1. Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Tenth Edition. – The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007.
2. Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 2003; 46 (Suppl. 1): S7–16.
3. Sitruk-Ware R. New progestagens for contraceptive use. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12 (2): 169–78.
4. Juchem M, Pollow K, Elger W et al. Receptor binding of norgestimate – a new orally active synthetic progestational compound. Contraception 1993; 47: 283–94.
5. Лейкок Дж.Ф., Вайс П.Г. Основы эндокринологии: Пер. с англ. М.: Медицина, 2000.
6. Sitruk-Ware R. New progestogens: a review of their effects in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Drugs Aging 2004; 21 (13): 865–83.
7. Stanczyk FZ, Roy S. Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception 1990; 42: 67–96.
8. Fotherby K, Caldwell ADS. New progestogens in oral contraception. Contraception 1994; 49: 1–31.
9. Upton GV, Corbin A. The relevance of the pharmacologic properties of a progestational agent to its clinical 
effects as a combination oral contraceptive. Yale J Biol Med 1989; 62: 445–57.
10. Teichmann AT. Empfangnisverhutung: eine vergleichende Ubersicht aller Methoden, Risiken und Indikationen. Stuttgart, Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1996; 23–31.
11. van der Vange N, Blankenstein MA, Kloosterboer HJ et al. Effects of several low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone. Contraception 1990; 41: 345–52.
12. Stanczyk FZ, Leyden J, Kempers S et al. The effect of an oral contraceptive containing 20 µg ethinyl estradiol and 100 mg levonorgestrel (EE 20/LNG 100) on ovarian, adrenal, and peripheral androgens. Gynecol Endocrinol 2000; 14 (suppl.): 137.
13. Reubinoff BE, Grubstein A, Meirow D et al. Effects of 
low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 516–21.
14. Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA et al. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD003987.
15. Lello S, Vittori G, Paoletti AM et al. Effects on body weight and body composition of a low-dose oral estro
progestin containing ethinyl estradiol 20 microg plus levonorgestrel 100 microg. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23 (11): 632–7.
16. Nessa A, Latif SA, Uddin MM. Glycemic status in women using combined oral contraceptive pill. Mymensingh Med J 2005; 14 (2): 165–8.
17. Сперофф Л., Дарни Ф.Д. Клиническое руководство по контрацепции. Пер. с англ. Под ред. В.Н.Прилепской. М.: Бином, 2009.
18. Sarfati J, de Vernejoul MC. Impact of combined and progestogen-only contraceptives on bone mineral density. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76 (2): 134–8.
19. Cromer BA, Bonny AE, Stager M et al. Bone mineral density in adolescent females using injectable or oral contraceptives: a 24-month prospective study. Fertil Steril 2008; 90 (6): 2060–7.
20. Warming L, Ravn P, Christiansen C. Levonorgestrel and 17beta-estradiol given transdermally for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas 2005; 50 (2): 78–85.
21. Rapkin AJ, Morgan M, Sogliano C et al. Decreased neuroactive steroids induced by combined oral contraceptive pills are not associated with mood changes. Fertil Steril 2006; 85 (5): 1371–8.
22. Bancroft J, Sartorius N. The effects of oral contraceptives on well-being and sexuality. Oxf Rev Reprod Biol 1990; 12: 57–92.
23. Higgins JA, Hoffman S, Graham CA et al. Relationships between condoms, hormonal methods, and sexual pleasure and satisfaction: an exploratory analysis from the Women's Well-Being and Sexuality Study. Sex Health 2008; 5 (4): 321–30.

________________________________________________

1. Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Tenth Edition. – The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007.
2. Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 2003; 46 (Suppl. 1): S7–16.
3. Sitruk-Ware R. New progestagens for contraceptive use. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12 (2): 169–78.
4. Juchem M, Pollow K, Elger W et al. Receptor binding of norgestimate – a new orally active synthetic progestational compound. Contraception 1993; 47: 283–94.
5. Лейкок Дж.Ф., Вайс П.Г. Основы эндокринологии: Пер. с англ. М.: Медицина, 2000.
6. Sitruk-Ware R. New progestogens: a review of their effects in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Drugs Aging 2004; 21 (13): 865–83.
7. Stanczyk FZ, Roy S. Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception 1990; 42: 67–96.
8. Fotherby K, Caldwell ADS. New progestogens in oral contraception. Contraception 1994; 49: 1–31.
9. Upton GV, Corbin A. The relevance of the pharmacologic properties of a progestational agent to its clinical 
effects as a combination oral contraceptive. Yale J Biol Med 1989; 62: 445–57.
10. Teichmann AT. Empfangnisverhutung: eine vergleichende Ubersicht aller Methoden, Risiken und Indikationen. Stuttgart, Germany: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1996; 23–31.
11. van der Vange N, Blankenstein MA, Kloosterboer HJ et al. Effects of several low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone. Contraception 1990; 41: 345–52.
12. Stanczyk FZ, Leyden J, Kempers S et al. The effect of an oral contraceptive containing 20 µg ethinyl estradiol and 100 mg levonorgestrel (EE 20/LNG 100) on ovarian, adrenal, and peripheral androgens. Gynecol Endocrinol 2000; 14 (suppl.): 137.
13. Reubinoff BE, Grubstein A, Meirow D et al. Effects of 
low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives on weight, body composition, and fat distribution in young women. Fertil Steril 1995; 63: 516–21.
14. Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA et al. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD003987.
15. Lello S, Vittori G, Paoletti AM et al. Effects on body weight and body composition of a low-dose oral estro
progestin containing ethinyl estradiol 20 microg plus levonorgestrel 100 microg. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23 (11): 632–7.
16. Nessa A, Latif SA, Uddin MM. Glycemic status in women using combined oral contraceptive pill. Mymensingh Med J 2005; 14 (2): 165–8.
17. Сперофф Л., Дарни Ф.Д. Клиническое руководство по контрацепции. Пер. с англ. Под ред. В.Н.Прилепской. М.: Бином, 2009.
18. Sarfati J, de Vernejoul MC. Impact of combined and progestogen-only contraceptives on bone mineral density. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76 (2): 134–8.
19. Cromer BA, Bonny AE, Stager M et al. Bone mineral density in adolescent females using injectable or oral contraceptives: a 24-month prospective study. Fertil Steril 2008; 90 (6): 2060–7.
20. Warming L, Ravn P, Christiansen C. Levonorgestrel and 17beta-estradiol given transdermally for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas 2005; 50 (2): 78–85.
21. Rapkin AJ, Morgan M, Sogliano C et al. Decreased neuroactive steroids induced by combined oral contraceptive pills are not associated with mood changes. Fertil Steril 2006; 85 (5): 1371–8.
22. Bancroft J, Sartorius N. The effects of oral contraceptives on well-being and sexuality. Oxf Rev Reprod Biol 1990; 12: 57–92.
23. Higgins JA, Hoffman S, Graham CA et al. Relationships between condoms, hormonal methods, and sexual pleasure and satisfaction: an exploratory analysis from the Women's Well-Being and Sexuality Study. Sex Health 2008; 5 (4): 321–30.

Е.С.Булычева, Н.В.Стуров

Московский областной научно-исследовательский институт акушерства и гинекологии
(директор – член корр  НАМН, профессор В.И.Красносельский), Москва