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Бактериальный вагиноз и беременность (обзор литературы)
Бактериальный вагиноз и беременность (обзор литературы)
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Аннотация
Бактериальный вагиноз (БВ) является самым распространенным нарушением микробиоценоза влагалища у женщин репродуктивного возраста. В обзоре представлены данные литературы относительно возможной роли БВ в нарушениях репродуктивной функции женщины, включая осложнения беременности, освещены современные методы диагностики этого заболевания, проанализированы особенности терапии БВ при беременности, а также обобщены результаты некоторых работ зарубежных и отечественных авторов по оценке разных схем терапии БВ.
Ключевые слова: бактериальный вагиноз, беременность, диагностика, терапия.
Key words: bacterial vaginosis, pregnancy, diagnosis, therapy.
Ключевые слова: бактериальный вагиноз, беременность, диагностика, терапия.
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Key words: bacterial vaginosis, pregnancy, diagnosis, therapy.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Olmsted SS, Meyn LA, Rohan LC, Hillier SL. Glycosidase and proteinase activity of anaerobic gram-negative bacteria isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30 (3): 257–61.
2. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004: associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 864–9.
3. Wilson J. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80 (1): 8–11.
4. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1478–86.
5. Spiegel CA. Bacterial vaginosis. Rev Med Microbiol 2002; 13: 43–51.
6. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Claeys G et al. Culture-independent analysis of vaginal microflora: the unrecognized association of Atopobium vaginae with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1130–2.
7. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1899–911.
8. Zozaya-Hinchliffe M, Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Prevalence and abundance of uncultivated Megasphaera-like bacteria in the human vaginal environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 1656–9.
9. Schwebke JR, Weiss HL. Interrelationships of bacterial vaginosis and cervical inflammation. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 59–64.
10. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA et al. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 663–8.
11. Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (2): 113.e1–6.
12. Cherpes TL, Meyn LA, Krohn MA et al. Association between acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 319–25.
13. Myer L, Kuhn L, Stein ZA et al. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women’s susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 786–94.
14. Sweet RL. Role of bacterial vaginosis in pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 (Suppl. 2): S271–5.
15. Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE et al. Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 435–41.
16. Wiesenfeld H, Hillier S, Krohn M et al. Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: Insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 456–63.
17. Haggerty CL, Hillier SL, Bass DC, Ness RB. Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 990–5.
18. Ralph SG, Rutherford AJ, Wilson JD. Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319: 220–3.
19. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1048–59.
20. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 1994; 308: 295–8.
21. Kurki T, Sivonen A, Renkonen OV et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 173–7.
22. Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Newman M et al. Spontaneous early preterm labour associated with abnormal genital bacterial colonization. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 804–10.
23. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1737–42.
24. Silver HM, Sperling RS, St Clair PJ, Gibbs RS. Evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 808–12.
25. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 972–8.
26. Martius J, Eschenbach DA. The role of bacterial vaginosis as a cause of amniotic fluid infection, chorioamnionitis and prematurity – a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990; 247: 1–13.
27. Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 52–8.
28. Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N et al. Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 387–90.
29. Khatamee MA, Sommers SC. Clinicopathologic diagnosis of mycoplasma endometritis. Int J Fertil 1989; 34: 52–5.
30. Bennett BB, Clark P, Riley P et al. The association of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis with upper genital tract infection. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 1998; 5 (4): 150.
31. Bhattacharjee B, Herrington CS, Sunderland D, Birley HD. Scanning electron microscopy of endometrial biopsies of patients with bacterial vaginosis shows morphology resembling mycoplasma/ureaplasma organisms. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 202.
32. Keelan JA, Blumenstein M, Helliwell RJ et al. Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition–a review. Placenta 2003; (24 suppl. A): S33–S46.
33. Cauci S, Thorsen P, Schendel DE et al. Determination of immunoglobulin A against Gardnerella vaginalis hemolysin, sialidase, and prolidase activities in vaginal fluid: implications for adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 435–8.
34. Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1504–8.
35. Савичева А.М., Башмакова М.А., Красносельских Т.В. и др. Лабораторная диагностика бактериального вагиноза. СПб.: Н-Л, 2011.
36. Workowski KA, Berman S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 1–110.
37. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74: 14–22.
38. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 297–301.
39. Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of Gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78 (6): 413–5.
40. WHO. Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections. A guide to essential practice. Annex 3. Laboratory tests for STI, 2005.
