1. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–13.
2. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 523–34.
3. The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–12.
4. Vickers MR, MacLennan AH, Lawton B et al. Main morbidities recorded in the women’s international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Brit Med J 2007; 335: 239–50.
5. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 357–65.
6. Clarkson TB,Appt SE. Controversies about HRT– lessons from monkey models. Maturitas 2005; 51: 64–74.
7. Ouyang P, Michos E, Karas R. Hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system. Lessons learned and unanswered questions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1741–53.
8. Grodstein F, Manson J, Stampfer M. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women’s Health 2006; 15: 35–44.
9. Wagner J, Clarkson T. The applicability of hormonal effects on atherosclerosis in animals to heart disease in postmenopausal women. Sem Reprod Med 2005; 23: 149–56.
10. Machens K, Schmidt-Gollwitzer K. Issues to debate on the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study. Hormone replacement therapy: an epidemiological dilemma? Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 1992–9.
11. Harman SM, Naftolin F, Brinton EA, Judelson DR. Is the estrogen controversy over? Deconstructing the Women’s Health Initiative study: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1052: 43–56.
12. Klaiber E, Vogel W, Rako S. A critique of the Women’s Health Initiative hormone therapy study. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 1589–601.
13. Shapiro S. Risk of cardiovascular disease in relation to the use of combined postmenopausal hormone therapy: detection bias and resolution of discrepant findings in two Women’s Health Initiative studies. Climacteric 2006;9:416–20.
14. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix S, Limacher M et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: TheWomen’s Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2673–84.
15. Bath PMW, Gray LJ. Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent stroke: a meta-analysis. Brit Med J 2005; 330: 342–5.
16. Lokkegaard E, Jovanovic Z, Heitmann BL et al. Increased risk of stroke in hypertensive women using hormone therapy: analyses based on the Danish Nurse study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1379–84.
17. Magliano D, Rogers S, Abramson M, Tonkin A. Hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113: 5–14.
18. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Anderson G, Psaty BM et al. Hypertension and its treatment in postmenopausal women: baseline data from the Women’s Health Initiative. Hypertension 2000; 36: 780–9.
19. Rosenthal T, Oparil S. Hypertension in women. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 691–704.
20. Reckelhoff JF, Fortepiani LA. Novel mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 918–23.
21. Fadel PJ, Wang Z, Watanabe H et al. Augmented sympathetic vasoconstriction in exercising forearms of postmenopausal women is reversed by oestrogen therapy. J Physiol (Lond) 2004; 561: 893–901.
22. Steiner AZ, Xiang M, Mack WJ et al. Unopposed estradiol therapy in postmenopausal women: results from two randomized trials. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 581–7.
23. Salpeter SR, Walsh JME, Ormiston TM et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diab Obes Metab 2006; 8: 538–54.
24. Rosano G, Vitale C, Silvestri A, Fini M. Metabolic and vascular effects of progestins in post-menopausal women. Implications for cardioprotection. Maturitas 2003; 46S: S17–29.
25. Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ et al. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1175–87.
26. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L et al. Differential signal transduction of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in human endothelial cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 5745–56.
27. Ho JY-P, Chen M-J, Sheu WH-H et al. Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2715–20.
28. Xing D, Miller A, Novak L et al. Estradiol and progestins differentiallymodulate leukocyte infiltration after vascular injury. Circulation 2004; 109: 234–41.
29. Otsuki M, Saito H, Xu X et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 243–8.
30. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, Caruso A, Varone G, Genazzani AR. In vitro effects of progesterone and progestins on vascular cells. Steroids 2003; 68: 831–6.
31. Sorensen KE, Dorup I, Hermann AP, Mosekilde L. Combined hormone replacement therapy does not protect women against the age-related decline in endothelium-dependent vasomotor function. Circulation 1998; 97: 1234–8.
32. Rosano GMC, Webb CM, Chierchia S et al. Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 2154–9.
33. Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A et al. Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation 1998; 98: 1158–63.
34. Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Fukaya T. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen. Circulation 2001; 104: 1773–8.
35. Simoncini T, Caruso A, Giretti MS et al. Effects of dydrogesterone and of its stablemetabolite, 20-alpha-dihydrodydrogesterone, on nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 1235–42.
36. Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, Huber JC. Production and actions of estrogens. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 340–52.
37. Wiseman R. Breast cancer: critical data analysis concludes that estrogens are not the cause, however lifestyle changes can alter risk rapidly. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57: 766–72.
38. Wren B. Menopause 2007; 14: 1060–8.
39. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E et al. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288: 58–64.
40. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 3243–53.
41. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas 2006; 55: 103–15.
42. Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N et al. The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the Unites States. New Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1670–4.
43. Berry DA, Ravdin PM. Breast cancer trends: a marriage between clinical trial evidence and epidemiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1139–41.
44. Kenemans P. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the problem? Maturitas 2005; 51: 75–82.
45. Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R et al. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA 2000; 283: 485–91.
46. Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R et al. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96: 95–108.
47. Campagnoli C, Abba C, Ambroggio S, Peris C. Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 441–50.
48. Sonnet E, Lacut K, Roudaut N et al. Effects of the route of oestrogen administration on IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in healthy postmenopausal women: results froma randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Endocrinol 2007; 66: 626–31.

