingitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 205–7.
43. Lind K. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae [letter]. Lancet 1982; 1158–9.
44. Lind K, Lindhardt B, Schutten BH et al. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1036–43.
45. Lo SC, Shih JW, Yang NY et al. A novel virus-like infectious agents in patients with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 213–26.
46. Lo SC, Shih JW, Newton PB et al. Virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) is a novel pathogenic mycoplasma: Mycoplasma incognitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 41: 586–600.
47. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Tully JG et al. Mycoplasma penetrans sp.nov., from the urogenital tract of patients with AIDS. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42: 357–64.
48. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Kotani H et al. Adhesion onto and invasion into mammalian cells by Mycoplasma penetrans: a newly isolated mycoplasma from patients with AIDS. Mod Pathol 1993; 6: 276–80.
49. Lu GC, Schwebke JR, Duffy LB et al. Midtrimester vaginal Mycoplasma genitalium in women with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 163–5.
50. Luki N, Lebel P, Boucher M et al. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas in perinatal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 255–63.
51. Maeda SI, Tamaki M, Kojima K et al. Assotiation of Mycoplasma genitalium persistence in the urethra with recurrence of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 472–6.
52. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Inf Dis 2003; 187: 650–7.
53. Mena L, Wang X, Mroczkowski TF, Martin DM. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1167–73.
54. Mernaugh GR, Dallo SF, Holt SC, Baseman JB. Properties of adhering and nonadhering populations of Mycoplasma genitalium. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 69–78.
55. Oakeshott P, Hay P, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in early pregnancy and the relationship between its presence and pregnancy outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004.
56. Palmer HM, Gilroy CB, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. Development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 1991; 61: 199–203.
57. Rogers MJ, Simmons J, Walker RT et al. Construction of the mycoplasma evolutionary tree from 55S rRNA sequence data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 1160–4.
58. Rottem S. Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiol Rev 2003; 2003: 417–32.
59. Sasaki Y, Shintani M, Shimada T et al. Detection and discrimination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium by the in vitro DNA amplification. Microbiol Immunol 1992; 36: 21–7.
60. Shames JM, George RB, Holliday WB et al. Comparison of antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1970; 125: 680–4.
61. Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H. Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 154–6.
62. Svenstrup HF, Jensen JS, Bjornelius E et al. Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3121–8.
63. Taylor-Robinson D. The role of mycoplasmas in non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56: 537–43.
64. Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Hanna N.F. Microbiological and serological study of non-gonococcal urethritis with special reference to Mycoplasma genitalium. Genitourin Med 1985; 61: 319–24.
65. Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Horowitz S, Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 1066–9.
66. Taylor-Robinson D, Thomas BJ, Dixey J et al. Evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis causes seronegative arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 295–9.
67. Taylor-Robinson D, Horner PJ. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77: 229–31.
68. Tully JG, Rose DL, Baseman JB et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1851–5.
69. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Cole RM, Rose DL. A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet 1981; 1288–91.
70. Uno M, Deguchi T, Komeda H. Mycoplasma genitalium in the cervices of Japanese women. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 284–6.
71. Wang RY, Grandinetti T, Shih JW et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19: 237–45.
72. Webster D, Windsor H, Ling C et al. Chronic bronchitis in immunocompromised patients: association with a novel Mycoplasma species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 530–4.
73. Westrom L. Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility. Am J Obst Gyn 1975; 121: 707–13.
74. Woese CR, Maniloff J, Zablen LB. Phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 494–8.
75. Wroblewski JK, Manhart LE, Dickey KA et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in vaginal, cervical and urine specimens by TMA and PCR. 16th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Sexually Transmittted Diseases Research, Amsterdam, 2005.
76. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S et al. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1451–5.
2. Baseman JB, Cagle M, Korte JE et al. Diagnostic assessment of Mycoplasma genitalium in culture-positive women. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 203–11.
3. Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Tully JG, Rose DL. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2266–9.
4. Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P, Jensen JS. Conjuctivitis associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 2: 134–6.
5. Сadieux N, Lebel P, Brousseau R. Use of a triplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in the presence of human DNA. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139: 2431–7.
6. Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1866–74.
7. Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi AS. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 2002; 359: 765–6.
