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Растительные лекарственные средства на основе экстракта цимицифуги как безопасная альтернатива в коррекции менопаузальных симптомов
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Аннотация
В данном обзоре рассматриваются вопросы эффективности и безопасности фитогормонов в лечении климактерического синдрома. Особое внимание уделяется экстракту цимицифуги как лекарственному препарату, обладающему отличным от других средств этой группы спектром действия. Рассматриваются результаты современных исследований, согласно которым экстракт цимицифуги является не столько фитогормоном, сколько растительным вегетотропным средством, опосредующим свое действие через серотонинергические рецепторы. Высокая эффективность экстракта цимицифуги в купировании вазомоторных симптомов подтверждается сравнительными и плацебо-контролируемыми исследованиями. Вместе с тем отсутствие прямого взаимодействия с рецепторами эстрогенов определяет безопасность экстракта цимицифуги. Длительное применение лекарственных средств на основе экстракта цимицифуги не влияет на пролиферативные процессы в эндометрии и молочных железах. Препараты экстракта цимицифуги можно считать достойной альтернативой гормональной терапии в случаях, когда она невозможна или нежелательна.
Ключевые слова: постменопауза, фитогормоны, экстракт цимицифуги, приливы жара, эндометрий, молочная железа, безопасность.
Ключевые слова: постменопауза, фитогормоны, экстракт цимицифуги, приливы жара, эндометрий, молочная железа, безопасность.
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The review deals with the effectiveness and safety of plant hormones in the treatment of menopausal syndrome. Particular attention is given to black cohosh extract as a drug with distinction fr om other drugs in this group thanks to its action spectrum. The results of modern studies show that black cohosh extract is not so much phytohormonal as a natural vegetotropic agent that mediates its effect through serotonergic receptors. High-performance of black cohosh extract in relieving vasomotor symptoms is confirmed by comparative, placebo-controlled trials. However, no direct interaction with estrogen receptors defines security of black cohosh extract use. Long-term use of drugs based on black cohosh extract has no effect on the endometrium proliferative processes and mammary glands. Use of black cohosh extract can be considered a viable alternative to hormone replacement therapy in cases wh ere it is impossible or undesirable.
Key words: postmenopause, plant hormones, an extract of black cohosh, hot flushes, endometrial, breast, security.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Клинические рекомендации. Акушерство и гинекология. Вып. 2. Под ред. В.И.Кулакова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2008.
2. Nelson HD, Haney E, Humphrey L et al. Management of menopause-related symptoms. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 120 (Prepared by the Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, under contract No. 290-02-0024). AHRQ Pub. No. 05-E016-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Research Quality, 2005.
3. Maclennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S et al. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flashes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4: CD002978.
4. Williams RE, Kalilani L, Di Benedetti DB et al. Frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal women in the United States. Climacteric 2008; 11: 32–43.
5. Owens GM. Gender differences in health care expenditures, resource utilization, and quality of care. J Manag Care Pharm 2008; 14 (Suppl.): 2–6.
6. Joffe H, Massler A, Sharkey KM. Evaluation and management of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition. Semin Reprod Biol 2010; 28: 404–21.
7. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Matthews K et al. Predictors of first lifetime episodes of major depression in midlife women. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 55–64.
8. Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB et al. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observation from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 2008; 15: 223–32.
9. Nappi RE, Lachowsky M. Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas 2009; 63: 138–41.
10. Reed SD, Ludman EJ, Newton KM et al. Depressive symptoms and menopausal burden in the midlife. Maturitas 2009; 62: 306–10.
11. Stahl SM. Vasomotor symptoms and depression in women, part I. Role of vasomotor symptoms in sighaling the onset or relapse of a major depressive episode. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 11–2.
12. Politi MC, Schleinitz MD, Col NF. Revisting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 1513–97.
13. North American Menopause Society. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The Notrth American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004; 11: 11–33.
14. Col NF, Guthrie JR, Politi M, Dennerstein L. Duration of vasomotor symptoms in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study. Menopause 2009; 16: 453–7.
15. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H et al. Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117 (5): 1095–104.
16. Santoro N, Lasley B, McConnell D et al. Body size and ethnicity are associated with menstrual cycle alterations in women in the early menopausal transition: the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN) Daily Hormone Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2622–31.
