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Консультирование – залог правильного выбора метода контрацепции
Консультирование – залог правильного выбора метода контрацепции
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Аннотация
Высокая частота незапланированных беременностей остается значимой проблемой во многих странах мира, включая Россию. Этот показатель мог бы быть существенно снижен благодаря применению обратимых контрацептивных методов длительного действия (Long-Acting Reversible Contraception – LARC), к которым относятся внутриматочные системы. Они признаны высокоэффективными, характеризуются малым числом противопоказаний и побочных эффектов, экономически рентабельны при длительном применении. Особое внимание уделено преимуществам левоноргестрел-рилизинг-системы, которая при рациональном консультировании может быть хорошим выбором для большинства женщин.
Ключевые слова: контрацепция, обратимые контрацептивные методы длительного действия, левоноргестрел-рилизинг-система, Мирена.
Key words: contraception, reversible contraceptive methods of long-acting, levonorgestrel-releasing system, Mirena.
Ключевые слова: контрацепция, обратимые контрацептивные методы длительного действия, левоноргестрел-рилизинг-система, Мирена.
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Key words: contraception, reversible contraceptive methods of long-acting, levonorgestrel-releasing system, Mirena.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Finer LB, Henshaw SK. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and 2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2006;
38 (2): 90–6.
2. Kaye K, Suellentrop K, Sloup C. The Fog Zone: how misperceptions, magical thinking, and ambivalence put young adults at risk for unplanned pregnancy. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy 2009.
3. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Contraceptive Use 2009; http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WCU2009/Main.html 2010
4. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982–2002. Adv Data 2004; 350: 1–36.
5. Nelson AL, Westhoff C, Schnare SM. Real-world patterns of prescription refills for branded hormonal contraceptives: a reflection of contraceptive discontinuation. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112 (4): 782–7.
6. Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q et al. Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1998–2007.
7. NICE. Implementation uptake report: Long-acting reversible contraception. CG30 2010; guidance.nice.org.uk/cg30
8. Bajos N, Leridon H, Goulard H et al. Contraception: from accessibility to efficiency. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 994–9.
9. Allen RH, Goldberg AB, Grimes DA. Expanding access to intrauterine contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201 (5): 456–61.
10. Leeman L. Medical barriers to effective contraception. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34 (1): 19–29.
11. Jones R, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Contraceptive use among US women having abortions in 2000–2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002; 34: 294–303.
12. Smith JD, Oakley D. Why do women miss oral contraceptive pills? An analysis of women's self-described reasons for missed pills. J Midwifery Womens Health 2005; 50: 380–5.
13. Grimes DA. Forgettable contraception. Contraception 2009; 80: 497–9.
14. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Nelson TJ, Guest F et al. Contraceptive technology. 19th ed. NY: Ardent Media 2007; 747–826.
15. Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Allsworth JE et al. Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1105–13.
16. Moreau C, Trussell J, Desfreres J, Bajos N. Patterns of contraceptive use before and after an abortion: results from a nationally representative survey of women undergoing an abortion in France. Contraception 2010; 82: 337–44.
17. Mavranezouli I. The cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods in the UK: analysis based on a decision-analytic model developed for a National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical practice guideline. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 1338–45.
18. Trussell J, Wynn LL. Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States. Contraception 2008; 77: 1–5.
19. ACOG Committee on Gynecologic Practice; Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 450: Increasing use of contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices to reduce unintended pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114 (6): 1434–8
20. Blumenthal PD, Voedisch A, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy: increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17 (1): 121–37.
21. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 121: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 184–96.
22. Cleland K, Peipert JF, Westhoff C et al. Family planning as a cost-saving preventive health service. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (18): e37.
23. Mansour D, Rosales C, Cox M. Women’s awareness of long-acting, reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs) in community family planning clinics and general practice. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008; 13: 396–9.
24. Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB. Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action. Contraception 2007; 75 (Suppl. 6): S16–S30.
25. Hidalgo MM, Hidalgo-Regina C, Bahamondes MV et al. Serum levonorgestrel levels and endometrial thick ness during extended use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2009; 80 (1): 84–9.
26. Lewis RA, Taylor D, Natavio MF et al. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cervical mucus quality and sperm penetrability. Contraception 2010; 82: 491–6.
27. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Armstrong EG, Canfield RE. Urinary human chorionic gonadotropin among intrauterine device users: detection with a highly specific and sensitive assay. Fertil Steril 1987; 47 (2): 265–9.
28. SPF Clinical guideline Use of the MirenaR LNG–IUS and Paragard™. CuT380A intrauterine devices in nulliparous women. Contraception 2010; 81: 367–71.