41. Европейские стандарты диагностики и лечения заболеваний, передающихся половым путем. М.: Медицинская литература, 2004.
42. Акушерство и гинекология – клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Г.М.Савельевой, В.Н.Серова, Г.Т.Сухих. 3-е изд. 2011.
43. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV et al. In vitro activities of Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) against 108 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3995–6.
44. Xiao JC, Xie LF, Fang SL et al. Symbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis may link metronidazole resistance in vitro. Parasitol Res 2006; 100: 123–30.
45. Ferris MJ, Masztal A, Aldridge KE et al. Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4: 5.
46. De Backer E, Dubreuil L, Brauman M et al. In vitro activity of secnidazole against Atopobium vaginae, an anaerobic pathogen involved in bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 470–2.
47. Donders GG, Van Calsteren K, Bellen G et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG 2009; 116: 1315–24.
48. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 3): S73–6.
49. Spiegel CA, Eschenbach DA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Curved anaerobic bacteria in bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis and their response to antimicrobial therapy. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 817–22.
50. Spiegel CA. Susceptibility of Mobiluncus species to 23 antimicrobial agents and 15 other compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 249–52.
51. Barry AL, Thornsberry C, Jones RN. In vitro activity of a new macrolide, A-56268, compared with that of roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 343–5.
52. Hillier S, Krohn MA, Watts DH et al. Microbiologic efficacy of intravaginal clindamycin cream for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 407–13.
53. Zambrano D. Clindamycin in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections: a review. Clin Ther 1991; 13: 58–80.
54. Toma E, Fournier S, Poisson M et al. Clindamycin with primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1989; 1: 1046–8.
55. Rolston KV, Hoy J. Role of clindamycin in the treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis. Am J Med 1987; 83: 551–4.
56. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 983–8.
57. Soper DE. Clindamycin. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 483–96.
58. Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea: a review. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 525–33.
59. Miller AM, Bassett ML, Dahlstrom JE, Doe WF. Antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13: 1115–8.
60. McFarland LV. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 563–78.
61. Borin MT, Powley GW, Tackwell KR, Batts DH. Absorption of clindamycin after intravaginal application of clindamycin phosphate 2% cream. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 833–41.
62. Lamont RF, Jones BM, Mandal D et al. The efficacy of vaginal clindamycin for the treatment of abnormal genital tract flora in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 181–9.
63. Lamont RF, Nhan-Chang CL, Sobel JD et al. Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (3): 177–90.
64. Егорова А.Т., Базина М.И., Рулева М.А. Опыт лечения бактериального вагиноза у беременных женщин клиндацином (крем вагинальный). Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2010; 6: 68–71.
65. Шеманаева Т.В., Хосева Е.Н. Нарушения микробиоценоза влагалищной флоры у беременных на разных сроках гестации и особенности их коррекции. Гинекология 2011; 13 (6): 36–40.
66. Шеманаева Т.В. Опыт применения свечей клиндацина в лечении беременных с бактериальным вагинозом. Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2011; 4: 87–9.
67. Новиков Б.Н., Тец В.В. Клиническая эффективность препарата Клиндацин при лечении бактериального вагиноза у беременных. Рациональная фармакотерапия в акушерстве и гинекологии. Рук. для практикующих врачей. Под общ. ред. В.И.Кулакова, В.Н.Серова. М.: Литтера, 2007; с. 237–40.
68. Байрамова Г.Р., Прилепская В.Н., Цаллагова Е.В. Оценка эффективности и безопасности применения препарата «Клиндацин» в терапии больных с бактериальным вагинозом. Гинекология 2006; 8 (5–6): 14–6.
2. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004: associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 864–9.
3. Wilson J. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80 (1): 8–11.
4. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1478–86.
5. Spiegel CA. Bacterial vaginosis. Rev Med Microbiol 2002; 13: 43–51.
6. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Claeys G et al. Culture-independent analysis of vaginal microflora: the unrecognized association of Atopobium vaginae with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1130–2.
7. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1899–911.
8. Zozaya-Hinchliffe M, Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Prevalence and abundance of uncultivated Megasphaera-like bacteria in the human vaginal environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 1656–9.
9. Schwebke JR, Weiss HL. Interrelationships of bacterial vaginosis and cervical inflammation. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 59–64.
10. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA et al. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 663–8.
11. Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (2): 113.e1–6.