17. Skurnick JH, Weiss G, Goldsmith LT et al. Longitudinal changes in hypothalamic and ovarian function in perimenopausal women with anovulatory cycles: relationship with vasomotor symptoms. Fertil Steril 2009; 91 (4): 1127–34.
18. Rapkin AJ. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: physiologic condition and central nervous system approaches to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 97–106.
19. Freedman RR, Benton MD, Genic RJ, Graydon FX. Cortical activation during menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 674–8.
20. Loprinzi CL, Barton DL. Oh hot flash mechanism, measurement, and treatment. Menopause 2009; 16: 621–3.
21. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H et al. The role of anxiety and hormonal changes in menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2005; 12: 258–66.
22. Juang KD, Wang SJ, Lu SR et al. Hot flashes are associated with psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in peri- and post- but not premenopausal women. Maturitas 2005; 52: 119–26.
23. Reddy SY, Warner H, Gutusso T et al. Gabapentin, estrogen and placebo for treating hot flashes. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 41–8.
24. Gast GC, Pop VJ, Samsioe GN et al. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Menopause 2011; 18 (2): 146–51.
25. Thurston RC, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA et al. Hot flashes and subclinical cardiovascular disease: findings from the Nation Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 118: 1234–40.
26. Thurston RC, Christie IC, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and cardiac vagal control: a link to cardiovascular risk? Menopause 2010; 17: 456–61.
27. Thurston RC, Kuller LH, Edmundowicz D, Matthews KA. History of hot flashes and aortic calcification among postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010; 17: 256–61.
28. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465–77.
29. Кириллова М.Ю. Влияние эстроген-прогестиновой терапии на кардиометаболические риски у женщин в перименопаузе. Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 2012.
30. Sturdee DW et al. Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 2011; 14: 302–20.
31. Gompel A, Rozenberg S, Barlow DH. The EMAS 2008 update on clinical recommendations on postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2008; 61: 227–32.
32. Hill DA, Hill SR. Counseling patients about hormone therapy and alternatives for menopausal symptoms. Am Fam Physician 2010; 82: 801–7.
33. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Ass 2004; 291 (14): 1701–12.
34. Tsai SA, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. Trends in menopausal hormone therapy use of US office-based physicians, 2000–2009. Menopause 2011; 18: 385–92.
35. Kronenberg F, Cushman LF, Wade CM et al. Race/ethnicity and women`s use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: results of national survey. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 1236–42.
36. Melby MK. Chilliness: a vasomotor symptom in Japan. Menopause 2007; 14: 752–9.
37. Rimbach G, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Frank J et al. Dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cardiovascular disease – a molecular perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 1308–19.
38. EMA European Medicine Agency. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Community herbal mono-graph on Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., rhizome. EMA/HMPC/ 600717/2007 Corr., 2011.
39. ESCOP Monographs. CIMICIFUGAE RHIZOMA – Black Cohosh. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, Exeter, UK, 2011, http://www.escop.com/
40. Oseni T, Patel R, Pyle J, Jordan VC. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens. Planta Med 2008; 74: 1656–65.
41. Powell SL, Gödecke T, Nirolic D et al. In vitro serotonergic activity of Black Cohosh and identification of Nω-Methylserotonin as a potential active constituen. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56 (24): 11718–26.
42. Wuttke W, Rauš K, Gorkow C. Efficacy and tolerability of the Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) ethanolic extract BNO 1055 on climacteric complaints: a double-blind, placebo- and conjugated estrogens-controlled study. Maturitas 2006; 55 (1): S83–S91.
43. Rauš K, Brucker C, Gorkow C, Wuttke W. First-time proof of endometrial safety of the special black cohosh extract (Actaea or Cimicifuga racemosa extract) CR BNO 1055. Menopause 2006; 13 (4): 678–91.
44. Li JX, Liu J, He CC et al. Triterpenoids from Cimicifuga rhizoma, a novel class of inhibitors on bone resorption and ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Maturitas 2007; 58: 59–69.
45. Bolton JL, Thatcher GR. Potential mechanisms of estrogen quinone carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21: 93–101.
46. Yeh IT. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: endometrial and breast effects. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14: 17–24.