________________________________________________

1. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–13.
2. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 523–34.
3. The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–12.
4. Vickers MR, MacLennan AH, Lawton B et al. Main morbidities recorded in the women’s international study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Brit Med J 2007; 335: 239–50.
5. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 357–65.
6. Clarkson TB,Appt SE. Controversies about HRT– lessons from monkey models. Maturitas 2005; 51: 64–74.
7. Ouyang P, Michos E, Karas R. Hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system. Lessons learned and unanswered questions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1741–53.
8. Grodstein F, Manson J, Stampfer M. Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation. J Women’s Health 2006; 15: 35–44.
9. Wagner J, Clarkson T. The applicability of hormonal effects on atherosclerosis in animals to heart disease in postmenopausal women. Sem Reprod Med 2005; 23: 149–56.
10. Machens K, Schmidt-Gollwitzer K. Issues to debate on the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study. Hormone replacement therapy: an epidemiological dilemma? Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 1992–9.
11. Harman SM, Naftolin F, Brinton EA, Judelson DR. Is the estrogen controversy over? Deconstructing the Women’s Health Initiative study: A critical evaluation of the evidence. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1052: 43–56.
12. Klaiber E, Vogel W, Rako S. A critique of the Women’s Health Initiative hormone therapy study. Fertil Steril 2005; 84: 1589–601.
13. Shapiro S. Risk of cardiovascular disease in relation to the use of combined postmenopausal hormone therapy: detection bias and resolution of discrepant findings in two Women’s Health Initiative studies. Climacteric 2006;9:416–20.
14. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix S, Limacher M et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: TheWomen’s Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 2673–84.
15. Bath PMW, Gray LJ. Association between hormone replacement therapy and subsequent stroke: a meta-analysis. Brit Med J 2005; 330: 342–5.
16. Lokkegaard E, Jovanovic Z, Heitmann BL et al. Increased risk of stroke in hypertensive women using hormone therapy: analyses based on the Danish Nurse study. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 1379–84.
17. Magliano D, Rogers S, Abramson M, Tonkin A. Hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 113: 5–14.
18. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Anderson G, Psaty BM et al. Hypertension and its treatment in postmenopausal women: baseline data from the Women’s Health Initiative. Hypertension 2000; 36: 780–9.
19. Rosenthal T, Oparil S. Hypertension in women. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 691–704.
20. Reckelhoff JF, Fortepiani LA. Novel mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 918–23.
21. Fadel PJ, Wang Z, Watanabe H et al. Augmented sympathetic vasoconstriction in exercising forearms of postmenopausal women is reversed by oestrogen therapy. J Physiol (Lond) 2004; 561: 893–901.
22. Steiner AZ, Xiang M, Mack WJ et al. Unopposed estradiol therapy in postmenopausal women: results from two randomized trials. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 581–7.
23. Salpeter SR, Walsh JME, Ormiston TM et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diab Obes Metab 2006; 8: 538–54.
24. Rosano G, Vitale C, Silvestri A, Fini M. Metabolic and vascular effects of progestins in post-menopausal women. Implications for cardioprotection. Maturitas 2003; 46S: S17–29.
25. Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ et al. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1175–87.
26. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L et al. Differential signal transduction of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in human endothelial cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 5745–56.
27. Ho JY-P, Chen M-J, Sheu WH-H et al. Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2715–20.
28. Xing D, Miller A, Novak L et al. Estradiol and progestins differentiallymodulate leukocyte infiltration after vascular injury. Circulation 2004; 109: 234–41.
29. Otsuki M, Saito H, Xu X et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 243–8.
30. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, Caruso A, Varone G, Genazzani AR. In vitro effects of progesterone and progestins on vascular cells. Steroids 2003; 68: 831–6.
31. Sorensen KE, Dorup I, Hermann AP, Mosekilde L. Combined hormone replacement therapy does not protect women against the age-related decline in endothelium-dependent vasomotor function. Circulation 1998; 97: 1234–8.
32. Rosano GMC, Webb CM, Chierchia S et al. Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 2154–9.
33. Gerhard M, Walsh BW, Tawakol A et al. Estradiol therapy combined with progesterone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation 1998; 98: 1158–63.
34. Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Fukaya T. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen. Circulation 2001; 104: 1773–8.
35. Simoncini T, Caruso A, Giretti MS et al. Effects of dydrogesterone and of its stablemetabolite, 20-alpha-dihydrodydrogesterone, on nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 1235–42.
36. Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, Huber JC. Production and actions of estrogens. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 340–52.
37. Wiseman R. Breast cancer: critical data analysis concludes that estrogens are not the cause, however lifestyle changes can alter risk rapidly. J Clin Epidemiol 2004; 57: 766–72.
38. Wren B. Menopause 2007; 14: 1060–8.
39. Hulley S, Furberg C, Barrett-Connor E et al. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288: 58–64.
40. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 3243–53.
41. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas 2006; 55: 103–15.
42. Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N et al. The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the Unites States. New Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1670–4.
43. Berry DA, Ravdin PM. Breast cancer trends: a marriage between clinical trial evidence and epidemiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1139–41.
44. Kenemans P. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: what is the problem? Maturitas 2005; 51: 75–82.
45. Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R et al. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA 2000; 283: 485–91.
46. Campagnoli C, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kaaks R et al. Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96: 95–108.
47. Campagnoli C, Abba C, Ambroggio S, Peris C. Pregnancy, progesterone and progestins in relation to breast cancer risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 441–50.
48. Sonnet E, Lacut K, Roudaut N et al. Effects of the route of oestrogen administration on IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in healthy postmenopausal women: results froma randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Endocrinol 2007; 66: 626–31.

С.Ю.Калинченко, С.С.Апетов

Кафедра эндокринологии (зав. – проф. С.Ю.Калинченко) ФПКМР РУДН, Москва