12. Cherpes TL, Meyn LA, Krohn MA et al. Association between acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 319–25.
13. Myer L, Kuhn L, Stein ZA et al. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women’s susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 786–94.
14. Sweet RL. Role of bacterial vaginosis in pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 (Suppl. 2): S271–5.
15. Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE et al. Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 435–41.
16. Wiesenfeld H, Hillier S, Krohn M et al. Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: Insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 456–63.
17. Haggerty CL, Hillier SL, Bass DC, Ness RB. Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 990–5.
18. Ralph SG, Rutherford AJ, Wilson JD. Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319: 220–3.
19. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1048–59.
20. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 1994; 308: 295–8.
21. Kurki T, Sivonen A, Renkonen OV et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 173–7.
22. Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Newman M et al. Spontaneous early preterm labour associated with abnormal genital bacterial colonization. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 804–10.
23. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1737–42.
24. Silver HM, Sperling RS, St Clair PJ, Gibbs RS. Evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 808–12.
25. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 972–8.
26. Martius J, Eschenbach DA. The role of bacterial vaginosis as a cause of amniotic fluid infection, chorioamnionitis and prematurity – a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990; 247: 1–13.
27. Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 52–8.
28. Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N et al. Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 387–90.
29. Khatamee MA, Sommers SC. Clinicopathologic diagnosis of mycoplasma endometritis. Int J Fertil 1989; 34: 52–5.
30. Bennett BB, Clark P, Riley P et al. The association of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis with upper genital tract infection. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 1998; 5 (4): 150.
31. Bhattacharjee B, Herrington CS, Sunderland D, Birley HD. Scanning electron microscopy of endometrial biopsies of patients with bacterial vaginosis shows morphology resembling mycoplasma/ureaplasma organisms. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 202.
32. Keelan JA, Blumenstein M, Helliwell RJ et al. Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition–a review. Placenta 2003; (24 suppl. A): S33–S46.
33. Cauci S, Thorsen P, Schendel DE et al. Determination of immunoglobulin A against Gardnerella vaginalis hemolysin, sialidase, and prolidase activities in vaginal fluid: implications for adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 435–8.
34. Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1504–8.
35. Савичева А.М., Башмакова М.А., Красносельских Т.В. и др. Лабораторная диагностика бактериального вагиноза. СПб.: Н-Л, 2011.
36. Workowski KA, Berman S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 1–110.
37. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74: 14–22.
38. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 297–301.
39. Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of Gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78 (6): 413–5.
40. WHO. Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections. A guide to essential practice. Annex 3. Laboratory tests for STI, 2005.
41. Европейские стандарты диагностики и лечения заболеваний, передающихся половым путем. М.: Медицинская литература, 2004.
42. Акушерство и гинекология – клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Г.М.Савельевой, В.Н.Серова, Г.Т.Сухих. 3-е изд. 2011.
43. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV et al. In vitro activities of Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) against 108 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3995–6.
44. Xiao JC, Xie LF, Fang SL et al. Symbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis may link metronidazole resistance in vitro. Parasitol Res 2006; 100: 123–30.
45. Ferris MJ, Masztal A, Aldridge KE et al. Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4: 5.
46. De Backer E, Dubreuil L, Brauman M et al. In vitro activity of secnidazole against Atopobium vaginae, an anaerobic pathogen involved in bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 470–2.
47. Donders GG, Van Calsteren K, Bellen G et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG 2009; 116: 1315–24.
48. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 3): S73–6.
49. Spiegel CA, Eschenbach DA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Curved anaerobic bacteria in bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis and their response to antimicrobial therapy. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 817–22.
50. Spiegel CA. Susceptibility of Mobiluncus species to 23 antimicrobial agents and 15 other compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 249–52.
51. Barry AL, Thornsberry C, Jones RN. In vitro activity of a new macrolide, A-56268, compared with that of roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 343–5.
52. Hillier S, Krohn MA, Watts DH et al. Microbiologic efficacy of intravaginal clindamycin cream for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 407–13.
53. Zambrano D. Clindamycin in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections: a review. Clin Ther 1991; 13: 58–80.
54. Toma E, Fournier S, Poisson M et al. Clindamycin with primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1989; 1: 1046–8.
55. Rolston KV, Hoy J. Role of clindamycin in the treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis. Am J Med 1987; 83: 551–4.
56. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 983–8.