47. Kretzschmar G, Nisslein T, Zierau O, Vollmer G. No estrogenlike effects of an isopropanolic extract of Rhizoma Cimicifuga racemosa on uterus and vena cava of rats after 17 day treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 271–7.
48. Зайдлова-Вуттке Д., Вуттке В. Краткий обзор применения цимицифуги (Cimicifuga racemosa) в гинекологии. Рос. вестн. акуш.-гинекол. 2009; 3: 47–52.
49. Hirschberg AL, Edlund M, Svane G et al. An isopropanolis extract of black cohosh does not increase mammographic breast density or breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2007; 14 (1): 89–96.
50. Bodinet C, Freudenstein J. Influence of marketed herbal menopause preparation on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Menopause 2004; 11: 281–9.
51. Jarry H, Thelen P, Christoffer V et al. Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 inhibits proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Phytomedicine 2005; 12: 178–82.
52. Gaube F, Wolfl S, Pusch L et al. Gene expression profiling reveals effects of Cimicifuga racemosa (L.). NUTT (black cohosh) on the estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. BMC Pharmacol 2007; 7: 11.
53. Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295: 2057–71.
54. Nedrow A, Miller J, Walker M et al. Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause-related symptoms: a systematic evidence review. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1453–65.
55. Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ et al. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 869–79.
56. Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB et al. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2009; 16: 1156–66.
57. Grady D. Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2338–47.
58. Beer A-M, Neff A. Differentiated Evaluation of Extract-Specific Evidence on Cimicifuga racemosa’s Efficacy and Safety for Climacteric Complaints. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, Article ID 860602.
59. Ребров В.Г., Громова О.А. Витамины, макро- и микроэлементы. М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2008.
2. Nelson HD, Haney E, Humphrey L et al. Management of menopause-related symptoms. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 120 (Prepared by the Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, under contract No. 290-02-0024). AHRQ Pub. No. 05-E016-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Research Quality, 2005.
3. Maclennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S et al. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flashes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4: CD002978.
4. Williams RE, Kalilani L, Di Benedetti DB et al. Frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal women in the United States. Climacteric 2008; 11: 32–43.
5. Owens GM. Gender differences in health care expenditures, resource utilization, and quality of care. J Manag Care Pharm 2008; 14 (Suppl.): 2–6.
6. Joffe H, Massler A, Sharkey KM. Evaluation and management of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition. Semin Reprod Biol 2010; 28: 404–21.
7. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Matthews K et al. Predictors of first lifetime episodes of major depression in midlife women. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 55–64.
8. Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB et al. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observation from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 2008; 15: 223–32.
9. Nappi RE, Lachowsky M. Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas 2009; 63: 138–41.
10. Reed SD, Ludman EJ, Newton KM et al. Depressive symptoms and menopausal burden in the midlife. Maturitas 2009; 62: 306–10.
11. Stahl SM. Vasomotor symptoms and depression in women, part I. Role of vasomotor symptoms in sighaling the onset or relapse of a major depressive episode. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 11–2.
12. Politi MC, Schleinitz MD, Col NF. Revisting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 1513–97.
13. North American Menopause Society. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The Notrth American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004; 11: 11–33.
14. Col NF, Guthrie JR, Politi M, Dennerstein L. Duration of vasomotor symptoms in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study. Menopause 2009; 16: 453–7.
15. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H et al. Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117 (5): 1095–104.
16. Santoro N, Lasley B, McConnell D et al. Body size and ethnicity are associated with menstrual cycle alterations in women in the early menopausal transition: the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN) Daily Hormone Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2622–31.
17. Skurnick JH, Weiss G, Goldsmith LT et al. Longitudinal changes in hypothalamic and ovarian function in perimenopausal women with anovulatory cycles: relationship with vasomotor symptoms. Fertil Steril 2009; 91 (4): 1127–34.
18. Rapkin AJ. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: physiologic condition and central nervous system approaches to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 97–106.
19. Freedman RR, Benton MD, Genic RJ, Graydon FX. Cortical activation during menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 674–8.
20. Loprinzi CL, Barton DL. Oh hot flash mechanism, measurement, and treatment. Menopause 2009; 16: 621–3.
21. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H et al. The role of anxiety and hormonal changes in menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2005; 12: 258–66.