8. Cohen CR, Mugo NM, Astete SG. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 463–6.
9. Cook R, Hutchison S, _stergaard L et al. Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 914–25.
10. Dallo SF, Baseman JB. Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Microbiol Pathol 2000; 29: 301–9.
11. De Barbeyrac B, Bernet-Poggi C, F_brer F et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl. 1): 83–9.
12. Deguchi T, Gilroy CB, Taylor-Robinson D. Comparison of two PCR-based assays for detecting Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 629–31.
13. Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M et al. Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 602–5.
14. Dutro SM, Hebb JK, Garin CA et al. Development and performance of a microwell-plate-based polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 756–63.
15. Eastick K, Leeming JP, Caul EO et al. A novel polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Pathol 2003; 56: 25–8.
16. Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 318–9.
17. Falk L, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, symptoms, signs and treatment efficacy among attendees at a Swedish STD outpatient clinic. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12: 107.
18. Fernald GW, Collier AM, Clyde WAJ. Respiratory infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and children. Pediatrics 1975; 55: 327–35.
19. Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O et al. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 1995; 270: 397–403.
20. Gambini D, Decleva I, Lupica L et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in males with nongonococcal urethritis: prevalence and clinical efficacy of eradication. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 27: 226–9.
21. Gaydos CA, Quinn TA. Urine nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in clinical practice. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18: 55–66.
22. Hannan PC. Comparative susceptibilities of various AIDS-associated and human urogenital tract mycoplasmas and strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to 10 classes of antimicrobial agents in vitro. J Med Microbiol 1998; 47: 1115–22.
23. Himmelreich R, Hilbert H, Plagens H et al. Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 4420–49.
24. Hsieh YH, Howell MR, Gaydos JC et al. Preference among female Army recruits for use of self-administrated vaginal swabs or urine to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 769–73.
25. Horner PJ, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with acute non-gonococcal urethritis. Lancet 1993; 342: 582–5.
26. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology – Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45: 605–12.
27. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Diagnosis, clinical aspects, and pathogenesis. Kopenhagen, 2005.
28. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium – the aetiologic agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18: 1–11.
29. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Use of TaqMan 5' nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 683–92.
30. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 499–507.
31. Jensen JS, Blom J, Lind K. Intracellular location of Mycoplasma genitalium in cultured Vero cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75: 91–8.
32. Jensen JS, Borre BMDohn B. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 261–6.
33. Jensen JS, Dohn B, Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P. Failure to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae in urogenital tract specimens and Mycoplasma genitalium in respiratory tract specimens. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. Sydney, Australia. 1998; P. 107.
34. Jensen JS, Hansen HT, Lind K. Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the male urethra. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 286–91.
35. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen J et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
36. Jensen JS, Orsum R, Dohn B, Uldum S et al. Mycoplasma genitalium: a cause of male urethritis? Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 265–9.
37. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen S et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
38. Johannisson G, Enstrom Y, Lowhagen G. Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 324–6.
39. Jurstrand M, Jensen JS, Fredlund H et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens by real-time PCR and by conventional PCR assay. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 23–9.
40 Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB et al. The association of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma genitalium with bacterial vaginosis: observations on heterosexual women and their male partners. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 356–60.
41. Kokotovic B, Friis NF, Jensen JS, Ahrens P. Amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycoplasma species. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 37: 3300–7.
42. Lind K, Kristensen CK. Significance of antibodies to Mycoplasma genitalium in salpingitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 205–7.
43. Lind K. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae [letter]. Lancet 1982; 1158–9.
44. Lind K, Lindhardt B, Schutten BH et al. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1036–43.
45. Lo SC, Shih JW, Yang NY et al. A novel virus-like infectious agents in patients with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 213–26.
46. Lo SC, Shih JW, Newton PB et al. Virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) is a novel pathogenic mycoplasma: Mycoplasma incognitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 41: 586–600.
47. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Tully JG et al. Mycoplasma penetrans sp.nov., from the urogenital tract of patients with AIDS. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42: 357–64.
48. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Kotani H et al. Adhesion onto and invasion into mammalian cells by Mycoplasma penetrans: a newly isolated mycoplasma from patients with AIDS. Mod Pathol 1993; 6: 276–80.
