Основными факторами риска получения хламидийной инфекции (ХИ) является молодой возраст у женщин и незащищенный секс с непостоянным половым партнером. Тяжелых последствий инфекций, вызванных Chlamydia trachomatis, можно избежать, если лечение начато своевременно, т.е. как можно раньше. Это особенно важно ввиду малосимптомности этих инфекций как у женщин, так и мужчин. Главным препятствием на пути раннего обнаружения ХИ является правильная диагностика. Именно совершенствование диагностики с появлением молекулярных методов и привело, с одной стороны, к выявлению такого большого процента совершенно бессимптомных случаев заболевания, а с другой – к разработке мероприятий, направленных на профилактику осложнений, вызванных ХИ. Но даже до внедрения в практику методов амплификации нуклеиновых кислот существовали подходы контроля ХИ с помощью назначения антибиотиков при угрозе риска заражения без лабораторной диагностики. В настоящей статье представлен обзор разных подходов к ранней диагностике и лечению ХИ как до, так и после внедрения методов амплификации нуклеиновых кислот в широкую клиническую практику. Азитромицин в дозе 1,0 г однократно остается наиболее привлекательным способом лечения ХИ ввиду высокой антихламидийной активности, способности к созданию максимальных концентраций в инфицированных тканях и комплаенса одномоментной терапии.
The main risk factors for chlamydial infection (CI) - young age of women and unprotected sex with temporary sex partners. Severe complications of chlamydia trachomatis infections can be avoided if treatment is timely initiated, i.e. as soon as possible. It is important as such infections are low symptomatic both in women and men. Correct diagnostics is the main obstruction for early CI detection. On the one hand, improvement of diagnostics with emerged molecular methods has resulted in detection of such a large percentage of asymptomatic disease cases, and on the other hand, development of measures which are targeted on prophylaxis of CI complications. But even before methods of nucleic acid amplification were implemented, there were approaches of CI control to prescribe antibiotics with present contamination risk, without laboratory diagnostics. The present article reviews various approaches of early diagnostics and treatment of CI before and after implementation of methods of nucleic acid amplification to general clinical practice
1. Paavonen J, Eggert-Kruse W. Chlamydia trachomatis: impact on human reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 1999; 5 (5): 433–47.
2. Westrom L. Sexually transmitted disease and infertility. Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21: S2.
3. Buchan H, Vessey M, Goldacre M. Morbidity following pelvic inflammatory disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 558–62.
4. Swenson C, Schachter J. Infertility as a consequence of chlamydial infection of the upper genital tract in female mice. Sex Transm Dis 1984; 11: 64–7.
5. Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks P. Delaed care of pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for impaired fertility. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 168: 1503–9.
6. Mardh P.-A. Proceedings Sixth meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research Aarhus-Denmark. 2008.
7. Gottlieb SL, Berman SM, Low N. Screening and Treatment to Prevent Sequelae in Women with Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infection: How Much Do We Know? JID 2010; 201 (S2): S156–S167.
8. Lanjouw E, Ossewaarde JM, Stary A et al. 2010 European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Int J STD AIDS November 2010; 21 (11): 729–37.
9. Hillis S, Nakashima A, Amsterdam L et al. The Impact of a comprechensivachlamydia prevention program in Wisconsin. Fam Plan Perspect 1995; 27: 108–11.
10. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE et al. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (21): 1362–6.
11. Фриго Н.В. и др. Вестн. дерматологии и венерологии 2008; 5.
12. Rabenau HF, Kohler E, Peters M et al. Low correlation of serology with detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Ligase Chain Reaction and Antigen EIA. Infection 2000; 2: 97–102.
13. Akande VA, Hunt LP, Cahill DJ et al. Tubal damage in infertile women: prediction using of serology. Hum Reprod 2003; 18 (9): 1841–7.
14. Howard C, Friedman DL, Leete JK, Christensen ML. Correlation of the percent of positive Chlamydia trachomatis direct fluorescent antibody detection tests with the adequacy of specimen collection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 14 (3): 233–7.
15. Renton A, Filatova E, Ison C et al. Performance of direct fluorescent antibody tests for routine diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Russian sexually transmitted disease clinics. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19 (12): 851–5.
16. Mahony JB, Chernesky MA. Effect of swab type and storage temperature on the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22 (5): 865–7.
17. Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10 (1): 160–84.
18. Swain GR, McDonald RA, Pfister JR et al. Decision analysis: point-of-care Chlamydia testing vs. laboratory-based methods. Clin Med Res 2004; 2 (1): 29–35.
19. Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Levine WC et al. Impact of switching laboratory tests on reported trends in Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151 (4): 430–5.
20. Burckhardt F, Warner P, Young H. What is the impact of change in diagnostic test method on surveillance data trends in Chlamydia trachomatis infection? Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82 (1): 24–30.
21. Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Steece R et al. Laboratory tests used in US public health laboratories for sexually transmitted diseases, 2000. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31 (5): 259–64.
22. Harkins AL, Munson E. Molecular Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis in the United States. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2011; 2011: 279149.
23. Morré SA, van Valkengoed IG, de Jong A et al. Ailed, home-obtained urine specimens: a reliable screening approach for detecting asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37 (4): 976–80.
24. Ostergaard L, Andersen B, Møller JK, Olesen F. Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: a cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (4): 951–7.
25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. MMWR 2010; 59 (RR-12).
26. Gaydos CA, Howell RM, Pare B et al. Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Female Military Recruits. Engl J Med 1998; 339: 739–44.
