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Заболевания аногенитальной области, ассоциированные с папилломавирусной инфекцией
Заболевания аногенитальной области, ассоциированные с папилломавирусной инфекцией
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Аннотация
В обзоре рассмотрена роль вируса папилломы человека (ВПЧ) в развитии заболеваний аногенитальной области. Представлены современные данные о распространенности анальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии (AIN), ВПЧ-инфекции анальной области среди женщин группы риска (цервикальная интраэпителиальная неоплазия – CIN, вульварная – VIN, вагинальная – VaIN). Рассмотрены методы диагностики ВПЧ-ассоциированных заболеваний аногенитальной области. Анализируется литература, посвященная важности разработки скрининга АIN у пациенток с CIN, VIN, VaIN. Представлены предварительные результаты собственных исследований ВПЧ-инфекции анальной области у пациенток с генитальными неоплазиями, данные о разной тропности ВПЧ к эпителию цервикального канала и анальной области.
Ключевые слова: анальная интраэпителиальная неоплазия, цервикальная интраэпителиальная неоплазия, вирус папилломы человека, рак шейки матки, анальный рак.
Key words: anal intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, human papilloma virus, cervical cancer, anal cancer.
Ключевые слова: анальная интраэпителиальная неоплазия, цервикальная интраэпителиальная неоплазия, вирус папилломы человека, рак шейки матки, анальный рак.
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Key words: anal intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, human papilloma virus, cervical cancer, anal cancer.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Schiffman M, Wentzensen N. From Human papillomavirus to cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116 (1): 177–85.
2. Bosh FX, Manos MM, Munoz N et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796–802.
3. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999; 189 (1): 12–9.
4. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048.
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12. Peng HQ, Liu SL, Mann V et al. HPV types 16 and 33, Herpes Simplex Type 2, and other risk factors in cervical cancer in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711–6.
13. Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Hamman RF et al. Risk factors for in situ cervical cancer: results from a case-control study. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3657–62.
14. Cuzick J, Terry G, Ho L et al. Type specific HPV DNA as predictor of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167–71.
15. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW et al. Cohort study of risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with cervical papillomavirus intection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 127–78.
16. Nobbenhuis M, Walboomers JM, Helmerhorst TL. Rozendaal, L. Relation of human papillomavirus status to cervical lesions and consequens for cervical-cancer screening: a prospective study. Lancet 1999; 354: 20.
17. Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses: genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009; 12 (5–6): 281–90.
18. Munoz N et al, 2003; Munoz N et al, 2006; Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, 2007; IARC, 1995.
19. Schiffman M et al, 2005; Narechania A et al, 2005.
20. Valari O, Koliopoulos G, Karakitsos P et al. Human papillomavirus DNA and mRNA positivity of the anal canal in women with lower genital tract HPV lesions: predictors and clinical implications. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 505–8.
21. Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Kjaer S, Villa L. Chapter 5: Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine 2006; 24 (Suppl. 3): S3/42–51.
22. Calore E, Giaccio C, Nadal S. Prevalence of anal cytologic abnormalities in women with positive cervical cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39: 323–7.
23. Jimenez W, Paszat L, Kupets R et al. Presumed previous human papillomavirus (HPV) related gynecologicalcancer in women diagnosed with anal cancer in the province of Ontario. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 395–8.
24. Santoso JT, Long M, Crigger M et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 578–82.
25. Chin-Hong PV, Vittinghoff E, Cranston RD et al. Age-Specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection in HIV-negative sexually active men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 2070.
26. Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and assoicated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012.
27. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML et al. Anal cytological abnormalities and anal HPV infection in men with Centers for Disease Control group IV HIV disease. Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 174.
28. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 361.
29. Edgren G, Sparen P. Risk of anogenital cancer after diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 311–6.
30. Saleem AM, Paulus JK, Sharpter AP et al. Risks of anal cancer in a cohort with human papillomavirus-related gynecologic neoplasm. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 643–9.
31. Darragh TM, Birdsong GG, Luff RD, Davey DD. Anal-rectal cytology. In: Solomon D, Nayar R, eds. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer, 2004; p. 169–75.