49. Lu GC, Schwebke JR, Duffy LB et al. Midtrimester vaginal Mycoplasma genitalium in women with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 163–5.
50. Luki N, Lebel P, Boucher M et al. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas in perinatal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 255–63.
51. Maeda SI, Tamaki M, Kojima K et al. Assotiation of Mycoplasma genitalium persistence in the urethra with recurrence of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 472–6.
52. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Inf Dis 2003; 187: 650–7.
53. Mena L, Wang X, Mroczkowski TF, Martin DM. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1167–73.
54. Mernaugh GR, Dallo SF, Holt SC, Baseman JB. Properties of adhering and nonadhering populations of Mycoplasma genitalium. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 69–78.
55. Oakeshott P, Hay P, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in early pregnancy and the relationship between its presence and pregnancy outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004.
56. Palmer HM, Gilroy CB, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. Development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 1991; 61: 199–203.
57. Rogers MJ, Simmons J, Walker RT et al. Construction of the mycoplasma evolutionary tree from 55S rRNA sequence data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 1160–4.
58. Rottem S. Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiol Rev 2003; 2003: 417–32.
59. Sasaki Y, Shintani M, Shimada T et al. Detection and discrimination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium by the in vitro DNA amplification. Microbiol Immunol 1992; 36: 21–7.
60. Shames JM, George RB, Holliday WB et al. Comparison of antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1970; 125: 680–4.
61. Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H. Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 154–6.
62. Svenstrup HF, Jensen JS, Bjornelius E et al. Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3121–8.
63. Taylor-Robinson D. The role of mycoplasmas in non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56: 537–43.
64. Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Hanna N.F. Microbiological and serological study of non-gonococcal urethritis with special reference to Mycoplasma genitalium. Genitourin Med 1985; 61: 319–24.
65. Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Horowitz S, Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 1066–9.
66. Taylor-Robinson D, Thomas BJ, Dixey J et al. Evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis causes seronegative arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 295–9.
67. Taylor-Robinson D, Horner PJ. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77: 229–31.
68. Tully JG, Rose DL, Baseman JB et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1851–5.
69. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Cole RM, Rose DL. A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet 1981; 1288–91.
70. Uno M, Deguchi T, Komeda H. Mycoplasma genitalium in the cervices of Japanese women. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 284–6.
71. Wang RY, Grandinetti T, Shih JW et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19: 237–45.
72. Webster D, Windsor H, Ling C et al. Chronic bronchitis in immunocompromised patients: association with a novel Mycoplasma species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 530–4.
73. Westrom L. Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility. Am J Obst Gyn 1975; 121: 707–13.
74. Woese CR, Maniloff J, Zablen LB. Phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 494–8.
75. Wroblewski JK, Manhart LE, Dickey KA et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in vaginal, cervical and urine specimens by TMA and PCR. 16th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Sexually Transmittted Diseases Research, Amsterdam, 2005.
76. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S et al. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1451–5.
2. Baseman JB, Cagle M, Korte JE et al. Diagnostic assessment of Mycoplasma genitalium in culture-positive women. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 203–11.
3. Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Tully JG, Rose DL. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2266–9.
4. Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P, Jensen JS. Conjuctivitis associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 2: 134–6.
5. Сadieux N, Lebel P, Brousseau R. Use of a triplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in the presence of human DNA. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139: 2431–7.
6. Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1866–74.
7. Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi AS. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 2002; 359: 765–6.
8. Cohen CR, Mugo NM, Astete SG. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 463–6.
9. Cook R, Hutchison S, _stergaard L et al. Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 914–25.
10. Dallo SF, Baseman JB. Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Microbiol Pathol 2000; 29: 301–9.
11. De Barbeyrac B, Bernet-Poggi C, F_brer F et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl. 1): 83–9.
12. Deguchi T, Gilroy CB, Taylor-Robinson D. Comparison of two PCR-based assays for detecting Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 629–31.
13. Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M et al. Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 602–5.
14. Dutro SM, Hebb JK, Garin CA et al. Development and performance of a microwell-plate-based polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 756–63.
15. Eastick K, Leeming JP, Caul EO et al. A novel polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Pathol 2003; 56: 25–8.
16. Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 318–9.
