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Онкопротективные эффекты гормональных контрацептивов
Онкопротективные эффекты гормональных контрацептивов
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Аннотация
Статья содержит обзор современных данных об онкопротективных эффектах комбинированных оральных контрацептивов.
Ключевые слова: комбинированные оральные контрацептивы, онкопротективные эффекты, безопасность, диеногест.
Key words: combined oral contraception, onkoprotective effects, safety, dienogest.
Ключевые слова: комбинированные оральные контрацептивы, онкопротективные эффекты, безопасность, диеногест.
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Key words: combined oral contraception, onkoprotective effects, safety, dienogest.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. IARC. Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy. Lyon: IARC 1999.
2. IARC. Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2007; 91: 1–528.
3. Cummings SR, Tice JA, Bauer S et al. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 717–21.
4. Medina D, Kittrell FS, Tsimelzon A, Fuqua SA. Reproductive risk factors for ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case–control study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 26–34.
5. Pasqualini JR. Oral contraceptives and risk of gestational trophoblastic disease. Contraception 2002; 65: 425–7.
6. Graham JD, Mote PA, Salagame U et al. Risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284: 1791–8.
7. Russo J, Moral R, Balogh GA et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives: protective effect on ovarian cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2001; 95: 370–4.
8. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
9. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713–27.
10. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
11. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE et al. A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 708–14.
12. Hannaford P, Elliott A. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses’ Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 65–72.
13. Ma H, Wang Y, Sullivan-Halley J et al. Hormone-related risk factors for breast cancer in women under age 50 years by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a case–control and a case-case comparison. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R39.
14. Kumle M, Alsaker E, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: the Norwegian-Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1375–81.
15. Dumeaux V, Alsaker E, Lund E. Recent trends in incidence of and mortality from breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers in England and Wales and their relation to changing fertility and oral contraceptive use. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 485–92.
16. Althuis MD, Brogan DR, Coates RJ et al. ACS. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2006.
17. Dos Santos Silva I, Swerdlow AJ. Use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization and cancer risk in a large prospective study, from 1996 to 2006. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2442–9.
18. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE et al. A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and cancer of the endometrium. Int J Epidemiol 1983;12: 297–300.
19. Wingo PA, Austin H, Marchbanks PA et al. Clinical cancer advances 2008: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening –
a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 812–26.
20. Barnett GC, Shah M, Redman K et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 601–10.
21. Newcomer LM, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group. Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 233–41.
22. Nyante SJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast carcinoma in situ. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2262–8.
23. Ory HW. Does a family history of cancer increase the risk for postmenopausal endometrial carcinoma? A prospective cohort study and a nested case–control family study of older women. Cancer 1999; 85: 2444–9.
24. Vessey M, Painter R, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and benign breast disease: an update of findings in a large cohort study. Contraception 2007; 76: 418–24.
25. Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR et al. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1045–7.
26. Rohan TE, Miller AB. Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: cancer prevention through apoptosis? J Soc Gynecol Investig 1998; 5: 271–6.
27. Narod SA, Dube MP, Klijn J et al. Steroid hormonal regulation of proliferative, p53 tumor suppressor, and apoptotic responses of sheep ovarian surface epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 186: 61–7.
28. Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM et al. Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis by estrogen and progesterone in genetically engineered mice. Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc 2007; 1: 1109–26.
29. Antoniou AC, Rookus M, Andrieu N et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1739–48.
30. Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E et al. Progestational potency of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 106–12.
31. Fathalla MF. Liver-cell adenomas associated with use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 470–2.
32. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
33. Siskind V, Green A, Bain C, Purdie D. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 1059–63.
34. Greer JB, Modugno F, Allen GO, Ness RB. DNA replication licensing and progenitor numbers are increased by progesterone in normal human breast. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 3318–26.
35. Schildkraut JM, Calingaert B, Marchbanks PA et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 554–9.
36. Cramer DW, Welch WR. Hormonal factors and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor subgroup. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 1053–60.
37. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Different risk factor profiles for mucinous and nonmucinous ovarian cancer: results from the Danish MALOVA study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 1160–6.
38. Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005; 366: 491–505.
39. Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C et al. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2007; 369: 1703–10.
40. Murdoch WJ, Van Kirk EA. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case–control study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1093–101.
41. Bu SZ, Yin L, Ren XH et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3831–6.
42. Ivarsson K, Sundfeldt K, Brannstrom M et al. ICESCC. Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1108–24.
43. Shapiro S. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner’s guide to meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1851–63. Shih Ie M, Kurman RJ. Re: ‘a case–control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer’. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 802–3; author reply 803–4.
44. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
45. Winer E, Gralow J, Diller L et al. WHO. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 186–90.
46. Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners’ oral contraception study. Br Med J 1999; 318: 96–100.
47. Vessey M, Yeates D. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study 1968–2004. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 385–9.
48. Lurie G, Wilkens LR, Thompson PJ et al. Association of estrogen and progestin potency of oral contraceptives with ovarian carcinoma risk. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 597–607.
49. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
50. Dorjgochoo T, Shu XO, Li HL et al. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1157–66.
51. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
52. Wu-Williams AH, Lee M, Whittemore AS et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of death from breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 793–800.
53. Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC et al. Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 931–5.
54. Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 643–6.
55. Moorman PG, Calingaert B, Palmieri RT et al. Oral contraceptive use, reproductive history, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with and without endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 733–40.
56. Tworoger SS, Fairfield KM, Colditz GA et al. Reproductive factors and epithelial ovarian cancer risk by histologic type: a multiethnic case–control study. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 629–38.
57. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
58. Tung KH, Goodman MT, Wu AH et al. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 75–9.
59. Riman T, Dickman PW, Nilsson S et al. The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: A Prospective Study of the Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives. Bethesda: National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development 1981.
60. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T et al. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer, a cohort study. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003; 123: 1653–6.
61. Huusom LD, Frederiksen K, Hogdall EV et al. Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 247: 475–7.
62. McGuire V, Felberg A, Mills M et al. Progestin and estrogen potency of combination oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103: 535–40.
63. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
64. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. High-dose and low-dose combined oral contraceptives: protection against epithelial ovarian cancer and the length of the protective effect. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1872–6.
65. Sanderson M, Williams MA, Weiss NS et al. Poorer survival of nulliparous women with endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 1328–33.
66. Trapido EJ. Lifestyle and endometrial cancer risk: a cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry. Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 38–42.
67. Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray R, Hsu JP. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: a case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 703–9.
68. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
69. Beral V, Hannaford P, Kay C. Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease? J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3310–6.
70. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
71. Heinemann LA, Weimann A, Gerken G et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of familial breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26: 23–7.
72. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. Contraceptive methods and induced abortions and their association with the risk of colon cancer in Shanghai, China. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 590–3.
73. Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R et al. Carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 204.
74. Leppaluoto PA. Effect of reproductive factors and oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: results from a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3170–8. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C et al. The pillOC and cervical cancer: the causal association. Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 704–6.
2. IARC. Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2007; 91: 1–528.
3. Cummings SR, Tice JA, Bauer S et al. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 717–21.
4. Medina D, Kittrell FS, Tsimelzon A, Fuqua SA. Reproductive risk factors for ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case–control study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 26–34.
5. Pasqualini JR. Oral contraceptives and risk of gestational trophoblastic disease. Contraception 2002; 65: 425–7.
6. Graham JD, Mote PA, Salagame U et al. Risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284: 1791–8.
7. Russo J, Moral R, Balogh GA et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives: protective effect on ovarian cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2001; 95: 370–4.
8. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
9. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713–27.
10. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
11. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE et al. A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 708–14.
12. Hannaford P, Elliott A. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses’ Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 65–72.
13. Ma H, Wang Y, Sullivan-Halley J et al. Hormone-related risk factors for breast cancer in women under age 50 years by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a case–control and a case-case comparison. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R39.
14. Kumle M, Alsaker E, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: the Norwegian-Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1375–81.
15. Dumeaux V, Alsaker E, Lund E. Recent trends in incidence of and mortality from breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers in England and Wales and their relation to changing fertility and oral contraceptive use. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 485–92.