57. Soper DE. Clindamycin. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 483–96.
58. Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea: a review. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 525–33.
59. Miller AM, Bassett ML, Dahlstrom JE, Doe WF. Antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13: 1115–8.
60. McFarland LV. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 563–78.
61. Borin MT, Powley GW, Tackwell KR, Batts DH. Absorption of clindamycin after intravaginal application of clindamycin phosphate 2% cream. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 833–41.
62. Lamont RF, Jones BM, Mandal D et al. The efficacy of vaginal clindamycin for the treatment of abnormal genital tract flora in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 181–9.
63. Lamont RF, Nhan-Chang CL, Sobel JD et al. Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (3): 177–90.
64. Егорова А.Т., Базина М.И., Рулева М.А. Опыт лечения бактериального вагиноза у беременных женщин клиндацином (крем вагинальный). Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2010; 6: 68–71.
65. Шеманаева Т.В., Хосева Е.Н. Нарушения микробиоценоза влагалищной флоры у беременных на разных сроках гестации и особенности их коррекции. Гинекология 2011; 13 (6): 36–40.
66. Шеманаева Т.В. Опыт применения свечей клиндацина в лечении беременных с бактериальным вагинозом. Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2011; 4: 87–9.
67. Новиков Б.Н., Тец В.В. Клиническая эффективность препарата Клиндацин при лечении бактериального вагиноза у беременных. Рациональная фармакотерапия в акушерстве и гинекологии. Рук. для практикующих врачей. Под общ. ред. В.И.Кулакова, В.Н.Серова. М.: Литтера, 2007; с. 237–40.
68. Байрамова Г.Р., Прилепская В.Н., Цаллагова Е.В. Оценка эффективности и безопасности применения препарата «Клиндацин» в терапии больных с бактериальным вагинозом. Гинекология 2006; 8 (5–6): 14–6.
2. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004: associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 864–9.
3. Wilson J. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80 (1): 8–11.
4. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1478–86.
5. Spiegel CA. Bacterial vaginosis. Rev Med Microbiol 2002; 13: 43–51.
6. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Claeys G et al. Culture-independent analysis of vaginal microflora: the unrecognized association of Atopobium vaginae with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1130–2.
7. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1899–911.
8. Zozaya-Hinchliffe M, Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Prevalence and abundance of uncultivated Megasphaera-like bacteria in the human vaginal environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 1656–9.
9. Schwebke JR, Weiss HL. Interrelationships of bacterial vaginosis and cervical inflammation. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 59–64.
10. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA et al. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 663–8.
11. Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (2): 113.e1–6.
12. Cherpes TL, Meyn LA, Krohn MA et al. Association between acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 319–25.
13. Myer L, Kuhn L, Stein ZA et al. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women’s susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 786–94.
14. Sweet RL. Role of bacterial vaginosis in pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 (Suppl. 2): S271–5.
15. Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE et al. Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 435–41.
16. Wiesenfeld H, Hillier S, Krohn M et al. Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: Insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 456–63.
17. Haggerty CL, Hillier SL, Bass DC, Ness RB. Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 990–5.
18. Ralph SG, Rutherford AJ, Wilson JD. Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319: 220–3.
19. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1048–59.
20. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 1994; 308: 295–8.
21. Kurki T, Sivonen A, Renkonen OV et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 173–7.
22. Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Newman M et al. Spontaneous early preterm labour associated with abnormal genital bacterial colonization. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 804–10.
23. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1737–42.
24. Silver HM, Sperling RS, St Clair PJ, Gibbs RS. Evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 808–12.
25. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 972–8.
26. Martius J, Eschenbach DA. The role of bacterial vaginosis as a cause of amniotic fluid infection, chorioamnionitis and prematurity – a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990; 247: 1–13.
27. Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 52–8.
28. Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N et al. Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 387–90.
29. Khatamee MA, Sommers SC. Clinicopathologic diagnosis of mycoplasma endometritis. Int J Fertil 1989; 34: 52–5.
30. Bennett BB, Clark P, Riley P et al. The association of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis with upper genital tract infection. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 1998; 5 (4): 150.
31. Bhattacharjee B, Herrington CS, Sunderland D, Birley HD. Scanning electron microscopy of endometrial biopsies of patients with bacterial vaginosis shows morphology resembling mycoplasma/ureaplasma organisms. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 202.