29. ACOG Committee opinion no. 392. December 2007: intrauterine device and adolescents. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 1493–5.
30. Yen S, Saah T, Hillard PJ. IUDs and adolescents – an under-utilized opportunity for pregnancy prevention. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23 (3): 123–8.
31. Deans EI, Grimes DA. Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review. Contraception 2009; 79 (6): 418–23.
32. Stanwood NL, Bradley KA. Young pregnant women’s knowledge of modern intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108 (6): 1417–22.
33. Whitaker AK, Johnson LM, Harwood B et al. Adolescent and young adult women’s knowledge of and attitudes toward the intrauterine device. Contraception 2008; 78 (3): 211–7.
34. Marions L, Lovkvist L, Taube A et al. Use of the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in nulliparous women – a non-interventional study in Sweden. Eur J Contraception Reprod Health Care 2011; 16: 126–34.
35. Suhonen S, Haukkamaa M, Jakobsson T, Rauramo I. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and oral contraceptives in young nulliparous women: a comparative study. Contraception 2004; 69 (5): 407–12.
36. Godfrey EM, Memmel LM, Neustadt A et al. Intrauterine contraception for adolescents aged 14–18 years: a multicenter randomized pilot study of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system compared to the Copper T 380A. Contraception 2010; 81 (2): 123–7.
37. Heikinheimo O, Inki P, Schmelter T, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Bleeding pattern and user satisfaction in second consecutive levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system users: results of a prospective 5-year study. Hum Reprod 2014; 29 (6): 1182–8.
38. Margolis MB, Zieman M, Cohen J et al. The Myths and Facts of Intrauterine Contraception Bleeding Profiles. OBG Management. The Female Patient 2011 (Suppl. 1): 1–8.
39. Heliövaara-Peippo S, Hurskainen R, Teperi J et al. Quality of life and costs of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia: a 10-year randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209 (6): 535–14.
40. Stoegerer-Hecher E, Kirchengast S, Huber JC, Hartmann B. Amenorrhea and BMI as independent determinants of patient satisfaction in LNG-IUD users: Cross-sectional study in a Central European district. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28 (2): 119–24.
41. Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ et al. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992; 339 (8796): 785–8.
42. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO; 2009. (http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html) 2010.
43. Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes et al. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception 2009; 79 (1): 5–14.
44. Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz S et al. Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel-releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 (4): 1208–13.
45. Andersson K, Batar I, Rybo G. Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T. Contraception 1992; 46 (6): 575–84.
46. Hov GG, Skjeldestad FE, Hilstad T. Use of IUD and subsequent fertility – follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial. Contraception 2007; 75 (2): 88–92.
47. Moreau C, Bouyer J, Bajos N et al. Frequency of discontinuation of contraceptive use: results from a French population-based cohort. Hum Reprod 2009; 24 (6): 1387–92.
48. Cleland J. Contraception in historical and global perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23 (2): 165–76.
49. Kofinas JD, Varrey A, Sapra KJ et al. Adjunctive Social Media for More Effective Contraceptive Counseling A Randomized Controlled Trial Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 763–70.
50. Long Acting Reversible Contraception Program Welcome to the College's Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). Program web page; http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/ACOG_Departments/Long_Acting_Reversible_Contraception
38 (2): 90–6.
2. Kaye K, Suellentrop K, Sloup C. The Fog Zone: how misperceptions, magical thinking, and ambivalence put young adults at risk for unplanned pregnancy. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy 2009.
3. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Contraceptive Use 2009; http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WCU2009/Main.html 2010
4. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982–2002. Adv Data 2004; 350: 1–36.
5. Nelson AL, Westhoff C, Schnare SM. Real-world patterns of prescription refills for branded hormonal contraceptives: a reflection of contraceptive discontinuation. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112 (4): 782–7.
6. Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q et al. Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1998–2007.
7. NICE. Implementation uptake report: Long-acting reversible contraception. CG30 2010; guidance.nice.org.uk/cg30
8. Bajos N, Leridon H, Goulard H et al. Contraception: from accessibility to efficiency. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 994–9.
9. Allen RH, Goldberg AB, Grimes DA. Expanding access to intrauterine contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201 (5): 456–61.
10. Leeman L. Medical barriers to effective contraception. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34 (1): 19–29.
11. Jones R, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Contraceptive use among US women having abortions in 2000–2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002; 34: 294–303.
12. Smith JD, Oakley D. Why do women miss oral contraceptive pills? An analysis of women's self-described reasons for missed pills. J Midwifery Womens Health 2005; 50: 380–5.
