Хром, селен, молибден: значимость в нутрициальной поддержке беременности*

1. Ребров В.Г., Громова О.А. Витамины, макро- и микроэлементы. М.: ГЭОТАР-Мед, 2008. / Rebrov V.G., Gromova O.A. Vitaminy, makro- i mikroelementy. M.: GEOTAR-Med, 2008. [in Russian]
2. Morris B, MacNeil S, Fraser R, Gray T. Increased urine chromium excretion in normal pregnancy. Clin Chem 1995; 41 (10): 1544–5.
3. Wallach S, Verch RL. Placental transport of chromium. J Am Coll Nutr 1984; 3 (1): 69–74.
4. Bermudez L, Garcia-Vicent C, Lopez J et al. Assessment of ten trace elements in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood: association with birth weight. J Transl Med 2015; 3: 91 doi.
5. Saner G. Urinary chromium excretion during pregnancy and its relationship with intravenous glucose loading. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34 (9): 1676–9.
6. Saner G. The effect of parity on maternal hair chromium concentration and the changes during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34 (5): 853–5.
7. Evans JL, Bahng M. Non-pharmaceutical intervention options for type 2 diabetes: diets and dietary supplements (botanicals, antioxidants, and minerals). Book Chapter NBK279062 2015; 1 (2): 5–7.
8. Lindemann MD, Carter SD, Chiba LI et al. A regional evaluation of chromium tripicolinate supplementation of diets fed to reproducing sows. J Anim Sci 2004; 82 (10): 2972–7.
9. Keith JD, Vincent C, Goetsch M et al. The Potential of Cr3 [Triaqua-mu3-Oxo-Hexa-mu-Propionatotrichromium(III) Chloride] to Reduce Birth Defects in the Offspring of Diabetic CD-1 Mice. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2015; 104 (2): 65–70 doi.
10. Overton TR, Yasui T. Practical applications of trace minerals for dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92 (2): 416–26 doi.
11. Anderson RA. Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2000; 26 (1): 22–7.
12. Anderson RA. Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17 (6): 548–55.
13. Subiyatno A, Mowat DN, Yang WZ. Metabolite and hormonal responses to glucose or propionate infusions in periparturient dairy cows supplemented with chromium. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79 (8): 1436–45.
14. Wang L, Shi Z, Jia Z et al. The effects of dietary supplementation with chromium picolinate throughout gestation on productive performance, Cr concentration, serum parameters, and colostrum composition in sows. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154 (1): 55–61 doi.
15. Kawicka A, Regulska-Ilow B, Regulska-Ilow B. Metabolic disorders and nutritional status in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2015; 69: 80–90 doi.
16. Soltan MA. Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows under heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94 (2): 264–72 doi.
17. Sundararaman PG, Sridhar GR, Sujatha V, Anita V. Serum chromium levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16 (Suppl. 1): S70–3 doi.
18. Aharoni A, Tesler B, Paltieli Y et al. Hair chromium content of women with gestational diabetes compared with nondiabetic pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55 (1): 104–7.
19. Tian H, Guo X, Wang X et al. Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11: CD010063 doi.
20. Anderson RA. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986; 4 (1): 31–41.
21. Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL et al. Influence of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. J Anim Sci 2007; 85 (10): 2524–37 Epub 2007 J.
22. Spicer MT, Stoecker BJ, Chen T, Spicer LJ. Maternal and fetal insulin-like growth factor system and embryonic survival during pregnancy in rats: interaction between dietary chromium and diabetes. J Nutr 1998; 128 (12): 2341–7.
23. Faldyna M, Pechova A, Krejci J. Chromium supplementation enhances antibody response to vaccination with tetanus toxoid in cattle. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2003; 50 (7): 326–31.
24. Burton JL, Nonnecke BJ, Dubeski PL et al. Effects of supplemental chromium on production of cytokines by mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79 (12): 2237–46.
25. Padmavathi IJ, Rao KR, Venu L et al. Chronic maternal dietary chromium restriction modulates visceral adiposity: probable underlying mechanisms. Diabetes 2010; 59 (1): 98–104 doi.
26. Deka RS, Mani V, Kumar M et al. Effect of additional chromium supplementation on health status, metabolic responses, and performance traits in periparturient Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 163 (1–2): 132–43 doi.