32. Keelan JA, Blumenstein M, Helliwell RJ et al. Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition–a review. Placenta 2003; (24 suppl. A): S33–S46.
33. Cauci S, Thorsen P, Schendel DE et al. Determination of immunoglobulin A against Gardnerella vaginalis hemolysin, sialidase, and prolidase activities in vaginal fluid: implications for adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 435–8.
34. Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1504–8.
35. Савичева А.М., Башмакова М.А., Красносельских Т.В. и др. Лабораторная диагностика бактериального вагиноза. СПб.: Н-Л, 2011.
36. Workowski KA, Berman S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 1–110.
37. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74: 14–22.
38. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 297–301.
39. Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of Gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78 (6): 413–5.
40. WHO. Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections. A guide to essential practice. Annex 3. Laboratory tests for STI, 2005.
41. Европейские стандарты диагностики и лечения заболеваний, передающихся половым путем. М.: Медицинская литература, 2004.
42. Акушерство и гинекология – клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Г.М.Савельевой, В.Н.Серова, Г.Т.Сухих. 3-е изд. 2011.
43. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV et al. In vitro activities of Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) against 108 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3995–6.
44. Xiao JC, Xie LF, Fang SL et al. Symbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis may link metronidazole resistance in vitro. Parasitol Res 2006; 100: 123–30.
45. Ferris MJ, Masztal A, Aldridge KE et al. Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4: 5.
46. De Backer E, Dubreuil L, Brauman M et al. In vitro activity of secnidazole against Atopobium vaginae, an anaerobic pathogen involved in bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 470–2.
47. Donders GG, Van Calsteren K, Bellen G et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG 2009; 116: 1315–24.
48. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 3): S73–6.
49. Spiegel CA, Eschenbach DA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Curved anaerobic bacteria in bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis and their response to antimicrobial therapy. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 817–22.
50. Spiegel CA. Susceptibility of Mobiluncus species to 23 antimicrobial agents and 15 other compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 249–52.
51. Barry AL, Thornsberry C, Jones RN. In vitro activity of a new macrolide, A-56268, compared with that of roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 343–5.
52. Hillier S, Krohn MA, Watts DH et al. Microbiologic efficacy of intravaginal clindamycin cream for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 407–13.
53. Zambrano D. Clindamycin in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections: a review. Clin Ther 1991; 13: 58–80.
54. Toma E, Fournier S, Poisson M et al. Clindamycin with primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1989; 1: 1046–8.
55. Rolston KV, Hoy J. Role of clindamycin in the treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis. Am J Med 1987; 83: 551–4.
56. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 983–8.
57. Soper DE. Clindamycin. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 483–96.
58. Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea: a review. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 525–33.
59. Miller AM, Bassett ML, Dahlstrom JE, Doe WF. Antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13: 1115–8.
60. McFarland LV. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 563–78.
61. Borin MT, Powley GW, Tackwell KR, Batts DH. Absorption of clindamycin after intravaginal application of clindamycin phosphate 2% cream. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 833–41.
62. Lamont RF, Jones BM, Mandal D et al. The efficacy of vaginal clindamycin for the treatment of abnormal genital tract flora in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 181–9.
63. Lamont RF, Nhan-Chang CL, Sobel JD et al. Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (3): 177–90.
64. Егорова А.Т., Базина М.И., Рулева М.А. Опыт лечения бактериального вагиноза у беременных женщин клиндацином (крем вагинальный). Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2010; 6: 68–71.
65. Шеманаева Т.В., Хосева Е.Н. Нарушения микробиоценоза влагалищной флоры у беременных на разных сроках гестации и особенности их коррекции. Гинекология 2011; 13 (6): 36–40.
66. Шеманаева Т.В. Опыт применения свечей клиндацина в лечении беременных с бактериальным вагинозом. Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2011; 4: 87–9.
67. Новиков Б.Н., Тец В.В. Клиническая эффективность препарата Клиндацин при лечении бактериального вагиноза у беременных. Рациональная фармакотерапия в акушерстве и гинекологии. Рук. для практикующих врачей. Под общ. ред. В.И.Кулакова, В.Н.Серова. М.: Литтера, 2007; с. 237–40.
68. Байрамова Г.Р., Прилепская В.Н., Цаллагова Е.В. Оценка эффективности и безопасности применения препарата «Клиндацин» в терапии больных с бактериальным вагинозом. Гинекология 2006; 8 (5–6): 14–6.