16. Althuis MD, Brogan DR, Coates RJ et al. ACS. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2006.
17. Dos Santos Silva I, Swerdlow AJ. Use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization and cancer risk in a large prospective study, from 1996 to 2006. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2442–9.
18. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE et al. A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and cancer of the endometrium. Int J Epidemiol 1983;12: 297–300.
19. Wingo PA, Austin H, Marchbanks PA et al. Clinical cancer advances 2008: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening –
a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 812–26.
20. Barnett GC, Shah M, Redman K et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 601–10.
21. Newcomer LM, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group. Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 233–41.
22. Nyante SJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast carcinoma in situ. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2262–8.
23. Ory HW. Does a family history of cancer increase the risk for postmenopausal endometrial carcinoma? A prospective cohort study and a nested case–control family study of older women. Cancer 1999; 85: 2444–9.
24. Vessey M, Painter R, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and benign breast disease: an update of findings in a large cohort study. Contraception 2007; 76: 418–24.
25. Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR et al. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1045–7.
26. Rohan TE, Miller AB. Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: cancer prevention through apoptosis? J Soc Gynecol Investig 1998; 5: 271–6.
27. Narod SA, Dube MP, Klijn J et al. Steroid hormonal regulation of proliferative, p53 tumor suppressor, and apoptotic responses of sheep ovarian surface epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 186: 61–7.
28. Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM et al. Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis by estrogen and progesterone in genetically engineered mice. Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc 2007; 1: 1109–26.
29. Antoniou AC, Rookus M, Andrieu N et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1739–48.
30. Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E et al. Progestational potency of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 106–12.
31. Fathalla MF. Liver-cell adenomas associated with use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 470–2.
32. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
33. Siskind V, Green A, Bain C, Purdie D. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 1059–63.
34. Greer JB, Modugno F, Allen GO, Ness RB. DNA replication licensing and progenitor numbers are increased by progesterone in normal human breast. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 3318–26.
35. Schildkraut JM, Calingaert B, Marchbanks PA et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 554–9.
36. Cramer DW, Welch WR. Hormonal factors and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor subgroup. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 1053–60.
37. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Different risk factor profiles for mucinous and nonmucinous ovarian cancer: results from the Danish MALOVA study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 1160–6.
38. Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005; 366: 491–505.
39. Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C et al. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2007; 369: 1703–10.
40. Murdoch WJ, Van Kirk EA. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case–control study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1093–101.
41. Bu SZ, Yin L, Ren XH et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3831–6.
42. Ivarsson K, Sundfeldt K, Brannstrom M et al. ICESCC. Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1108–24.
43. Shapiro S. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner’s guide to meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1851–63. Shih Ie M, Kurman RJ. Re: ‘a case–control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer’. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 802–3; author reply 803–4.
44. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
45. Winer E, Gralow J, Diller L et al. WHO. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 186–90.
46. Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners’ oral contraception study. Br Med J 1999; 318: 96–100.
47. Vessey M, Yeates D. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study 1968–2004. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 385–9.
48. Lurie G, Wilkens LR, Thompson PJ et al. Association of estrogen and progestin potency of oral contraceptives with ovarian carcinoma risk. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 597–607.
49. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
50. Dorjgochoo T, Shu XO, Li HL et al. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1157–66.
51. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
52. Wu-Williams AH, Lee M, Whittemore AS et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of death from breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 793–800.
53. Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC et al. Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 931–5.
54. Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 643–6.
55. Moorman PG, Calingaert B, Palmieri RT et al. Oral contraceptive use, reproductive history, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with and without endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 733–40.
56. Tworoger SS, Fairfield KM, Colditz GA et al. Reproductive factors and epithelial ovarian cancer risk by histologic type: a multiethnic case–control study. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 629–38.
57. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
58. Tung KH, Goodman MT, Wu AH et al. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 75–9.
59. Riman T, Dickman PW, Nilsson S et al. The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: A Prospective Study of the Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives. Bethesda: National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development 1981.
60. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T et al. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer, a cohort study. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003; 123: 1653–6.