32. Darragh TM. Anal cytology. In: Wilbur DC, Henry MR, eds. College of American Pathologists Practical Guide to Gynecologic Cytopathology: Morphology, Management and Molecular Methods. Northfield, IL: CAP Press, 2008: 177–81.
33. Davey E, Barratt A, Irwig et al. Effect of study design and quality on unsatisfactory rates, cytology classifications, and accuracy in liquid-based versus conventional cervical cytology: a systematic review. Lancet 2006; 376: 122–32.
34. Alemany L, Saunier M, Alvarado-Cabrero I. Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in anal carcinomas worldwide. Int J Cancer 2014; 136: 98–107.
35. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626–36.
36. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study Group. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048–56.
37. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 27–35.
38. De Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 607–15.
39. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM et al. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43 (2): 223–33.
40. Salit LE, Lytwyn A, Rabound J et al. The role of cytology (Pap-tests) and human papillomavirus testing in anal cancer screening. AIDS 2010; 24 (9): 1307–13.
41. Bean SM, Chhieng DC. Anal-rectal cytology: a review. Diagn Cytopathology 2010; 38 (7): 538–46.
42. Santoso JT, Long M, Crigger M et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116 (3): 578–8.
2. Bosh FX, Manos MM, Munoz N et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796–802.
3. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999; 189 (1): 12–9.
4. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048.
5. Bosh FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N et al. The causal realation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 244–65.
6. Shiffman M, Kjaer SK. Chapter 2: natural history of anogenital human papillomavirus infection and neoplasia. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl. 10): K1–16.
7. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-key-statistics
8. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/analcancer/detailedguide/anal-cancer-what-is-key-statistics
9. Cancer Statistics. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-036845.pd...
10. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer 2004; 101 (2): 281–8.
11. Munoz N, Bosh FX, Shah V et al. The Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), 1992. IARC Scientific Publications No. 119.
12. Peng HQ, Liu SL, Mann V et al. HPV types 16 and 33, Herpes Simplex Type 2, and other risk factors in cervical cancer in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711–6.
13. Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Hamman RF et al. Risk factors for in situ cervical cancer: results from a case-control study. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3657–62.
14. Cuzick J, Terry G, Ho L et al. Type specific HPV DNA as predictor of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167–71.
15. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW et al. Cohort study of risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with cervical papillomavirus intection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 127–78.
16. Nobbenhuis M, Walboomers JM, Helmerhorst TL. Rozendaal, L. Relation of human papillomavirus status to cervical lesions and consequens for cervical-cancer screening: a prospective study. Lancet 1999; 354: 20.
17. Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses: genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009; 12 (5–6): 281–90.
18. Munoz N et al, 2003; Munoz N et al, 2006; Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, 2007; IARC, 1995.
19. Schiffman M et al, 2005; Narechania A et al, 2005.
20. Valari O, Koliopoulos G, Karakitsos P et al. Human papillomavirus DNA and mRNA positivity of the anal canal in women with lower genital tract HPV lesions: predictors and clinical implications. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 505–8.
21. Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Kjaer S, Villa L. Chapter 5: Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine 2006; 24 (Suppl. 3): S3/42–51.
22. Calore E, Giaccio C, Nadal S. Prevalence of anal cytologic abnormalities in women with positive cervical cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39: 323–7.
23. Jimenez W, Paszat L, Kupets R et al. Presumed previous human papillomavirus (HPV) related gynecologicalcancer in women diagnosed with anal cancer in the province of Ontario. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 395–8.
24. Santoso JT, Long M, Crigger M et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 578–82.
25. Chin-Hong PV, Vittinghoff E, Cranston RD et al. Age-Specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection in HIV-negative sexually active men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 2070.
26. Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and assoicated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012.
27. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML et al. Anal cytological abnormalities and anal HPV infection in men with Centers for Disease Control group IV HIV disease. Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 174.
28. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 361.
29. Edgren G, Sparen P. Risk of anogenital cancer after diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 311–6.
30. Saleem AM, Paulus JK, Sharpter AP et al. Risks of anal cancer in a cohort with human papillomavirus-related gynecologic neoplasm. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 643–9.
