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Кардиоваскулярные аспекты действия половых гормонов и их клиническое значение в постменопаузе
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Аннотация
Постменопауза у женщин ассоциирована с повышением частоты сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ). Эстрогены оказывают многофакторное протективное влияние на разные компоненты сердечно-сосудистой системы, при возрастном снижении уровня эстрогенов процессы формирования ССЗ ускоряются. Этот обзор посвящен современным представлениям о механизмах влияния эндогенных и экзогенных эстрогенов на сердечно-сосудистую систему, а также участию прогестагенного компонента в формировании кардиоваскулярных рисков.
Ключевые слова: сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, постменопауза, заместительная гормональная терапия.
Ключевые слова: сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, постменопауза, заместительная гормональная терапия.
________________________________________________
The postmenopause at women is associated with of increased frequency of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Estrogens make multifactorial protective impact on various components of cardiovascular system, and age-dependent estrogen levels depression accelerate the pathogenesis of CVD. This review is devoted to modern ideas of mechanisms of endogenous and exogenous estrogens influence on cardiovascular system, and also to participation of a progestagene component in formation of cardiovascular risks.
Key words: cardiovascular diseases, postmenopause, hormonal replacement therapy.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM, Gordon T. Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Int Med 1976; 85: 447–52.
2. Archer DF. Premature menopause increases cardiovascular risk. Climacteric 2009; 12 (Suppl. 1): 26–31.
3. Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ et al. Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 2009; 16 (1): 15–23.
4. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Lindquist O. Menopausal age and risk of cardiovascular disease and death. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985. Suppl. 130: 37–41.
5. Lisabeth LD, Beiser AS, Brown DL et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of ischemic stroke: the Framingham heart study. Stroke 2009; 40 (4): 1044–9.
6. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L et al. Genomic and non-genomic effects of estrogens on endothelial cells. Steroids 2004; 69 (8–9): 537–42.
7. Fu XD, Simoncini T. Non-genomic sex steroid actions in the vascular system. Semin Reprod Med 2007; 25 (3): 178–86.
8. Han G, Ma H, Chintala R et al. Essential role of the 90-kilodalton heat shock protein in mediating nongenomic estrogen signaling in coronary artery smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329 (3): 850–5.
9. Ijuin H, Douchi T, Oki T et al. The contribution of menopause to changes in body-fat distribution. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1999: 25 (5): 367–72.
10. Abdulnour J, Doucet E, Brochu M et al. The effect of the menopausal transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: a Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team group study. Menopause 2012; 19 (7): 760–7.
11. Cho GJ, Lee JH, Park HT et al. Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Menopause 2008; 15 (3): 524–9.
12. Kilic S, Yilmaz N, Erdogan G et al. Effect of non-oral estrogen on risk markers for metabolic syndrome in early surgically menopausal women. Climacteric 2009; 8: 1–8.
13. Ushioda M, Makita K, Takamatsu K et al. Serum lipoprotein(a) dynamics before/after menopause and long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) levels in middle-aged and older Japanese women. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38 (9): 581–6.
14. Davison S, Davis SR. New markers for cardiovascular disease risk in women: impact of endogenous estrogen status and exogenous postmenopausal hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88 (6): 2470–8.
15. Nadal A, Alonso-Magdalena P, Soriano S et al. The pancreatic beta-cell as a target of estrogens and xenoestrogens: Implications for blood glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304 (1–2): 63–8.
16. Louet JF, LeMay C, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: insight from human and genetic mouse models. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6 (3): 180–5.
17. Liu ML, Xu X, Rang WQ et al. Influence of ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol treatment on insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and post-ischemic cardiac function. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97 (3): 485–93.
18. Barros RP, Machado UF, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptors: new players in diabetes mellitus. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12 (9): 425–31.
19. Miller VM, Jayachandran M, Hashimoto K et al. Estrogen, inflammation, and platelet phenotype. Gend Med 2008; 5 (Suppl. A): S91–S102.
20. Xing D, Nozell S, Chen YF et al. Estrogen and mechanisms of vascular protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29 (3): 289–95.
21. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8 (5): 538–54.