61. Huusom LD, Frederiksen K, Hogdall EV et al. Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 247: 475–7.
62. McGuire V, Felberg A, Mills M et al. Progestin and estrogen potency of combination oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103: 535–40.
63. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
64. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. High-dose and low-dose combined oral contraceptives: protection against epithelial ovarian cancer and the length of the protective effect. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1872–6.
65. Sanderson M, Williams MA, Weiss NS et al. Poorer survival of nulliparous women with endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 1328–33.
66. Trapido EJ. Lifestyle and endometrial cancer risk: a cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry. Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 38–42.
67. Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray R, Hsu JP. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: a case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 703–9.
68. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
69. Beral V, Hannaford P, Kay C. Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease? J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3310–6.
70. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
71. Heinemann LA, Weimann A, Gerken G et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of familial breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26: 23–7.
72. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. Contraceptive methods and induced abortions and their association with the risk of colon cancer in Shanghai, China. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 590–3.
73. Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R et al. Carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 204.
74. Leppaluoto PA. Effect of reproductive factors and oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: results from a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3170–8. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C et al. The pillOC and cervical cancer: the causal association. Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 704–6.
2. IARC. Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2007; 91: 1–528.
3. Cummings SR, Tice JA, Bauer S et al. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 717–21.
4. Medina D, Kittrell FS, Tsimelzon A, Fuqua SA. Reproductive risk factors for ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case–control study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 26–34.
5. Pasqualini JR. Oral contraceptives and risk of gestational trophoblastic disease. Contraception 2002; 65: 425–7.
6. Graham JD, Mote PA, Salagame U et al. Risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284: 1791–8.
7. Russo J, Moral R, Balogh GA et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives: protective effect on ovarian cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2001; 95: 370–4.
8. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
9. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713–27.
10. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
11. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE et al. A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 708–14.
12. Hannaford P, Elliott A. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses’ Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 65–72.
13. Ma H, Wang Y, Sullivan-Halley J et al. Hormone-related risk factors for breast cancer in women under age 50 years by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a case–control and a case-case comparison. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R39.
14. Kumle M, Alsaker E, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: the Norwegian-Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1375–81.
15. Dumeaux V, Alsaker E, Lund E. Recent trends in incidence of and mortality from breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers in England and Wales and their relation to changing fertility and oral contraceptive use. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 485–92.
16. Althuis MD, Brogan DR, Coates RJ et al. ACS. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2006.
17. Dos Santos Silva I, Swerdlow AJ. Use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization and cancer risk in a large prospective study, from 1996 to 2006. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2442–9.
18. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE et al. A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and cancer of the endometrium. Int J Epidemiol 1983;12: 297–300.
19. Wingo PA, Austin H, Marchbanks PA et al. Clinical cancer advances 2008: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening –
a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 812–26.
20. Barnett GC, Shah M, Redman K et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 601–10.
21. Newcomer LM, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group. Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 233–41.
22. Nyante SJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast carcinoma in situ. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2262–8.
23. Ory HW. Does a family history of cancer increase the risk for postmenopausal endometrial carcinoma? A prospective cohort study and a nested case–control family study of older women. Cancer 1999; 85: 2444–9.
24. Vessey M, Painter R, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and benign breast disease: an update of findings in a large cohort study. Contraception 2007; 76: 418–24.
25. Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR et al. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1045–7.
26. Rohan TE, Miller AB. Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: cancer prevention through apoptosis? J Soc Gynecol Investig 1998; 5: 271–6.
27. Narod SA, Dube MP, Klijn J et al. Steroid hormonal regulation of proliferative, p53 tumor suppressor, and apoptotic responses of sheep ovarian surface epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 186: 61–7.
28. Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM et al. Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis by estrogen and progesterone in genetically engineered mice. Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc 2007; 1: 1109–26.
29. Antoniou AC, Rookus M, Andrieu N et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1739–48.
30. Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E et al. Progestational potency of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 106–12.
31. Fathalla MF. Liver-cell adenomas associated with use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 470–2.
32. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
33. Siskind V, Green A, Bain C, Purdie D. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 1059–63.
34. Greer JB, Modugno F, Allen GO, Ness RB. DNA replication licensing and progenitor numbers are increased by progesterone in normal human breast. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 3318–26.