31. Darragh TM, Birdsong GG, Luff RD, Davey DD. Anal-rectal cytology. In: Solomon D, Nayar R, eds. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer, 2004; p. 169–75.
32. Darragh TM. Anal cytology. In: Wilbur DC, Henry MR, eds. College of American Pathologists Practical Guide to Gynecologic Cytopathology: Morphology, Management and Molecular Methods. Northfield, IL: CAP Press, 2008: 177–81.
33. Davey E, Barratt A, Irwig et al. Effect of study design and quality on unsatisfactory rates, cytology classifications, and accuracy in liquid-based versus conventional cervical cytology: a systematic review. Lancet 2006; 376: 122–32.
34. Alemany L, Saunier M, Alvarado-Cabrero I. Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in anal carcinomas worldwide. Int J Cancer 2014; 136: 98–107.
35. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626–36.
36. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study Group. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048–56.
37. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 27–35.
38. De Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 607–15.
39. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM et al. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43 (2): 223–33.
40. Salit LE, Lytwyn A, Rabound J et al. The role of cytology (Pap-tests) and human papillomavirus testing in anal cancer screening. AIDS 2010; 24 (9): 1307–13.
41. Bean SM, Chhieng DC. Anal-rectal cytology: a review. Diagn Cytopathology 2010; 38 (7): 538–46.
42. Santoso JT, Long M, Crigger M et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116 (3): 578–8.
2. Bosh FX, Manos MM, Munoz N et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796–802.
3. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999; 189 (1): 12–9.
4. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048.
5. Bosh FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N et al. The causal realation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 244–65.
6. Shiffman M, Kjaer SK. Chapter 2: natural history of anogenital human papillomavirus infection and neoplasia. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl. 10): K1–16.
7. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-key-statistics
8. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/analcancer/detailedguide/anal-cancer-what-is-key-statistics
9. Cancer Statistics. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-036845.pd...
10. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer 2004; 101 (2): 281–8.
11. Munoz N, Bosh FX, Shah V et al. The Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), 1992. IARC Scientific Publications No. 119.
12. Peng HQ, Liu SL, Mann V et al. HPV types 16 and 33, Herpes Simplex Type 2, and other risk factors in cervical cancer in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711–6.
13. Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Hamman RF et al. Risk factors for in situ cervical cancer: results from a case-control study. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3657–62.
14. Cuzick J, Terry G, Ho L et al. Type specific HPV DNA as predictor of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167–71.
15. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW et al. Cohort study of risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with cervical papillomavirus intection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 127–78.
16. Nobbenhuis M, Walboomers JM, Helmerhorst TL. Rozendaal, L. Relation of human papillomavirus status to cervical lesions and consequens for cervical-cancer screening: a prospective study. Lancet 1999; 354: 20.
17. Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses: genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009; 12 (5–6): 281–90.
18. Munoz N et al, 2003; Munoz N et al, 2006; Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, 2007; IARC, 1995.
19. Schiffman M et al, 2005; Narechania A et al, 2005.
20. Valari O, Koliopoulos G, Karakitsos P et al. Human papillomavirus DNA and mRNA positivity of the anal canal in women with lower genital tract HPV lesions: predictors and clinical implications. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 505–8.
21. Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Kjaer S, Villa L. Chapter 5: Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine 2006; 24 (Suppl. 3): S3/42–51.
22. Calore E, Giaccio C, Nadal S. Prevalence of anal cytologic abnormalities in women with positive cervical cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39: 323–7.
23. Jimenez W, Paszat L, Kupets R et al. Presumed previous human papillomavirus (HPV) related gynecologicalcancer in women diagnosed with anal cancer in the province of Ontario. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 395–8.
24. Santoso JT, Long M, Crigger M et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 578–82.
25. Chin-Hong PV, Vittinghoff E, Cranston RD et al. Age-Specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection in HIV-negative sexually active men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 2070.
26. Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and assoicated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012.
27. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML et al. Anal cytological abnormalities and anal HPV infection in men with Centers for Disease Control group IV HIV disease. Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 174.
28. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, Jay N. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 361.
29. Edgren G, Sparen P. Risk of anogenital cancer after diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 311–6.
30. Saleem AM, Paulus JK, Sharpter AP et al. Risks of anal cancer in a cohort with human papillomavirus-related gynecologic neoplasm. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 643–9.