13. Grimes DA. Forgettable contraception. Contraception 2009; 80: 497–9.
14. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Nelson TJ, Guest F et al. Contraceptive technology. 19th ed. NY: Ardent Media 2007; 747–826.
15. Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Allsworth JE et al. Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1105–13.
16. Moreau C, Trussell J, Desfreres J, Bajos N. Patterns of contraceptive use before and after an abortion: results from a nationally representative survey of women undergoing an abortion in France. Contraception 2010; 82: 337–44.
17. Mavranezouli I. The cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods in the UK: analysis based on a decision-analytic model developed for a National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical practice guideline. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 1338–45.
18. Trussell J, Wynn LL. Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States. Contraception 2008; 77: 1–5.
19. ACOG Committee on Gynecologic Practice; Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 450: Increasing use of contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices to reduce unintended pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114 (6): 1434–8
20. Blumenthal PD, Voedisch A, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy: increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17 (1): 121–37.
21. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 121: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 184–96.
22. Cleland K, Peipert JF, Westhoff C et al. Family planning as a cost-saving preventive health service. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (18): e37.
23. Mansour D, Rosales C, Cox M. Women’s awareness of long-acting, reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs) in community family planning clinics and general practice. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008; 13: 396–9.
24. Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB. Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action. Contraception 2007; 75 (Suppl. 6): S16–S30.
25. Hidalgo MM, Hidalgo-Regina C, Bahamondes MV et al. Serum levonorgestrel levels and endometrial thick ness during extended use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2009; 80 (1): 84–9.
26. Lewis RA, Taylor D, Natavio MF et al. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cervical mucus quality and sperm penetrability. Contraception 2010; 82: 491–6.
27. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Armstrong EG, Canfield RE. Urinary human chorionic gonadotropin among intrauterine device users: detection with a highly specific and sensitive assay. Fertil Steril 1987; 47 (2): 265–9.
28. SPF Clinical guideline Use of the MirenaR LNG–IUS and Paragard™. CuT380A intrauterine devices in nulliparous women. Contraception 2010; 81: 367–71.
29. ACOG Committee opinion no. 392. December 2007: intrauterine device and adolescents. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 1493–5.
30. Yen S, Saah T, Hillard PJ. IUDs and adolescents – an under-utilized opportunity for pregnancy prevention. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23 (3): 123–8.
31. Deans EI, Grimes DA. Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review. Contraception 2009; 79 (6): 418–23.
32. Stanwood NL, Bradley KA. Young pregnant women’s knowledge of modern intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108 (6): 1417–22.
33. Whitaker AK, Johnson LM, Harwood B et al. Adolescent and young adult women’s knowledge of and attitudes toward the intrauterine device. Contraception 2008; 78 (3): 211–7.
34. Marions L, Lovkvist L, Taube A et al. Use of the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in nulliparous women – a non-interventional study in Sweden. Eur J Contraception Reprod Health Care 2011; 16: 126–34.
35. Suhonen S, Haukkamaa M, Jakobsson T, Rauramo I. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and oral contraceptives in young nulliparous women: a comparative study. Contraception 2004; 69 (5): 407–12.
36. Godfrey EM, Memmel LM, Neustadt A et al. Intrauterine contraception for adolescents aged 14–18 years: a multicenter randomized pilot study of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system compared to the Copper T 380A. Contraception 2010; 81 (2): 123–7.
37. Heikinheimo O, Inki P, Schmelter T, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Bleeding pattern and user satisfaction in second consecutive levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system users: results of a prospective 5-year study. Hum Reprod 2014; 29 (6): 1182–8.
38. Margolis MB, Zieman M, Cohen J et al. The Myths and Facts of Intrauterine Contraception Bleeding Profiles. OBG Management. The Female Patient 2011 (Suppl. 1): 1–8.
39. Heliövaara-Peippo S, Hurskainen R, Teperi J et al. Quality of life and costs of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia: a 10-year randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209 (6): 535–14.
40. Stoegerer-Hecher E, Kirchengast S, Huber JC, Hartmann B. Amenorrhea and BMI as independent determinants of patient satisfaction in LNG-IUD users: Cross-sectional study in a Central European district. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28 (2): 119–24.
41. Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ et al. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992; 339 (8796): 785–8.
42. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO; 2009. (http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html) 2010.
43. Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes et al. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception 2009; 79 (1): 5–14.
44. Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz S et al. Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel-releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 (4): 1208–13.
45. Andersson K, Batar I, Rybo G. Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T. Contraception 1992; 46 (6): 575–84.