17. Falk L, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, symptoms, signs and treatment efficacy among attendees at a Swedish STD outpatient clinic. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12: 107.
18. Fernald GW, Collier AM, Clyde WAJ. Respiratory infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and children. Pediatrics 1975; 55: 327–35.
19. Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O et al. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 1995; 270: 397–403.
20. Gambini D, Decleva I, Lupica L et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in males with nongonococcal urethritis: prevalence and clinical efficacy of eradication. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 27: 226–9.
21. Gaydos CA, Quinn TA. Urine nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in clinical practice. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18: 55–66.
22. Hannan PC. Comparative susceptibilities of various AIDS-associated and human urogenital tract mycoplasmas and strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to 10 classes of antimicrobial agents in vitro. J Med Microbiol 1998; 47: 1115–22.
23. Himmelreich R, Hilbert H, Plagens H et al. Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 4420–49.
24. Hsieh YH, Howell MR, Gaydos JC et al. Preference among female Army recruits for use of self-administrated vaginal swabs or urine to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 769–73.
25. Horner PJ, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with acute non-gonococcal urethritis. Lancet 1993; 342: 582–5.
26. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology – Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45: 605–12.
27. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Diagnosis, clinical aspects, and pathogenesis. Kopenhagen, 2005.
28. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium – the aetiologic agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18: 1–11.
29. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Use of TaqMan 5' nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 683–92.
30. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 499–507.
31. Jensen JS, Blom J, Lind K. Intracellular location of Mycoplasma genitalium in cultured Vero cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75: 91–8.
32. Jensen JS, Borre BMDohn B. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 261–6.
33. Jensen JS, Dohn B, Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P. Failure to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae in urogenital tract specimens and Mycoplasma genitalium in respiratory tract specimens. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. Sydney, Australia. 1998; P. 107.
34. Jensen JS, Hansen HT, Lind K. Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the male urethra. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 286–91.
35. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen J et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
36. Jensen JS, Orsum R, Dohn B, Uldum S et al. Mycoplasma genitalium: a cause of male urethritis? Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 265–9.
37. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen S et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
38. Johannisson G, Enstrom Y, Lowhagen G. Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 324–6.
39. Jurstrand M, Jensen JS, Fredlund H et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens by real-time PCR and by conventional PCR assay. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 23–9.
40 Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB et al. The association of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma genitalium with bacterial vaginosis: observations on heterosexual women and their male partners. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 356–60.
41. Kokotovic B, Friis NF, Jensen JS, Ahrens P. Amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycoplasma species. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 37: 3300–7.
42. Lind K, Kristensen CK. Significance of antibodies to Mycoplasma genitalium in salpingitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 205–7.
43. Lind K. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae [letter]. Lancet 1982; 1158–9.
44. Lind K, Lindhardt B, Schutten BH et al. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1036–43.
45. Lo SC, Shih JW, Yang NY et al. A novel virus-like infectious agents in patients with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 213–26.
46. Lo SC, Shih JW, Newton PB et al. Virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) is a novel pathogenic mycoplasma: Mycoplasma incognitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 41: 586–600.
47. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Tully JG et al. Mycoplasma penetrans sp.nov., from the urogenital tract of patients with AIDS. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42: 357–64.
48. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Kotani H et al. Adhesion onto and invasion into mammalian cells by Mycoplasma penetrans: a newly isolated mycoplasma from patients with AIDS. Mod Pathol 1993; 6: 276–80.
49. Lu GC, Schwebke JR, Duffy LB et al. Midtrimester vaginal Mycoplasma genitalium in women with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 163–5.
50. Luki N, Lebel P, Boucher M et al. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas in perinatal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 255–63.
51. Maeda SI, Tamaki M, Kojima K et al. Assotiation of Mycoplasma genitalium persistence in the urethra with recurrence of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 472–6.
52. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Inf Dis 2003; 187: 650–7.
53. Mena L, Wang X, Mroczkowski TF, Martin DM. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1167–73.
54. Mernaugh GR, Dallo SF, Holt SC, Baseman JB. Properties of adhering and nonadhering populations of Mycoplasma genitalium. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 69–78.
55. Oakeshott P, Hay P, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in early pregnancy and the relationship between its presence and pregnancy outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004.