27. Eckert LO, Thwin SS, Hiller SL et al. The antimicrobial treatment of subacute endometritis: A proof of concept study Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190 (2): 305–13.
28. Rein DB, Kassler WJ, Irwin KL, Rabiee L. Direct medical cost of pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae: decreasing, but still substantial. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 397–402.
29. Jaiyeoba O, Lazenby G, Soper DE. Recommendations and rationale for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9 (1): 61–70.
30. Bevan CD, Ridgway GL, Rothermel CD. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin as monotherapy or combined with metronidazole compared with two standard multidrug regimens for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Int Med Res 2003; 31: 45–54.
31. Mena LA, Mroczkowski TF, Nsuami M et al. A randomized comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis in men. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 1649–54.
________________________________________________
1. Paavonen J, Eggert-Kruse W. Chlamydia trachomatis: impact on human reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 1999; 5 (5): 433–47.
2. Westrom L. Sexually transmitted disease and infertility. Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21: S2.
3. Buchan H, Vessey M, Goldacre M. Morbidity following pelvic inflammatory disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 558–62.
4. Swenson C, Schachter J. Infertility as a consequence of chlamydial infection of the upper genital tract in female mice. Sex Transm Dis 1984; 11: 64–7.
5. Hillis SD, Joesoef R, Marchbanks P. Delaed care of pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor for impaired fertility. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 168: 1503–9.
6. Mardh P.-A. Proceedings Sixth meeting of the European Society for Chlamydia Research Aarhus-Denmark. 2008.
7. Gottlieb SL, Berman SM, Low N. Screening and Treatment to Prevent Sequelae in Women with Chlamydia trachomatis Genital Infection: How Much Do We Know? JID 2010; 201 (S2): S156–S167.
8. Lanjouw E, Ossewaarde JM, Stary A et al. 2010 European guideline for the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Int J STD AIDS November 2010; 21 (11): 729–37.
9. Hillis S, Nakashima A, Amsterdam L et al. The Impact of a comprechensivachlamydia prevention program in Wisconsin. Fam Plan Perspect 1995; 27: 108–11.
10. Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE et al. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (21): 1362–6.
11. Фриго Н.В. и др. Вестн. дерматологии и венерологии 2008; 5.
12. Rabenau HF, Kohler E, Peters M et al. Low correlation of serology with detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Ligase Chain Reaction and Antigen EIA. Infection 2000; 2: 97–102.
13. Akande VA, Hunt LP, Cahill DJ et al. Tubal damage in infertile women: prediction using of serology. Hum Reprod 2003; 18 (9): 1841–7.
14. Howard C, Friedman DL, Leete JK, Christensen ML. Correlation of the percent of positive Chlamydia trachomatis direct fluorescent antibody detection tests with the adequacy of specimen collection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 14 (3): 233–7.
15. Renton A, Filatova E, Ison C et al. Performance of direct fluorescent antibody tests for routine diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Russian sexually transmitted disease clinics. Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19 (12): 851–5.
16. Mahony JB, Chernesky MA. Effect of swab type and storage temperature on the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22 (5): 865–7.
17. Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10 (1): 160–84.
18. Swain GR, McDonald RA, Pfister JR et al. Decision analysis: point-of-care Chlamydia testing vs. laboratory-based methods. Clin Med Res 2004; 2 (1): 29–35.
19. Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Levine WC et al. Impact of switching laboratory tests on reported trends in Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151 (4): 430–5.
20. Burckhardt F, Warner P, Young H. What is the impact of change in diagnostic test method on surveillance data trends in Chlamydia trachomatis infection? Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82 (1): 24–30.
21. Dicker LW, Mosure DJ, Steece R et al. Laboratory tests used in US public health laboratories for sexually transmitted diseases, 2000. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31 (5): 259–64.
22. Harkins AL, Munson E. Molecular Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis in the United States. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2011; 2011: 279149.
23. Morré SA, van Valkengoed IG, de Jong A et al. Ailed, home-obtained urine specimens: a reliable screening approach for detecting asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infections. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37 (4): 976–80.
24. Ostergaard L, Andersen B, Møller JK, Olesen F. Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: a cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 (4): 951–7.
25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010. MMWR 2010; 59 (RR-12).
26. Gaydos CA, Howell RM, Pare B et al. Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Female Military Recruits. Engl J Med 1998; 339: 739–44.
27. Eckert LO, Thwin SS, Hiller SL et al. The antimicrobial treatment of subacute endometritis: A proof of concept study Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190 (2): 305–13.
28. Rein DB, Kassler WJ, Irwin KL, Rabiee L. Direct medical cost of pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae: decreasing, but still substantial. Obstet Gynecol 2000; 95: 397–402.
29. Jaiyeoba O, Lazenby G, Soper DE. Recommendations and rationale for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9 (1): 61–70.
30. Bevan CD, Ridgway GL, Rothermel CD. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin as monotherapy or combined with metronidazole compared with two standard multidrug regimens for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. J Int Med Res 2003; 31: 45–54.
31. Mena LA, Mroczkowski TF, Nsuami M et al. A randomized comparison of azithromycin and doxycycline for the treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium-positive urethritis in men. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 1649–54.
Авторы
М.А.Гомберг1, А.Е.Гущин2
1. ГОУ ВПО МГМСУ им. А.И.Евдокимова Минздрава РФ;
2. ФБУН Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора, Москва