22. Juang KD, Wang SJ, Lu SR et al. Hot flashes are associated with psychological symptoms of anxiety and depression in peri- and post- but not premenopausal women. Maturitas 2005; 52: 119–26.
23. Reddy SY, Warner H, Gutusso T et al. Gabapentin, estrogen and placebo for treating hot flashes. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 41–8.
24. Gast GC, Pop VJ, Samsioe GN et al. Vasomotor menopausal symptoms are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Menopause 2011; 18 (2): 146–51.
25. Thurston RC, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA et al. Hot flashes and subclinical cardiovascular disease: findings from the Nation Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 118: 1234–40.
26. Thurston RC, Christie IC, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and cardiac vagal control: a link to cardiovascular risk? Menopause 2010; 17: 456–61.
27. Thurston RC, Kuller LH, Edmundowicz D, Matthews KA. History of hot flashes and aortic calcification among postmenopausal women. Menopause 2010; 17: 256–61.
28. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465–77.
29. Кириллова М.Ю. Влияние эстроген-прогестиновой терапии на кардиометаболические риски у женщин в перименопаузе. Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 2012.
30. Sturdee DW et al. Updated IMS recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy and preventive strategies for midlife health. Climacteric 2011; 14: 302–20.
31. Gompel A, Rozenberg S, Barlow DH. The EMAS 2008 update on clinical recommendations on postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 2008; 61: 227–32.
32. Hill DA, Hill SR. Counseling patients about hormone therapy and alternatives for menopausal symptoms. Am Fam Physician 2010; 82: 801–7.
33. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Ass 2004; 291 (14): 1701–12.
34. Tsai SA, Stefanick ML, Stafford RS. Trends in menopausal hormone therapy use of US office-based physicians, 2000–2009. Menopause 2011; 18: 385–92.
35. Kronenberg F, Cushman LF, Wade CM et al. Race/ethnicity and women`s use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: results of national survey. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 1236–42.
36. Melby MK. Chilliness: a vasomotor symptom in Japan. Menopause 2007; 14: 752–9.
37. Rimbach G, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Frank J et al. Dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cardiovascular disease – a molecular perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 1308–19.
38. EMA European Medicine Agency. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Community herbal mono-graph on Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., rhizome. EMA/HMPC/ 600717/2007 Corr., 2011.
39. ESCOP Monographs. CIMICIFUGAE RHIZOMA – Black Cohosh. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, Exeter, UK, 2011, http://www.escop.com/
40. Oseni T, Patel R, Pyle J, Jordan VC. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens. Planta Med 2008; 74: 1656–65.
41. Powell SL, Gödecke T, Nirolic D et al. In vitro serotonergic activity of Black Cohosh and identification of Nω-Methylserotonin as a potential active constituen. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56 (24): 11718–26.
42. Wuttke W, Rauš K, Gorkow C. Efficacy and tolerability of the Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) ethanolic extract BNO 1055 on climacteric complaints: a double-blind, placebo- and conjugated estrogens-controlled study. Maturitas 2006; 55 (1): S83–S91.
43. Rauš K, Brucker C, Gorkow C, Wuttke W. First-time proof of endometrial safety of the special black cohosh extract (Actaea or Cimicifuga racemosa extract) CR BNO 1055. Menopause 2006; 13 (4): 678–91.
44. Li JX, Liu J, He CC et al. Triterpenoids from Cimicifuga rhizoma, a novel class of inhibitors on bone resorption and ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Maturitas 2007; 58: 59–69.
45. Bolton JL, Thatcher GR. Potential mechanisms of estrogen quinone carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21: 93–101.
46. Yeh IT. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: endometrial and breast effects. Adv Anat Pathol 2007; 14: 17–24.
47. Kretzschmar G, Nisslein T, Zierau O, Vollmer G. No estrogenlike effects of an isopropanolic extract of Rhizoma Cimicifuga racemosa on uterus and vena cava of rats after 17 day treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 271–7.
48. Зайдлова-Вуттке Д., Вуттке В. Краткий обзор применения цимицифуги (Cimicifuga racemosa) в гинекологии. Рос. вестн. акуш.-гинекол. 2009; 3: 47–52.
49. Hirschberg AL, Edlund M, Svane G et al. An isopropanolis extract of black cohosh does not increase mammographic breast density or breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2007; 14 (1): 89–96.