56. Palmer HM, Gilroy CB, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. Development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 1991; 61: 199–203.
57. Rogers MJ, Simmons J, Walker RT et al. Construction of the mycoplasma evolutionary tree from 55S rRNA sequence data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 1160–4.
58. Rottem S. Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiol Rev 2003; 2003: 417–32.
59. Sasaki Y, Shintani M, Shimada T et al. Detection and discrimination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium by the in vitro DNA amplification. Microbiol Immunol 1992; 36: 21–7.
60. Shames JM, George RB, Holliday WB et al. Comparison of antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1970; 125: 680–4.
61. Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H. Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 154–6.
62. Svenstrup HF, Jensen JS, Bjornelius E et al. Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3121–8.
63. Taylor-Robinson D. The role of mycoplasmas in non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56: 537–43.
64. Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Hanna N.F. Microbiological and serological study of non-gonococcal urethritis with special reference to Mycoplasma genitalium. Genitourin Med 1985; 61: 319–24.
65. Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Horowitz S, Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 1066–9.
66. Taylor-Robinson D, Thomas BJ, Dixey J et al. Evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis causes seronegative arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 295–9.
67. Taylor-Robinson D, Horner PJ. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77: 229–31.
68. Tully JG, Rose DL, Baseman JB et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1851–5.
69. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Cole RM, Rose DL. A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet 1981; 1288–91.
70. Uno M, Deguchi T, Komeda H. Mycoplasma genitalium in the cervices of Japanese women. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 284–6.
71. Wang RY, Grandinetti T, Shih JW et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19: 237–45.
72. Webster D, Windsor H, Ling C et al. Chronic bronchitis in immunocompromised patients: association with a novel Mycoplasma species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 530–4.
73. Westrom L. Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility. Am J Obst Gyn 1975; 121: 707–13.
74. Woese CR, Maniloff J, Zablen LB. Phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 494–8.
75. Wroblewski JK, Manhart LE, Dickey KA et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in vaginal, cervical and urine specimens by TMA and PCR. 16th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Sexually Transmittted Diseases Research, Amsterdam, 2005.
76. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S et al. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1451–5.
________________________________________________
2. Baseman JB, Cagle M, Korte JE et al. Diagnostic assessment of Mycoplasma genitalium in culture-positive women. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 203–11.
3. Baseman JB, Dallo SF, Tully JG, Rose DL. Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2266–9.
4. Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P, Jensen JS. Conjuctivitis associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 2: 134–6.
5. Сadieux N, Lebel P, Brousseau R. Use of a triplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in the presence of human DNA. J Gen Microbiol 1993; 139: 2431–7.
6. Clausen HF, Fedder J, Drasbek M et al. Serological investigation of Mycoplasma genitalium in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1866–74.
7. Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi AS. Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Lancet 2002; 359: 765–6.
8. Cohen CR, Mugo NM, Astete SG. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in women with laparoscopically diagnosed acute salpingitis. Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 463–6.
9. Cook R, Hutchison S, _stergaard L et al. Systematic review: noninvasive testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 914–25.
10. Dallo SF, Baseman JB. Intracellular DNA replication and long-term survival of pathogenic mycoplasmas. Microbiol Pathol 2000; 29: 301–9.
11. De Barbeyrac B, Bernet-Poggi C, F_brer F et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl. 1): 83–9.
12. Deguchi T, Gilroy CB, Taylor-Robinson D. Comparison of two PCR-based assays for detecting Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 629–31.
13. Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M et al. Detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 602–5.
14. Dutro SM, Hebb JK, Garin CA et al. Development and performance of a microwell-plate-based polymerase chain reaction assay for Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 756–63.
15. Eastick K, Leeming JP, Caul EO et al. A novel polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. Mol Pathol 2003; 56: 25–8.
16. Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 318–9.
17. Falk L, Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, symptoms, signs and treatment efficacy among attendees at a Swedish STD outpatient clinic. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12: 107.
18. Fernald GW, Collier AM, Clyde WAJ. Respiratory infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in infants and children. Pediatrics 1975; 55: 327–35.
19. Fraser CM, Gocayne JD, White O et al. The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science 1995; 270: 397–403.
