1. Barlow DH, Cardozo LD, Francis RM et al. Urogenital ageing and its effect on sexual health in older British women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 87–91.
2. Bachman G. Urogenital ageing: an old problem newly recognized. Maturitas 1995; 22 (Suppl.): 1–5.
3. Samsioe G. Medical and surgical strategies for treating urogynecological disorders. Int J Fertil 1996; 41 (2): 136–41.
4. Al-Baghdadi O, Ewies AA. Topical estrogen therapy in the management of post-
menopausal vaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric 2009; p. 91–105.
5. Forsberg JG. A morphologist approach to the vagine-age-related changesand estrogen sensitivity. Maturitas 1995; 22 (Suppl.): 7–15.
6. Gebhardt J, Richard D, Barrett T. Expression of estrogen receptor isoforms alpha and beta messenger RNA in vaginal tissue of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; p. 1325–30.
7. Fu X, Wu X, Li L et al. Expression of estrogen receptor-a and –a in anterior vaginal walls of genuine stress incontinent women. Int Urogenicol. J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2003; p. 276–81.
8. Cavallini E. Dinaro, Giocolano A. et al. Estrogen 
receptor (ER) and ER-related receptor expressoin in normal and atrophic human vagina. Maturitas 2008; p. 219–25.
9. Planffe L, Cohen DP. The role of androgens in menopausal hormone replacement therapy. Comprehensive management of menopause. Jacques-Lorrain, Leo Plonffe et al. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
10. Балан В.Е., Сметник В.П., Анкирская А.С. и др. Урогенитальные расстройства в климактерии. В кн. «Медицина климактерия» под ред. В.П.Сметник. М.: ООО «Издательство Литтерра», 2006; 217–90.
11. Балан В.Е. Урогенитальные расстройства в климактерии: клиника, диагностика и лечение. Дис. … докт. мед. наук. М., 1998.
12. Calleja-Agius J, Brincat MP. Urogenital atrophy. Climacteric 2009; 12: 279–85.
13. A more comprehensive list of references will be found in a special Supplement to Climacteric. 7th IMS Workshop in Budapest. 2007.
14. Великая С.В. Совершенствование диагностики и терапии императивных расстройств мочеиспускания у женщин с урогенитальными расстройствами в климактерии. Дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 2003.
15. Weisberg E, Ayton R, Darling G et al. Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet. Cimacteric 2005; p. 83–92.
16. Johnston SL, Farrell SA, Bouchard C et al. The detection and management of vaginal atrophy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004; p. 503–15.
17. Practical recommendations for hormone replacement therapy in the peri- and postmenopause. Climacteric 2004; p. 210–6.
18. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. J North Am Menop Soc 2008; 4: 584–603.
19. Ледина А.В., Куликов А.Ю., Толкушин А.Г. Комплексное  лечении и профилактика эстрогензависимых урогенитальных расстройств: клинические аспекты и фармакоэкономический анализ. Фармакоэкономика. 2009; 1.

________________________________________________

1. Barlow DH, Cardozo LD, Francis RM et al. Urogenital ageing and its effect on sexual health in older British women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 87–91.
2. Bachman G. Urogenital ageing: an old problem newly recognized. Maturitas 1995; 22 (Suppl.): 1–5.
3. Samsioe G. Medical and surgical strategies for treating urogynecological disorders. Int J Fertil 1996; 41 (2): 136–41.
4. Al-Baghdadi O, Ewies AA. Topical estrogen therapy in the management of post-
menopausal vaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric 2009; p. 91–105.
5. Forsberg JG. A morphologist approach to the vagine-age-related changesand estrogen sensitivity. Maturitas 1995; 22 (Suppl.): 7–15.
6. Gebhardt J, Richard D, Barrett T. Expression of estrogen receptor isoforms alpha and beta messenger RNA in vaginal tissue of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; p. 1325–30.
7. Fu X, Wu X, Li L et al. Expression of estrogen receptor-a and –a in anterior vaginal walls of genuine stress incontinent women. Int Urogenicol. J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2003; p. 276–81.
8. Cavallini E. Dinaro, Giocolano A. et al. Estrogen 
receptor (ER) and ER-related receptor expressoin in normal and atrophic human vagina. Maturitas 2008; p. 219–25.
9. Planffe L, Cohen DP. The role of androgens in menopausal hormone replacement therapy. Comprehensive management of menopause. Jacques-Lorrain, Leo Plonffe et al. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
10. Балан В.Е., Сметник В.П., Анкирская А.С. и др. Урогенитальные расстройства в климактерии. В кн. «Медицина климактерия» под ред. В.П.Сметник. М.: ООО «Издательство Литтерра», 2006; 217–90.
11. Балан В.Е. Урогенитальные расстройства в климактерии: клиника, диагностика и лечение. Дис. … докт. мед. наук. М., 1998.
12. Calleja-Agius J, Brincat MP. Urogenital atrophy. Climacteric 2009; 12: 279–85.
13. A more comprehensive list of references will be found in a special Supplement to Climacteric. 7th IMS Workshop in Budapest. 2007.
14. Великая С.В. Совершенствование диагностики и терапии императивных расстройств мочеиспускания у женщин с урогенитальными расстройствами в климактерии. Дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 2003.
15. Weisberg E, Ayton R, Darling G et al. Endometrial and vaginal effects of low-dose estradiol delivered by vaginal ring or vaginal tablet. Cimacteric 2005; p. 83–92.
16. Johnston SL, Farrell SA, Bouchard C et al. The detection and management of vaginal atrophy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004; p. 503–15.
17. Practical recommendations for hormone replacement therapy in the peri- and postmenopause. Climacteric 2004; p. 210–6.
18. Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society. J North Am Menop Soc 2008; 4: 584–603.
19. Ледина А.В., Куликов А.Ю., Толкушин А.Г. Комплексное  лечении и профилактика эстрогензависимых урогенитальных расстройств: клинические аспекты и фармакоэкономический анализ. Фармакоэкономика. 2009; 1.

В.Е.Балан, Л.А.Ковалева

ФГУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. В.И.Кулакова
(дир. – акад. РАМН, проф. Г.Т.Сухих), Москва