31. Darragh TM, Birdsong GG, Luff RD, Davey DD. Anal-rectal cytology. In: Solomon D, Nayar R, eds. The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer, 2004; p. 169–75.
32. Darragh TM. Anal cytology. In: Wilbur DC, Henry MR, eds. College of American Pathologists Practical Guide to Gynecologic Cytopathology: Morphology, Management and Molecular Methods. Northfield, IL: CAP Press, 2008: 177–81.
33. Davey E, Barratt A, Irwig et al. Effect of study design and quality on unsatisfactory rates, cytology classifications, and accuracy in liquid-based versus conventional cervical cytology: a systematic review. Lancet 2006; 376: 122–32.
34. Alemany L, Saunier M, Alvarado-Cabrero I. Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in anal carcinomas worldwide. Int J Cancer 2014; 136: 98–107.
35. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626–36.
36. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Retrospective International Survey and HPV Time Trends Study Group. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048–56.
37. Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 27–35.
38. De Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 607–15.
39. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM et al. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43 (2): 223–33.
40. Salit LE, Lytwyn A, Rabound J et al. The role of cytology (Pap-tests) and human papillomavirus testing in anal cancer screening. AIDS 2010; 24 (9): 1307–13.
41. Bean SM, Chhieng DC. Anal-rectal cytology: a review. Diagn Cytopathology 2010; 38 (7): 538–46.
42. Santoso JT, Long M, Crigger M et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with genital intraepithelial neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116 (3): 578–8.
________________________________________________
2. Bosh FX, Manos MM, Munoz N et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796–802.
3. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999; 189 (1): 12–9.
4. De Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048.
5. Bosh FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N et al. The causal realation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 244–65.
6. Shiffman M, Kjaer SK. Chapter 2: natural history of anogenital human papillomavirus infection and neoplasia. Vaccine 2008; 26 (Suppl. 10): K1–16.
7. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-key-statistics
8. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/analcancer/detailedguide/anal-cancer-what-is-key-statistics
9. Cancer Statistics. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-036845.pd...
10. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM et al. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973–2000. Cancer 2004; 101 (2): 281–8.
11. Munoz N, Bosh FX, Shah V et al. The Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO), 1992. IARC Scientific Publications No. 119.
12. Peng HQ, Liu SL, Mann V et al. HPV types 16 and 33, Herpes Simplex Type 2, and other risk factors in cervical cancer in Sichuan Province, China. Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711–6.
13. Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Hamman RF et al. Risk factors for in situ cervical cancer: results from a case-control study. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 3657–62.
14. Cuzick J, Terry G, Ho L et al. Type specific HPV DNA as predictor of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167–71.
15. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW et al. Cohort study of risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with cervical papillomavirus intection. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 127–78.
16. Nobbenhuis M, Walboomers JM, Helmerhorst TL. Rozendaal, L. Relation of human papillomavirus status to cervical lesions and consequens for cervical-cancer screening: a prospective study. Lancet 1999; 354: 20.
17. Burk RD, Chen Z, van Doorslaer K. Human papillomaviruses: genetic basis of carcinogenicity. Public Health Genomics. 2009; 12 (5–6): 281–90.
18. Munoz N et al, 2003; Munoz N et al, 2006; Bosch FX, de Sanjose S, 2007; IARC, 1995.
19. Schiffman M et al, 2005; Narechania A et al, 2005.
20. Valari O, Koliopoulos G, Karakitsos P et al. Human papillomavirus DNA and mRNA positivity of the anal canal in women with lower genital tract HPV lesions: predictors and clinical implications. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 505–8.
21. Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Kjaer S, Villa L. Chapter 5: Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine 2006; 24 (Suppl. 3): S3/42–51.
22. Calore E, Giaccio C, Nadal S. Prevalence of anal cytologic abnormalities in women with positive cervical cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 39: 323–7.
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Авторы
В.Н.Прилепская, Н.М.Назарова, Л.А.Суламанидзе, О.В.Бурменская, Д.Ю.Трофимов, С.В.Павлович
ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова Минздрава России, Москва
ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова Минздрава России, Москва
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