20. Gambini D, Decleva I, Lupica L et al. Mycoplasma genitalium in males with nongonococcal urethritis: prevalence and clinical efficacy of eradication. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 27: 226–9.
21. Gaydos CA, Quinn TA. Urine nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in clinical practice. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18: 55–66.
22. Hannan PC. Comparative susceptibilities of various AIDS-associated and human urogenital tract mycoplasmas and strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to 10 classes of antimicrobial agents in vitro. J Med Microbiol 1998; 47: 1115–22.
23. Himmelreich R, Hilbert H, Plagens H et al. Complete sequence analysis of the genome of the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24: 4420–49.
24. Hsieh YH, Howell MR, Gaydos JC et al. Preference among female Army recruits for use of self-administrated vaginal swabs or urine to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 769–73.
25. Horner PJ, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ et al. Association of Mycoplasma genitalium with acute non-gonococcal urethritis. Lancet 1993; 342: 582–5.
26. International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology – Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. Revised minimum standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995; 45: 605–12.
27. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium infections. Diagnosis, clinical aspects, and pathogenesis. Kopenhagen, 2005.
28. Jensen JS. Mycoplasma genitalium – the aetiologic agent of urethritis and other sexually transmitted diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18: 1–11.
29. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Use of TaqMan 5' nuclease real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium DNA in males with and without urethritis who were attendees at a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 683–92.
30. Jensen JS, Bjornelius E, Dohn B et al. Comparison of first void urine and urogenital swab specimens for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 499–507.
31. Jensen JS, Blom J, Lind K. Intracellular location of Mycoplasma genitalium in cultured Vero cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75: 91–8.
32. Jensen JS, Borre BMDohn B. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 261–6.
33. Jensen JS, Dohn B, Bjornelius E, Lidbrink P. Failure to detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae in urogenital tract specimens and Mycoplasma genitalium in respiratory tract specimens. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. Sydney, Australia. 1998; P. 107.
34. Jensen JS, Hansen HT, Lind K. Isolation of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the male urethra. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 286–91.
35. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen J et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
36. Jensen JS, Orsum R, Dohn B, Uldum S et al. Mycoplasma genitalium: a cause of male urethritis? Genitourin Med 1993; 69: 265–9.
37. Jensen JS, Uldum SA, Sondergard-Andersen S et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 46–50.
38. Johannisson G, Enstrom Y, Lowhagen G. Occurrence and treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium in patients visiting STD clinics in Sweden. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 324–6.
39. Jurstrand M, Jensen JS, Fredlund H et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in urogenital specimens by real-time PCR and by conventional PCR assay. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54: 23–9.
40 Keane FE, Thomas BJ, Gilroy CB et al. The association of Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma genitalium with bacterial vaginosis: observations on heterosexual women and their male partners. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11: 356–60.
41. Kokotovic B, Friis NF, Jensen JS, Ahrens P. Amplified-fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycoplasma species. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 37: 3300–7.
42. Lind K, Kristensen CK. Significance of antibodies to Mycoplasma genitalium in salpingitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 205–7.
43. Lind K. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and M. pneumoniae [letter]. Lancet 1982; 1158–9.
44. Lind K, Lindhardt B, Schutten BH et al. Serological cross-reactions between Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20: 1036–43.
45. Lo SC, Shih JW, Yang NY et al. A novel virus-like infectious agents in patients with AIDS. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 213–26.
46. Lo SC, Shih JW, Newton PB et al. Virus-like infectious agent (VLIA) is a novel pathogenic mycoplasma: Mycoplasma incognitos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 41: 586–600.
47. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Tully JG et al. Mycoplasma penetrans sp.nov., from the urogenital tract of patients with AIDS. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1992; 42: 357–64.
48. Lo SC, Hayes MM, Kotani H et al. Adhesion onto and invasion into mammalian cells by Mycoplasma penetrans: a newly isolated mycoplasma from patients with AIDS. Mod Pathol 1993; 6: 276–80.
49. Lu GC, Schwebke JR, Duffy LB et al. Midtrimester vaginal Mycoplasma genitalium in women with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 163–5.
50. Luki N, Lebel P, Boucher M et al. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay with culture for detection of genital mycoplasmas in perinatal infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 255–63.