50. Bodinet C, Freudenstein J. Influence of marketed herbal menopause preparation on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Menopause 2004; 11: 281–9.
51. Jarry H, Thelen P, Christoffer V et al. Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 inhibits proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Phytomedicine 2005; 12: 178–82.
52. Gaube F, Wolfl S, Pusch L et al. Gene expression profiling reveals effects of Cimicifuga racemosa (L.). NUTT (black cohosh) on the estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. BMC Pharmacol 2007; 7: 11.
53. Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295: 2057–71.
54. Nedrow A, Miller J, Walker M et al. Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause-related symptoms: a systematic evidence review. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1453–65.
55. Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ et al. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 869–79.
56. Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB et al. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2009; 16: 1156–66.
57. Grady D. Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2338–47.
58. Beer A-M, Neff A. Differentiated Evaluation of Extract-Specific Evidence on Cimicifuga racemosa’s Efficacy and Safety for Climacteric Complaints. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013, Article ID 860602.
59. Ребров В.Г., Громова О.А. Витамины, макро- и микроэлементы. М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД, 2008.
________________________________________________
1. Клинические рекомендации. Акушерство и гинекология. Вып. 2. Под ред. В.И.Кулакова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2008.
2. Nelson HD, Haney E, Humphrey L et al. Management of menopause-related symptoms. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 120 (Prepared by the Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, under contract No. 290-02-0024). AHRQ Pub. No. 05-E016-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Research Quality, 2005.
3. Maclennan AH, Broadbent JL, Lester S et al. Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flashes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4: CD002978.
4. Williams RE, Kalilani L, Di Benedetti DB et al. Frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal women in the United States. Climacteric 2008; 11: 32–43.
5. Owens GM. Gender differences in health care expenditures, resource utilization, and quality of care. J Manag Care Pharm 2008; 14 (Suppl.): 2–6.
6. Joffe H, Massler A, Sharkey KM. Evaluation and management of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition. Semin Reprod Biol 2010; 28: 404–21.
7. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Matthews K et al. Predictors of first lifetime episodes of major depression in midlife women. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 55–64.
8. Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB et al. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observation from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 2008; 15: 223–32.
9. Nappi RE, Lachowsky M. Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas 2009; 63: 138–41.
10. Reed SD, Ludman EJ, Newton KM et al. Depressive symptoms and menopausal burden in the midlife. Maturitas 2009; 62: 306–10.
11. Stahl SM. Vasomotor symptoms and depression in women, part I. Role of vasomotor symptoms in sighaling the onset or relapse of a major depressive episode. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70: 11–2.
12. Politi MC, Schleinitz MD, Col NF. Revisting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 1513–97.
13. North American Menopause Society. Treatment of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: position statement of The Notrth American Menopause Society. Menopause 2004; 11: 11–33.
14. Col NF, Guthrie JR, Politi M, Dennerstein L. Duration of vasomotor symptoms in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study. Menopause 2009; 16: 453–7.
15. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H et al. Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117 (5): 1095–104.
16. Santoro N, Lasley B, McConnell D et al. Body size and ethnicity are associated with menstrual cycle alterations in women in the early menopausal transition: the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN) Daily Hormone Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2622–31.
17. Skurnick JH, Weiss G, Goldsmith LT et al. Longitudinal changes in hypothalamic and ovarian function in perimenopausal women with anovulatory cycles: relationship with vasomotor symptoms. Fertil Steril 2009; 91 (4): 1127–34.
18. Rapkin AJ. Vasomotor symptoms in menopause: physiologic condition and central nervous system approaches to treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 97–106.
19. Freedman RR, Benton MD, Genic RJ, Graydon FX. Cortical activation during menopausal hot flashes. Fertil Steril 2006; 85: 674–8.
20. Loprinzi CL, Barton DL. Oh hot flash mechanism, measurement, and treatment. Menopause 2009; 16: 621–3.
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Авторы
И.В.Кузнецова
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова;
ФГБОУ ВПО Российский университет дружбы народов, Москва
ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова;
ФГБОУ ВПО Российский университет дружбы народов, Москва
________________________________________________
I.V.Kuznetsova
Цель портала OmniDoctor – предоставление профессиональной информации врачам, провизорам и фармацевтам.