________________________________________________
2. Koumans EH, Sternberg M, Bruce C et al. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the United States, 2001–2004: associations with symptoms, sexual behaviors, and reproductive health. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 864–9.
3. Wilson J. Managing recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect 2004; 80 (1): 8–11.
4. Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J et al. High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1478–86.
5. Spiegel CA. Bacterial vaginosis. Rev Med Microbiol 2002; 13: 43–51.
6. Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Claeys G et al. Culture-independent analysis of vaginal microflora: the unrecognized association of Atopobium vaginae with bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1130–2.
7. Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Marrazzo JM. Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1899–911.
8. Zozaya-Hinchliffe M, Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Prevalence and abundance of uncultivated Megasphaera-like bacteria in the human vaginal environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74: 1656–9.
9. Schwebke JR, Weiss HL. Interrelationships of bacterial vaginosis and cervical inflammation. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 59–64.
10. Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA et al. Bacterial vaginosis is a strong predictor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 663–8.
11. Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Severity of bacterial vaginosis and the risk of sexually transmitted infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (2): 113.e1–6.
12. Cherpes TL, Meyn LA, Krohn MA et al. Association between acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and bacterial vaginosis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 319–25.
13. Myer L, Kuhn L, Stein ZA et al. Intravaginal practices, bacterial vaginosis, and women’s susceptibility to HIV infection: epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 786–94.
14. Sweet RL. Role of bacterial vaginosis in pelvic inflammatory disease. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 (Suppl. 2): S271–5.
15. Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE et al. Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 435–41.
16. Wiesenfeld H, Hillier S, Krohn M et al. Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: Insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100: 456–63.
17. Haggerty CL, Hillier SL, Bass DC, Ness RB. Bacterial vaginosis and anaerobic bacteria are associated with endometritis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 990–5.
18. Ralph SG, Rutherford AJ, Wilson JD. Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319: 220–3.
19. McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1048–59.
20. Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D et al. Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage. BMJ 1994; 308: 295–8.
21. Kurki T, Sivonen A, Renkonen OV et al. Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 173–7.
22. Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Newman M et al. Spontaneous early preterm labour associated with abnormal genital bacterial colonization. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 804–10.
23. Hillier SL, Nugent RP, Eschenbach DA et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1737–42.
24. Silver HM, Sperling RS, St Clair PJ, Gibbs RS. Evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 808–12.
25. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 972–8.
26. Martius J, Eschenbach DA. The role of bacterial vaginosis as a cause of amniotic fluid infection, chorioamnionitis and prematurity – a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990; 247: 1–13.
27. Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 75: 52–8.
28. Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N et al. Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 387–90.
29. Khatamee MA, Sommers SC. Clinicopathologic diagnosis of mycoplasma endometritis. Int J Fertil 1989; 34: 52–5.
30. Bennett BB, Clark P, Riley P et al. The association of asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis with upper genital tract infection. Prim Care Update Ob Gyns 1998; 5 (4): 150.
31. Bhattacharjee B, Herrington CS, Sunderland D, Birley HD. Scanning electron microscopy of endometrial biopsies of patients with bacterial vaginosis shows morphology resembling mycoplasma/ureaplasma organisms. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 202.
32. Keelan JA, Blumenstein M, Helliwell RJ et al. Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition–a review. Placenta 2003; (24 suppl. A): S33–S46.
33. Cauci S, Thorsen P, Schendel DE et al. Determination of immunoglobulin A against Gardnerella vaginalis hemolysin, sialidase, and prolidase activities in vaginal fluid: implications for adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 435–8.
34. Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1504–8.
35. Савичева А.М., Башмакова М.А., Красносельских Т.В. и др. Лабораторная диагностика бактериального вагиноза. СПб.: Н-Л, 2011.
36. Workowski KA, Berman S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 1–110.
37. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA et al. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74: 14–22.
38. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29: 297–301.
39. Ison CA, Hay PE. Validation of a simplified grading of Gram stained vaginal smears for use in genitourinary medicine clinics. Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78 (6): 413–5.
40. WHO. Sexually transmitted and other reproductive tract infections. A guide to essential practice. Annex 3. Laboratory tests for STI, 2005.
41. Европейские стандарты диагностики и лечения заболеваний, передающихся половым путем. М.: Медицинская литература, 2004.
42. Акушерство и гинекология – клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Г.М.Савельевой, В.Н.Серова, Г.Т.Сухих. 3-е изд. 2011.
43. Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV et al. In vitro activities of Garenoxacin (BMS 284756) against 108 clinical isolates of Gardnerella vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3995–6.
44. Xiao JC, Xie LF, Fang SL et al. Symbiosis of Mycoplasma hominis in Trichomonas vaginalis may link metronidazole resistance in vitro. Parasitol Res 2006; 100: 123–30.
45. Ferris MJ, Masztal A, Aldridge KE et al. Association of Atopobium vaginae, a recently described metronidazole resistant anaerobe, with bacterial vaginosis. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4: 5.
46. De Backer E, Dubreuil L, Brauman M et al. In vitro activity of secnidazole against Atopobium vaginae, an anaerobic pathogen involved in bacterial vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 470–2.
47. Donders GG, Van Calsteren K, Bellen G et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG 2009; 116: 1315–24.
48. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44 (Suppl. 3): S73–6.
49. Spiegel CA, Eschenbach DA, Amsel R, Holmes KK. Curved anaerobic bacteria in bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis and their response to antimicrobial therapy. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 817–22.
50. Spiegel CA. Susceptibility of Mobiluncus species to 23 antimicrobial agents and 15 other compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 249–52.
51. Barry AL, Thornsberry C, Jones RN. In vitro activity of a new macrolide, A-56268, compared with that of roxithromycin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 343–5.
52. Hillier S, Krohn MA, Watts DH et al. Microbiologic efficacy of intravaginal clindamycin cream for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol 1990; 76: 407–13.
53. Zambrano D. Clindamycin in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic infections: a review. Clin Ther 1991; 13: 58–80.
54. Toma E, Fournier S, Poisson M et al. Clindamycin with primaquine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1989; 1: 1046–8.
55. Rolston KV, Hoy J. Role of clindamycin in the treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis. Am J Med 1987; 83: 551–4.
56. Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 983–8.
57. Soper DE. Clindamycin. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 483–96.
58. Mylonakis E, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB. Clostridium difficile – associated diarrhea: a review. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 525–33.
59. Miller AM, Bassett ML, Dahlstrom JE, Doe WF. Antibiotic-associated haemorrhagic colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13: 1115–8.
60. McFarland LV. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, trends and treatment. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 563–78.
61. Borin MT, Powley GW, Tackwell KR, Batts DH. Absorption of clindamycin after intravaginal application of clindamycin phosphate 2% cream. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 833–41.
62. Lamont RF, Jones BM, Mandal D et al. The efficacy of vaginal clindamycin for the treatment of abnormal genital tract flora in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 181–9.
63. Lamont RF, Nhan-Chang CL, Sobel JD et al. Treatment of abnormal vaginal flora in early pregnancy with clindamycin for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205 (3): 177–90.
64. Егорова А.Т., Базина М.И., Рулева М.А. Опыт лечения бактериального вагиноза у беременных женщин клиндацином (крем вагинальный). Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2010; 6: 68–71.
65. Шеманаева Т.В., Хосева Е.Н. Нарушения микробиоценоза влагалищной флоры у беременных на разных сроках гестации и особенности их коррекции. Гинекология 2011; 13 (6): 36–40.
66. Шеманаева Т.В. Опыт применения свечей клиндацина в лечении беременных с бактериальным вагинозом. Рос. вестн. акушера-гинеколога 2011; 4: 87–9.
67. Новиков Б.Н., Тец В.В. Клиническая эффективность препарата Клиндацин при лечении бактериального вагиноза у беременных. Рациональная фармакотерапия в акушерстве и гинекологии. Рук. для практикующих врачей. Под общ. ред. В.И.Кулакова, В.Н.Серова. М.: Литтера, 2007; с. 237–40.
68. Байрамова Г.Р., Прилепская В.Н., Цаллагова Е.В. Оценка эффективности и безопасности применения препарата «Клиндацин» в терапии больных с бактериальным вагинозом. Гинекология 2006; 8 (5–6): 14–6.
Авторы
А.М.Савичева, Е.В.Шипицына
Лаборатория микробиологии ФБГУ Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства и гинекологии им. Д.О.Отта СЗО РАМН, Санкт-Петербург
Лаборатория микробиологии ФБГУ Научно-исследовательский институт акушерства и гинекологии им. Д.О.Отта СЗО РАМН, Санкт-Петербург
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