46. Hov GG, Skjeldestad FE, Hilstad T. Use of IUD and subsequent fertility – follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial. Contraception 2007; 75 (2): 88–92.
47. Moreau C, Bouyer J, Bajos N et al. Frequency of discontinuation of contraceptive use: results from a French population-based cohort. Hum Reprod 2009; 24 (6): 1387–92.
48. Cleland J. Contraception in historical and global perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23 (2): 165–76.
49. Kofinas JD, Varrey A, Sapra KJ et al. Adjunctive Social Media for More Effective Contraceptive Counseling A Randomized Controlled Trial Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 763–70.
50. Long Acting Reversible Contraception Program Welcome to the College's Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). Program web page; http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/ACOG_Departments/Long_Acting_Reversible_Contraception
38 (2): 90–6.
2. Kaye K, Suellentrop K, Sloup C. The Fog Zone: how misperceptions, magical thinking, and ambivalence put young adults at risk for unplanned pregnancy. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy 2009.
3. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Contraceptive Use 2009; http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WCU2009/Main.html 2010
4. Mosher WD, Martinez GM, Chandra A et al. Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982–2002. Adv Data 2004; 350: 1–36.
5. Nelson AL, Westhoff C, Schnare SM. Real-world patterns of prescription refills for branded hormonal contraceptives: a reflection of contraceptive discontinuation. Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112 (4): 782–7.
6. Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q et al. Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1998–2007.
7. NICE. Implementation uptake report: Long-acting reversible contraception. CG30 2010; guidance.nice.org.uk/cg30
8. Bajos N, Leridon H, Goulard H et al. Contraception: from accessibility to efficiency. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 994–9.
9. Allen RH, Goldberg AB, Grimes DA. Expanding access to intrauterine contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201 (5): 456–61.
10. Leeman L. Medical barriers to effective contraception. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2007; 34 (1): 19–29.
11. Jones R, Darroch JE, Henshaw SK. Contraceptive use among US women having abortions in 2000–2001. Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2002; 34: 294–303.
12. Smith JD, Oakley D. Why do women miss oral contraceptive pills? An analysis of women's self-described reasons for missed pills. J Midwifery Womens Health 2005; 50: 380–5.
13. Grimes DA. Forgettable contraception. Contraception 2009; 80: 497–9.
14. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher RA, Nelson TJ, Guest F et al. Contraceptive technology. 19th ed. NY: Ardent Media 2007; 747–826.
15. Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Allsworth JE et al. Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1105–13.
16. Moreau C, Trussell J, Desfreres J, Bajos N. Patterns of contraceptive use before and after an abortion: results from a nationally representative survey of women undergoing an abortion in France. Contraception 2010; 82: 337–44.
17. Mavranezouli I. The cost-effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods in the UK: analysis based on a decision-analytic model developed for a National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical practice guideline. Hum Reprod 2008; 23: 1338–45.
18. Trussell J, Wynn LL. Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States. Contraception 2008; 77: 1–5.
19. ACOG Committee on Gynecologic Practice; Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 450: Increasing use of contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices to reduce unintended pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114 (6): 1434–8
20. Blumenthal PD, Voedisch A, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Strategies to prevent unintended pregnancy: increasing use of long-acting reversible contraception. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17 (1): 121–37.
21. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 121: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 184–96.
22. Cleland K, Peipert JF, Westhoff C et al. Family planning as a cost-saving preventive health service. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (18): e37.
23. Mansour D, Rosales C, Cox M. Women’s awareness of long-acting, reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs) in community family planning clinics and general practice. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2008; 13: 396–9.
24. Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB. Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action. Contraception 2007; 75 (Suppl. 6): S16–S30.
25. Hidalgo MM, Hidalgo-Regina C, Bahamondes MV et al. Serum levonorgestrel levels and endometrial thick ness during extended use of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception 2009; 80 (1): 84–9.
26. Lewis RA, Taylor D, Natavio MF et al. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cervical mucus quality and sperm penetrability. Contraception 2010; 82: 491–6.
27. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Armstrong EG, Canfield RE. Urinary human chorionic gonadotropin among intrauterine device users: detection with a highly specific and sensitive assay. Fertil Steril 1987; 47 (2): 265–9.
28. SPF Clinical guideline Use of the MirenaR LNG–IUS and Paragard™. CuT380A intrauterine devices in nulliparous women. Contraception 2010; 81: 367–71.
29. ACOG Committee opinion no. 392. December 2007: intrauterine device and adolescents. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 1493–5.