35. Schildkraut JM, Calingaert B, Marchbanks PA et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 554–9.
36. Cramer DW, Welch WR. Hormonal factors and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor subgroup. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 1053–60.
37. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Different risk factor profiles for mucinous and nonmucinous ovarian cancer: results from the Danish MALOVA study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 1160–6.
38. Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005; 366: 491–505.
39. Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C et al. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2007; 369: 1703–10.
40. Murdoch WJ, Van Kirk EA. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case–control study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1093–101.
41. Bu SZ, Yin L, Ren XH et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3831–6.
42. Ivarsson K, Sundfeldt K, Brannstrom M et al. ICESCC. Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1108–24.
43. Shapiro S. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner’s guide to meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1851–63. Shih Ie M, Kurman RJ. Re: ‘a case–control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer’. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 802–3; author reply 803–4.
44. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
45. Winer E, Gralow J, Diller L et al. WHO. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 186–90.
46. Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners’ oral contraception study. Br Med J 1999; 318: 96–100.
47. Vessey M, Yeates D. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study 1968–2004. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 385–9.
48. Lurie G, Wilkens LR, Thompson PJ et al. Association of estrogen and progestin potency of oral contraceptives with ovarian carcinoma risk. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 597–607.
49. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
50. Dorjgochoo T, Shu XO, Li HL et al. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1157–66.
51. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
52. Wu-Williams AH, Lee M, Whittemore AS et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of death from breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 793–800.
53. Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC et al. Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 931–5.
54. Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 643–6.
55. Moorman PG, Calingaert B, Palmieri RT et al. Oral contraceptive use, reproductive history, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with and without endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 733–40.
56. Tworoger SS, Fairfield KM, Colditz GA et al. Reproductive factors and epithelial ovarian cancer risk by histologic type: a multiethnic case–control study. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 629–38.
57. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
58. Tung KH, Goodman MT, Wu AH et al. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 75–9.
59. Riman T, Dickman PW, Nilsson S et al. The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: A Prospective Study of the Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives. Bethesda: National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development 1981.
60. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T et al. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer, a cohort study. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003; 123: 1653–6.
61. Huusom LD, Frederiksen K, Hogdall EV et al. Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 247: 475–7.
62. McGuire V, Felberg A, Mills M et al. Progestin and estrogen potency of combination oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103: 535–40.
63. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
64. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. High-dose and low-dose combined oral contraceptives: protection against epithelial ovarian cancer and the length of the protective effect. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1872–6.
65. Sanderson M, Williams MA, Weiss NS et al. Poorer survival of nulliparous women with endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 1328–33.
66. Trapido EJ. Lifestyle and endometrial cancer risk: a cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry. Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 38–42.
67. Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray R, Hsu JP. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: a case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 703–9.
68. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
69. Beral V, Hannaford P, Kay C. Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease? J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3310–6.
70. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
71. Heinemann LA, Weimann A, Gerken G et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of familial breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26: 23–7.
72. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. Contraceptive methods and induced abortions and their association with the risk of colon cancer in Shanghai, China. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 590–3.
73. Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R et al. Carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 204.
74. Leppaluoto PA. Effect of reproductive factors and oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: results from a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3170–8. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C et al. The pillOC and cervical cancer: the causal association. Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 704–6.
________________________________________________
2. IARC. Combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2007; 91: 1–528.
3. Cummings SR, Tice JA, Bauer S et al. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 717–21.
4. Medina D, Kittrell FS, Tsimelzon A, Fuqua SA. Reproductive risk factors for ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case–control study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 26–34.
5. Pasqualini JR. Oral contraceptives and risk of gestational trophoblastic disease. Contraception 2002; 65: 425–7.
6. Graham JD, Mote PA, Salagame U et al. Risk of breast cancer with oral contraceptive use in women with a family history of breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 284: 1791–8.
7. Russo J, Moral R, Balogh GA et al. Low-dose oral contraceptives: protective effect on ovarian cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2001; 95: 370–4.
8. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
9. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1996; 347: 1713–27.
10. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
11. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Manson JE et al. A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 708–14.
12. Hannaford P, Elliott A. A prospective study of oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer (Nurses’ Health Study, United States). Cancer Causes Control 1997; 8: 65–72.
13. Ma H, Wang Y, Sullivan-Halley J et al. Hormone-related risk factors for breast cancer in women under age 50 years by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a case–control and a case-case comparison. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8: R39.
14. Kumle M, Alsaker E, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: the Norwegian-Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1375–81.
15. Dumeaux V, Alsaker E, Lund E. Recent trends in incidence of and mortality from breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers in England and Wales and their relation to changing fertility and oral contraceptive use. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 485–92.
16. Althuis MD, Brogan DR, Coates RJ et al. ACS. Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2006.
17. Dos Santos Silva I, Swerdlow AJ. Use of oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization and cancer risk in a large prospective study, from 1996 to 2006. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 2442–9.
18. Trivers KF, Gammon MD, Abrahamson PE et al. A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and cancer of the endometrium. Int J Epidemiol 1983;12: 297–300.
19. Wingo PA, Austin H, Marchbanks PA et al. Clinical cancer advances 2008: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening –
a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 812–26.
20. Barnett GC, Shah M, Redman K et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors, and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 601–10.
21. Newcomer LM, Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A et al. Risk of ovarian cancer in relation to estrogen and progestin dose and use characteristics of oral contraceptives. SHARE Study Group. Steroid Hormones and Reproductions. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 233–41.
22. Nyante SJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast carcinoma in situ. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2262–8.
23. Ory HW. Does a family history of cancer increase the risk for postmenopausal endometrial carcinoma? A prospective cohort study and a nested case–control family study of older women. Cancer 1999; 85: 2444–9.
24. Vessey M, Painter R, Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and benign breast disease: an update of findings in a large cohort study. Contraception 2007; 76: 418–24.
25. Kelsey JL, LiVolsi VA, Holford TR et al. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1045–7.
26. Rohan TE, Miller AB. Effect of progestin on the ovarian epithelium of macaques: cancer prevention through apoptosis? J Soc Gynecol Investig 1998; 5: 271–6.
27. Narod SA, Dube MP, Klijn J et al. Steroid hormonal regulation of proliferative, p53 tumor suppressor, and apoptotic responses of sheep ovarian surface epithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 186: 61–7.
28. Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM et al. Inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis by estrogen and progesterone in genetically engineered mice. Ernst Schering Found Symp Proc 2007; 1: 1109–26.
29. Antoniou AC, Rookus M, Andrieu N et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1739–48.
30. Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E et al. Progestational potency of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 1976; 47: 106–12.
31. Fathalla MF. Liver-cell adenomas associated with use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 470–2.
32. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
33. Siskind V, Green A, Bain C, Purdie D. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 1059–63.
34. Greer JB, Modugno F, Allen GO, Ness RB. DNA replication licensing and progenitor numbers are increased by progesterone in normal human breast. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 3318–26.
35. Schildkraut JM, Calingaert B, Marchbanks PA et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 554–9.
36. Cramer DW, Welch WR. Hormonal factors and the risk of breast cancer according to estrogen- and progesterone-receptor subgroup. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 1053–60.
37. Spona J, Elstein M, Feichtinger W et al. Different risk factor profiles for mucinous and nonmucinous ovarian cancer: results from the Danish MALOVA study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 1160–6.
38. Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM et al. Endometrial cancer. Lancet 2005; 366: 491–505.
39. Beral V, Doll R, Hermon C et al. Ovarian cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2007; 369: 1703–10.
40. Murdoch WJ, Van Kirk EA. Role of parity and human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: the IARC multicentric case–control study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1093–101.
41. Bu SZ, Yin L, Ren XH et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3831–6.
42. Ivarsson K, Sundfeldt K, Brannstrom M et al. ICESCC. Cervical carcinoma and reproductive factors: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 16,563 women with cervical carcinoma and 33,542 women without cervical carcinoma from 25 epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1108–24.