22. Stevenson JC, Rioux JE, Komer L, Gelfand M. 1 and 2 mg 17beta-estradiol combined with sequential dydrogesterone have similar effects on the serum lipid profile of postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2005; 8 (4): 352–9.
23. Criqui MH, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128 (3): 606–14.
24. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Atkins D et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with the combined use of estrogens and progestins in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154 (12): 1333–9.
25. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280 (7): 605–13.
26. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321–33.
27. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297 (13): 1465–77.
28. Seed M, Knopp RH. Estrogens, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk factors: an update following the randomized placebo-controlled trials of hormone-replacement therapy. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15 (4): 459–67.
29. Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292 (13): 1573–80.
30. Bretler DM, Hansen PR, Abildstrøm SZ et al. Use and discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy in women with myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71 (1): 105–15.
31. Cagnacci A, Cannoletta M, Palma F et al. Menopausal symptoms and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopause. Climacteric 2012; 15 (2): 157–62.
32. Szmuilowicz ED, Manson JE, Rossouw JE et al. Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011; 18 (6): 603–10.
33. Gast GC, Pop VJ, Samsioe GN et al. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Menopause 2011; 18 (2): 146–51.
34. ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Hormones and cardiovascular health in women. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12 (5): 483–97.
35. Korljan B, Bagatin J, Kokić S et al. The impact of hormone replacement therapy on metabolic syndrome components in perimenopausal women. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74 (1): 162–3.
36. Rossi R, Bursi F, Veronesi B et al. Effects of progestins on estrogen-induced increase in C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2004; 49 (4): 315–20.
37. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G et al. Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007; 115 (7): 840–5.
38. Rosano GM, Fini M. Comparative cardiovascular effects of different progestins in menopause. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2001; 46 (5): 248–56.
39. Falkeborn M, Lithell H, Persson I et al. Lipids and antioxidative effects of estradiol and sequential norethisterone acetate treatment in a 3-month randomized controlled trial. Climacteric 2002; 5 (3): 240–8.
40. Christodoulakos GE, Lambrinoudaki IV, Economou EV et al. Differential effect of hormone therapy and tibolone on lipids, lipoproteins, and the atherogenic index of plasma. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47 (4): 542–8.
41. Hellgren M, Conard J, Norris L, Kluft C. Cardiovascular risk markers during treatment with estradiol and trimegestone or dydrogesterone. Maturitas 2009; 62 (3): 287–93.
42. Zerr-Fouineau M, Chataigneau M, Blot C, Schini-Kerth VB. Progestins overcome inhibition of platelet aggregation by endothelial cells by down-regulating endothelial NO synthase via glucocorticoid receptors. FASEB J 2007; 21 (1): 265–73.
43. Mueck AO, Seeger H, Bühling KJ. Use of dydrogesterone in hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2009; 65 (Suppl. 1): S51–S60.
44. Seeger H, Mueck AO. Effects of dydrogesterone on the vascular system. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23 (Suppl. 1): 2–8.
45. Schneider C, Jick SS, Meier CR. Risk of cardiovascular outcomes in users of estradiol/dydrogesterone or other HRT preparations. Climacteric 2009; 12 (5): 445–53.
46. Koledova VV, Khalil RA. Sex hormone replacement therapy and modulation of vascular function in cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5 (4): 777–89.
47. Shuster LT, Rhodes DJ, Gostout BS et al. Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences. Maturitas 2010; 65 (2): 161–6.
2. Archer DF. Premature menopause increases cardiovascular risk. Climacteric 2009; 12 (Suppl. 1): 26–31.
3. Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ et al. Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 2009; 16 (1): 15–23.
4. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Lindquist O. Menopausal age and risk of cardiovascular disease and death. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985. Suppl. 130: 37–41.
5. Lisabeth LD, Beiser AS, Brown DL et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of ischemic stroke: the Framingham heart study. Stroke 2009; 40 (4): 1044–9.
6. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L et al. Genomic and non-genomic effects of estrogens on endothelial cells. Steroids 2004; 69 (8–9): 537–42.
7. Fu XD, Simoncini T. Non-genomic sex steroid actions in the vascular system. Semin Reprod Med 2007; 25 (3): 178–86.
8. Han G, Ma H, Chintala R et al. Essential role of the 90-kilodalton heat shock protein in mediating nongenomic estrogen signaling in coronary artery smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329 (3): 850–5.