30. Yen S, Saah T, Hillard PJ. IUDs and adolescents – an under-utilized opportunity for pregnancy prevention. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23 (3): 123–8.
31. Deans EI, Grimes DA. Intrauterine devices for adolescents: a systematic review. Contraception 2009; 79 (6): 418–23.
32. Stanwood NL, Bradley KA. Young pregnant women’s knowledge of modern intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108 (6): 1417–22.
33. Whitaker AK, Johnson LM, Harwood B et al. Adolescent and young adult women’s knowledge of and attitudes toward the intrauterine device. Contraception 2008; 78 (3): 211–7.
34. Marions L, Lovkvist L, Taube A et al. Use of the levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in nulliparous women – a non-interventional study in Sweden. Eur J Contraception Reprod Health Care 2011; 16: 126–34.
35. Suhonen S, Haukkamaa M, Jakobsson T, Rauramo I. Clinical performance of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and oral contraceptives in young nulliparous women: a comparative study. Contraception 2004; 69 (5): 407–12.
36. Godfrey EM, Memmel LM, Neustadt A et al. Intrauterine contraception for adolescents aged 14–18 years: a multicenter randomized pilot study of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system compared to the Copper T 380A. Contraception 2010; 81 (2): 123–7.
37. Heikinheimo O, Inki P, Schmelter T, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Bleeding pattern and user satisfaction in second consecutive levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system users: results of a prospective 5-year study. Hum Reprod 2014; 29 (6): 1182–8.
38. Margolis MB, Zieman M, Cohen J et al. The Myths and Facts of Intrauterine Contraception Bleeding Profiles. OBG Management. The Female Patient 2011 (Suppl. 1): 1–8.
39. Heliövaara-Peippo S, Hurskainen R, Teperi J et al. Quality of life and costs of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or hysterectomy in the treatment of menorrhagia: a 10-year randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209 (6): 535–14.
40. Stoegerer-Hecher E, Kirchengast S, Huber JC, Hartmann B. Amenorrhea and BMI as independent determinants of patient satisfaction in LNG-IUD users: Cross-sectional study in a Central European district. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28 (2): 119–24.
41. Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ et al. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992; 339 (8796): 785–8.
42. World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 4th ed. Geneva: WHO; 2009. (http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/family_planning/9789241563888/en/index.html) 2010.
43. Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes et al. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception 2009; 79 (1): 5–14.
44. Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz S et al. Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel-releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 (4): 1208–13.
45. Andersson K, Batar I, Rybo G. Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T. Contraception 1992; 46 (6): 575–84.
46. Hov GG, Skjeldestad FE, Hilstad T. Use of IUD and subsequent fertility – follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial. Contraception 2007; 75 (2): 88–92.
47. Moreau C, Bouyer J, Bajos N et al. Frequency of discontinuation of contraceptive use: results from a French population-based cohort. Hum Reprod 2009; 24 (6): 1387–92.
48. Cleland J. Contraception in historical and global perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23 (2): 165–76.
49. Kofinas JD, Varrey A, Sapra KJ et al. Adjunctive Social Media for More Effective Contraceptive Counseling A Randomized Controlled Trial Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 763–70.
50. Long Acting Reversible Contraception Program Welcome to the College's Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). Program web page; http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/ACOG_Departments/Long_Acting_Reversible_Contraception
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43. Trussell J, Lalla AM, Doan QV, Reyes et al. Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States. Contraception 2009; 79 (1): 5–14.
44. Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz S et al. Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel-releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 (4): 1208–13.
45. Andersson K, Batar I, Rybo G. Return to fertility after removal of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and Nova-T. Contraception 1992; 46 (6): 575–84.
46. Hov GG, Skjeldestad FE, Hilstad T. Use of IUD and subsequent fertility – follow-up after participation in a randomized clinical trial. Contraception 2007; 75 (2): 88–92.
47. Moreau C, Bouyer J, Bajos N et al. Frequency of discontinuation of contraceptive use: results from a French population-based cohort. Hum Reprod 2009; 24 (6): 1387–92.
48. Cleland J. Contraception in historical and global perspective. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009; 23 (2): 165–76.
49. Kofinas JD, Varrey A, Sapra KJ et al. Adjunctive Social Media for More Effective Contraceptive Counseling A Randomized Controlled Trial Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 763–70.
50. Long Acting Reversible Contraception Program Welcome to the College's Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC). Program web page; http://www.acog.org/About_ACOG/ACOG_Departments/Long_Acting_Reversible_Contraception
Авторы
Г.Е.Чернуха
ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова Минздрава России, Москва
ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова Минздрава России, Москва
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