43. Shapiro S. Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of combined oral contraceptives. A practitioner’s guide to meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 1997; 12: 1851–63. Shih Ie M, Kurman RJ. Re: ‘a case–control study of oral contraceptive use and incident breast cancer’. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 802–3; author reply 803–4.
44. Cheng W, Liu J, Yoshida H et al. CGHFBC. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet 2001; 358: 1389–99.
45. Winer E, Gralow J, Diller L et al. WHO. Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and risk of endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 186–90.
46. Beral V, Bull D, Green J, Reeves G. Mortality associated with oral contraceptive use: 25 year follow up of cohort of 46 000 women from Royal College of General Practitioners’ oral contraception study. Br Med J 1999; 318: 96–100.
47. Vessey M, Yeates D. Oral contraceptive use and cancer. Findings in a large cohort study 1968–2004. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 385–9.
48. Lurie G, Wilkens LR, Thompson PJ et al. Association of estrogen and progestin potency of oral contraceptives with ovarian carcinoma risk. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 597–607.
49. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
50. Dorjgochoo T, Shu XO, Li HL et al. Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1157–66.
51. Gwinn ML, Lee NC, Rhodes PH et al. Primary prevention of gynecologic cancers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 227–35.
52. Wu-Williams AH, Lee M, Whittemore AS et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of death from breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 793–800.
53. Jordan SJ, Green AC, Whiteman DC et al. Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 931–5.
54. Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB. Oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 643–6.
55. Moorman PG, Calingaert B, Palmieri RT et al. Oral contraceptive use, reproductive history, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with and without endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 733–40.
56. Tworoger SS, Fairfield KM, Colditz GA et al. Reproductive factors and epithelial ovarian cancer risk by histologic type: a multiethnic case–control study. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158: 629–38.
57. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
58. Tung KH, Goodman MT, Wu AH et al. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptive use, and risk of colorectal cancer. Epidemiology 1997; 8: 75–9.
59. Riman T, Dickman PW, Nilsson S et al. The Walnut Creek Contraceptive Drug Study: A Prospective Study of the Side Effects of Oral Contraceptives. Bethesda: National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development 1981.
60. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T et al. Use of oral contraceptives and risk of cancer, a cohort study. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2003; 123: 1653–6.
61. Huusom LD, Frederiksen K, Hogdall EV et al. Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 247: 475–7.
62. McGuire V, Felberg A, Mills M et al. Progestin and estrogen potency of combination oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 103: 535–40.
63. McLaughlin JR, Risch HA, Lubinski J et al. Relation of contraceptive and reproductive history to ovarian cancer risk in carriers and noncarriers of BRCA1 gene mutations. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160: 613–8.
64. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. High-dose and low-dose combined oral contraceptives: protection against epithelial ovarian cancer and the length of the protective effect. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1872–6.
65. Sanderson M, Williams MA, Weiss NS et al. Poorer survival of nulliparous women with endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 1328–33.
66. Trapido EJ. Lifestyle and endometrial cancer risk: a cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry. Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 38–42.
67. Ramcharan S, Pellegrin FA, Ray R, Hsu JP. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: a case–control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 703–9.
68. Beral V, Hermon C, Kay C et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignancies of the genital tract. Results from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Lancet 1988; 2: 1331–5.
69. Beral V, Hannaford P, Kay C. Risk factors for the incidence of breast cancer: do they affect survival from the disease? J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3310–6.
70. CGHFBC. The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 650–5.
71. Heinemann LA, Weimann A, Gerken G et al. Oral contraceptives and risk of familial breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26: 23–7.
72. Rosenblatt KA, Gao DL, Ray RM et al. Contraceptive methods and induced abortions and their association with the risk of colon cancer in Shanghai, China. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 590–3.
73. Cogliano V, Grosse Y, Baan R et al. Carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6: 204.
74. Leppaluoto PA. Effect of reproductive factors and oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and noncarriers: results from a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3170–8. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C et al. The pillOC and cervical cancer: the causal association. Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 704–6.
Авторы
Н.М.Подзолкова, В.В.Коренная
ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздравсоцразвития РФ
ГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздравсоцразвития РФ
________________________________________________
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.