9. Ijuin H, Douchi T, Oki T et al. The contribution of menopause to changes in body-fat distribution. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1999: 25 (5): 367–72.
10. Abdulnour J, Doucet E, Brochu M et al. The effect of the menopausal transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: a Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team group study. Menopause 2012; 19 (7): 760–7.
11. Cho GJ, Lee JH, Park HT et al. Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Menopause 2008; 15 (3): 524–9.
12. Kilic S, Yilmaz N, Erdogan G et al. Effect of non-oral estrogen on risk markers for metabolic syndrome in early surgically menopausal women. Climacteric 2009; 8: 1–8.
13. Ushioda M, Makita K, Takamatsu K et al. Serum lipoprotein(a) dynamics before/after menopause and long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) levels in middle-aged and older Japanese women. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38 (9): 581–6.
14. Davison S, Davis SR. New markers for cardiovascular disease risk in women: impact of endogenous estrogen status and exogenous postmenopausal hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88 (6): 2470–8.
15. Nadal A, Alonso-Magdalena P, Soriano S et al. The pancreatic beta-cell as a target of estrogens and xenoestrogens: Implications for blood glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304 (1–2): 63–8.
16. Louet JF, LeMay C, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: insight from human and genetic mouse models. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6 (3): 180–5.
17. Liu ML, Xu X, Rang WQ et al. Influence of ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol treatment on insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and post-ischemic cardiac function. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97 (3): 485–93.
18. Barros RP, Machado UF, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptors: new players in diabetes mellitus. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12 (9): 425–31.
19. Miller VM, Jayachandran M, Hashimoto K et al. Estrogen, inflammation, and platelet phenotype. Gend Med 2008; 5 (Suppl. A): S91–S102.
20. Xing D, Nozell S, Chen YF et al. Estrogen and mechanisms of vascular protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29 (3): 289–95.
21. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8 (5): 538–54.
22. Stevenson JC, Rioux JE, Komer L, Gelfand M. 1 and 2 mg 17beta-estradiol combined with sequential dydrogesterone have similar effects on the serum lipid profile of postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2005; 8 (4): 352–9.
23. Criqui MH, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128 (3): 606–14.
24. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Atkins D et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with the combined use of estrogens and progestins in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154 (12): 1333–9.
25. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280 (7): 605–13.
26. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321–33.
27. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297 (13): 1465–77.
28. Seed M, Knopp RH. Estrogens, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk factors: an update following the randomized placebo-controlled trials of hormone-replacement therapy. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15 (4): 459–67.
29. Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292 (13): 1573–80.
30. Bretler DM, Hansen PR, Abildstrøm SZ et al. Use and discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy in women with myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71 (1): 105–15.
31. Cagnacci A, Cannoletta M, Palma F et al. Menopausal symptoms and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopause. Climacteric 2012; 15 (2): 157–62.
32. Szmuilowicz ED, Manson JE, Rossouw JE et al. Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011; 18 (6): 603–10.
33. Gast GC, Pop VJ, Samsioe GN et al. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Menopause 2011; 18 (2): 146–51.
34. ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Hormones and cardiovascular health in women. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12 (5): 483–97.
35. Korljan B, Bagatin J, Kokić S et al. The impact of hormone replacement therapy on metabolic syndrome components in perimenopausal women. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74 (1): 162–3.
36. Rossi R, Bursi F, Veronesi B et al. Effects of progestins on estrogen-induced increase in C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2004; 49 (4): 315–20.
37. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G et al. Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007; 115 (7): 840–5.
38. Rosano GM, Fini M. Comparative cardiovascular effects of different progestins in menopause. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2001; 46 (5): 248–56.
39. Falkeborn M, Lithell H, Persson I et al. Lipids and antioxidative effects of estradiol and sequential norethisterone acetate treatment in a 3-month randomized controlled trial. Climacteric 2002; 5 (3): 240–8.
40. Christodoulakos GE, Lambrinoudaki IV, Economou EV et al. Differential effect of hormone therapy and tibolone on lipids, lipoproteins, and the atherogenic index of plasma. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47 (4): 542–8.