51. Maeda SI, Tamaki M, Kojima K et al. Assotiation of Mycoplasma genitalium persistence in the urethra with recurrence of nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 472–6.
52. Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Inf Dis 2003; 187: 650–7.
53. Mena L, Wang X, Mroczkowski TF, Martin DM. Mycoplasma genitalium infections in asymptomatic men and men with urethritis attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in New Orleans. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1167–73.
54. Mernaugh GR, Dallo SF, Holt SC, Baseman JB. Properties of adhering and nonadhering populations of Mycoplasma genitalium. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 69–78.
55. Oakeshott P, Hay P, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in early pregnancy and the relationship between its presence and pregnancy outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004.
56. Palmer HM, Gilroy CB, Furr PM, Taylor-Robinson D. Development and evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycoplasma genitalium. FEMS Microbiol. Lett 1991; 61: 199–203.
57. Rogers MJ, Simmons J, Walker RT et al. Construction of the mycoplasma evolutionary tree from 55S rRNA sequence data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 1160–4.
58. Rottem S. Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiol Rev 2003; 2003: 417–32.
59. Sasaki Y, Shintani M, Shimada T et al. Detection and discrimination of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium by the in vitro DNA amplification. Microbiol Immunol 1992; 36: 21–7.
60. Shames JM, George RB, Holliday WB et al. Comparison of antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1970; 125: 680–4.
61. Simms I, Eastick K, Mallinson H. Associations between Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 154–6.
62. Svenstrup HF, Jensen JS, Bjornelius E et al. Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Mycoplasma genitalium. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3121–8.
63. Taylor-Robinson D. The role of mycoplasmas in non-gonococcal urethritis: a review. Yale J Biol Med 1983; 56: 537–43.
64. Taylor-Robinson D, Furr PM. Hanna N.F. Microbiological and serological study of non-gonococcal urethritis with special reference to Mycoplasma genitalium. Genitourin Med 1985; 61: 319–24.
65. Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Horowitz S, Horowitz J. Mycoplasma genitalium in the joints of two patients with arthritis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 1066–9.
66. Taylor-Robinson D, Thomas BJ, Dixey J et al. Evidence that Chlamydia trachomatis causes seronegative arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 295–9.
67. Taylor-Robinson D, Horner PJ. The role of Mycoplasma genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect 2001; 77: 229–31.
68. Tully JG, Rose DL, Baseman JB et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium mixture in synovial fluid isolate. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1851–5.
69. Tully JG, Taylor-Robinson D, Cole RM, Rose DL. A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet 1981; 1288–91.
70. Uno M, Deguchi T, Komeda H. Mycoplasma genitalium in the cervices of Japanese women. Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 284–6.
71. Wang RY, Grandinetti T, Shih JW et al. Mycoplasma genitalium infection and host antibody immune response in patients infected by HIV, patients attending STD clinics and in healthy blood donors. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 19: 237–45.
72. Webster D, Windsor H, Ling C et al. Chronic bronchitis in immunocompromised patients: association with a novel Mycoplasma species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 530–4.
73. Westrom L. Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility. Am J Obst Gyn 1975; 121: 707–13.
74. Woese CR, Maniloff J, Zablen LB. Phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 494–8.
75. Wroblewski JK, Manhart LE, Dickey KA et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in vaginal, cervical and urine specimens by TMA and PCR. 16th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Sexually Transmittted Diseases Research, Amsterdam, 2005.
76. Yoshida T, Deguchi T, Ito M, Maeda S et al. Quantitative detection of Mycoplasma genitalium from first-pass urine of men with urethritis and asymptomatic men by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 1451–5.
Авторы
А.М.Савичева1, Е.В.Шипицына1, А.С.Бенькович 2, Е.В.Соколовский3
1. ГУ НИИ акушерства и гинекологии им. Д.О.Отта РАМН;
2. ГУЗ Ленинградский областной кожно-венерологический диспансер;
3. Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. И.П.Павлова, Санкт-Петербург
1. ГУ НИИ акушерства и гинекологии им. Д.О.Отта РАМН;
2. ГУЗ Ленинградский областной кожно-венерологический диспансер;
3. Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. И.П.Павлова, Санкт-Петербург
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.