41. Hellgren M, Conard J, Norris L, Kluft C. Cardiovascular risk markers during treatment with estradiol and trimegestone or dydrogesterone. Maturitas 2009; 62 (3): 287–93.
42. Zerr-Fouineau M, Chataigneau M, Blot C, Schini-Kerth VB. Progestins overcome inhibition of platelet aggregation by endothelial cells by down-regulating endothelial NO synthase via glucocorticoid receptors. FASEB J 2007; 21 (1): 265–73.
43. Mueck AO, Seeger H, Bühling KJ. Use of dydrogesterone in hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2009; 65 (Suppl. 1): S51–S60.
44. Seeger H, Mueck AO. Effects of dydrogesterone on the vascular system. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23 (Suppl. 1): 2–8.
45. Schneider C, Jick SS, Meier CR. Risk of cardiovascular outcomes in users of estradiol/dydrogesterone or other HRT preparations. Climacteric 2009; 12 (5): 445–53.
46. Koledova VV, Khalil RA. Sex hormone replacement therapy and modulation of vascular function in cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5 (4): 777–89.
47. Shuster LT, Rhodes DJ, Gostout BS et al. Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences. Maturitas 2010; 65 (2): 161–6.
________________________________________________
1. Kannel WB, Hjortland MC, McNamara PM, Gordon T. Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Int Med 1976; 85: 447–52.
2. Archer DF. Premature menopause increases cardiovascular risk. Climacteric 2009; 12 (Suppl. 1): 26–31.
3. Rivera CM, Grossardt BR, Rhodes DJ et al. Increased cardiovascular mortality after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause 2009; 16 (1): 15–23.
4. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Lindquist O. Menopausal age and risk of cardiovascular disease and death. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study in Gothenburg, Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1985. Suppl. 130: 37–41.
5. Lisabeth LD, Beiser AS, Brown DL et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of ischemic stroke: the Framingham heart study. Stroke 2009; 40 (4): 1044–9.
6. Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L et al. Genomic and non-genomic effects of estrogens on endothelial cells. Steroids 2004; 69 (8–9): 537–42.
7. Fu XD, Simoncini T. Non-genomic sex steroid actions in the vascular system. Semin Reprod Med 2007; 25 (3): 178–86.
8. Han G, Ma H, Chintala R et al. Essential role of the 90-kilodalton heat shock protein in mediating nongenomic estrogen signaling in coronary artery smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329 (3): 850–5.
9. Ijuin H, Douchi T, Oki T et al. The contribution of menopause to changes in body-fat distribution. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1999: 25 (5): 367–72.
10. Abdulnour J, Doucet E, Brochu M et al. The effect of the menopausal transition on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors: a Montreal-Ottawa New Emerging Team group study. Menopause 2012; 19 (7): 760–7.
11. Cho GJ, Lee JH, Park HT et al. Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Menopause 2008; 15 (3): 524–9.
12. Kilic S, Yilmaz N, Erdogan G et al. Effect of non-oral estrogen on risk markers for metabolic syndrome in early surgically menopausal women. Climacteric 2009; 8: 1–8.
13. Ushioda M, Makita K, Takamatsu K et al. Serum lipoprotein(a) dynamics before/after menopause and long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy on lipoprotein(a) levels in middle-aged and older Japanese women. Horm Metab Res 2006; 38 (9): 581–6.
14. Davison S, Davis SR. New markers for cardiovascular disease risk in women: impact of endogenous estrogen status and exogenous postmenopausal hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88 (6): 2470–8.
15. Nadal A, Alonso-Magdalena P, Soriano S et al. The pancreatic beta-cell as a target of estrogens and xenoestrogens: Implications for blood glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 304 (1–2): 63–8.
16. Louet JF, LeMay C, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: insight from human and genetic mouse models. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004; 6 (3): 180–5.
17. Liu ML, Xu X, Rang WQ et al. Influence of ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol treatment on insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism and post-ischemic cardiac function. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97 (3): 485–93.
18. Barros RP, Machado UF, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptors: new players in diabetes mellitus. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12 (9): 425–31.
19. Miller VM, Jayachandran M, Hashimoto K et al. Estrogen, inflammation, and platelet phenotype. Gend Med 2008; 5 (Suppl. A): S91–S102.
20. Xing D, Nozell S, Chen YF et al. Estrogen and mechanisms of vascular protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29 (3): 289–95.
21. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8 (5): 538–54.
22. Stevenson JC, Rioux JE, Komer L, Gelfand M. 1 and 2 mg 17beta-estradiol combined with sequential dydrogesterone have similar effects on the serum lipid profile of postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2005; 8 (4): 352–9.
23. Criqui MH, Suarez L, Barrett-Connor E et al. Postmenopausal estrogen use and mortality. Results from a prospective study in a defined, homogeneous community. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128 (3): 606–14.
24. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Atkins D et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with the combined use of estrogens and progestins in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154 (12): 1333–9.
25. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280 (7): 605–13.
26. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321–33.
27. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297 (13): 1465–77.
28. Seed M, Knopp RH. Estrogens, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk factors: an update following the randomized placebo-controlled trials of hormone-replacement therapy. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15 (4): 459–67.
29. Cushman M, Kuller LH, Prentice R et al. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA 2004; 292 (13): 1573–80.
30. Bretler DM, Hansen PR, Abildstrøm SZ et al. Use and discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy in women with myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71 (1): 105–15.
31. Cagnacci A, Cannoletta M, Palma F et al. Menopausal symptoms and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopause. Climacteric 2012; 15 (2): 157–62.
32. Szmuilowicz ED, Manson JE, Rossouw JE et al. Vasomotor symptoms and cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2011; 18 (6): 603–10.
33. Gast GC, Pop VJ, Samsioe GN et al. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Menopause 2011; 18 (2): 146–51.
34. ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Hormones and cardiovascular health in women. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12 (5): 483–97.
35. Korljan B, Bagatin J, Kokić S et al. The impact of hormone replacement therapy on metabolic syndrome components in perimenopausal women. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74 (1): 162–3.
36. Rossi R, Bursi F, Veronesi B et al. Effects of progestins on estrogen-induced increase in C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2004; 49 (4): 315–20.
37. Canonico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G et al. Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study. Circulation 2007; 115 (7): 840–5.
38. Rosano GM, Fini M. Comparative cardiovascular effects of different progestins in menopause. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2001; 46 (5): 248–56.
39. Falkeborn M, Lithell H, Persson I et al. Lipids and antioxidative effects of estradiol and sequential norethisterone acetate treatment in a 3-month randomized controlled trial. Climacteric 2002; 5 (3): 240–8.
40. Christodoulakos GE, Lambrinoudaki IV, Economou EV et al. Differential effect of hormone therapy and tibolone on lipids, lipoproteins, and the atherogenic index of plasma. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47 (4): 542–8.
41. Hellgren M, Conard J, Norris L, Kluft C. Cardiovascular risk markers during treatment with estradiol and trimegestone or dydrogesterone. Maturitas 2009; 62 (3): 287–93.
42. Zerr-Fouineau M, Chataigneau M, Blot C, Schini-Kerth VB. Progestins overcome inhibition of platelet aggregation by endothelial cells by down-regulating endothelial NO synthase via glucocorticoid receptors. FASEB J 2007; 21 (1): 265–73.
43. Mueck AO, Seeger H, Bühling KJ. Use of dydrogesterone in hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2009; 65 (Suppl. 1): S51–S60.
44. Seeger H, Mueck AO. Effects of dydrogesterone on the vascular system. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007; 23 (Suppl. 1): 2–8.
45. Schneider C, Jick SS, Meier CR. Risk of cardiovascular outcomes in users of estradiol/dydrogesterone or other HRT preparations. Climacteric 2009; 12 (5): 445–53.
46. Koledova VV, Khalil RA. Sex hormone replacement therapy and modulation of vascular function in cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5 (4): 777–89.
47. Shuster LT, Rhodes DJ, Gostout BS et al. Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences. Maturitas 2010; 65 (2): 161–6.
Авторы
И.А.Иловайская
ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского
ГБУЗ МО Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф.Владимирского
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I.A.Ilovayskaya
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.