27. Deka RS, Mani V, Kumar M et al. Body condition, energy balance and immune status of periparturient Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) supplemented with inorganic chromium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161 (1): 57–68 doi.
28. Bryan MA, Socha MT, Tomlinson DJ. Supplementing intensively grazed late-gestation and early-lactation dairy cattle with chromium. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87 (12): 4269–77.
29. Wallach S. Clinical and biochemical aspects of chromium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 1985; 4 (1): 107–20.
30. Anderson RA. Essentiality of chromium in humans. Sci Total Environ. 1989; 86 (1–2): 75–81.
31. Nyanza EC, Joseph M, Premji SS et al. Geophagy practices and the content of chemical elements in the soil eaten by pregnant women in artisanal and small scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 144 doi.
32. Stanley JA, Arosh JA, Burghardt RC, Banu SK. A fetal whole ovarian culture model for the evaluation of CrVI-induced developmental toxicity during germ cell nest breakdown. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; Toxicol Ap: S0041-008X(15)3007.
33. Smith KL, Waldron MR, Ruzzi LC et al. Metabolism of dairy cows as affected by prepartum dietary carbohydrate source and supplementation with chromium throughout the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91 (5): 2011–20 doi.
34. Staniek H, Krejpcio Z. The effects of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex supplementation on pregnancy outcome and maternal and foetal mineral status in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47 (10): 2673–8 doi.
35. Sumner JM, Valdez F, McNamara JP. Effects of chromium propionate on response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in growing Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90 (7): 3467–74.
36. Amooee S, Parsanezhad ME, Ravanbod Shirazi M et al. Metformin versus chromium picolinate in clomiphene citrate-resistant patients with PCOs: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iran J Reprod Med 2013; 11 (8): 611–8.
37. Soylu AR, Aydogdu N, Basaran UN et al. Antioxidants vitamin E and C attenuate hepatic fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12 (42): 6835–41.
38. Мельникова Е.Б., Зенков Н.К., Ланкин В.З. и др. Оксислительный стресс. Патологические состояния и заболевания. Новосибирск: АРТА, 2008. / Mel'nikova E.B., Zenkov N.K., Lankin V.Z. i dr. Oksislitel'nyi stress. Patologicheskie sostoianiia i zabolevaniia. Novosibirsk: ARTA, 2008. [in Russian]
39. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю. Витамины и микроэлементы: между Сциллой и Харибдой. М.: МЦНМО, 2013. / Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu. Vitaminy i mikroelementy: mezhdu Stsilloi i Kharibdoi. M.: MTsNMO, 2013. [in Russian]
40. Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D, du Plessis SS. Utility of antioxidants during assisted reproductive techniques: an evidence based review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12: 112.
41. Mirone M, Giannetta E, Isidori AM. Selenium and reproductive function. A systematic review. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36 (Suppl. 10): 28–36.
42. Wang Z, Liu S. Changes of selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in maternal and cord blood in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2000; 35 (9): 520–2.
43. Moslemi MK, Tavanbakhsh S: Selenium-vitamin E supplementation in infertile men: effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4: 99–104.
44. Führer D, Mann K, Feldkamp J et al. Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2014; 139 (42): 2148–52.
45. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Кошелева Н.Г. Молекулярные синергисты йода: новые подходы к эффективной профилактике и терапии йоддефицитных заболеваний у беременных. Рус. мед. журн. 2011; 19 (2): 1. / Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu., Kosheleva N.G. Molekuliarnye sinergisty ioda: novye podkhody k effektivnoi profilaktike i terapii ioddefitsitnykh zabolevanii u beremennykh. Rus. med. zhurn. 2011; 19 (2): 1. [in Russian]
46. Schomburg L, Kohrle J. On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52 (11): 1235–46 doi.
47. Darnton-Hill I, Mkparu UC. Micronutrients in pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries. Nutrients 2015;7 (3): 1744–68.
48. Грекова Т.И., Бурлачук В.Т., Будиевский А.В., Курутько В.Н. Тиреоидные гормоны и нетиреоидная патология: профилактика и лечение. Петрозаводск: ИнтелТек, 2005. / Grekova T.I., Burla­chuk V.T., Budievskii A.V., Kurut'ko V.N. Tireoidnye gormony i netireoidnaia patologiia: profilaktika i lechenie. Petrozavodsk: IntelTek, 2005. [in Russian]
49. Aydin K, Kendirci M, Kurtoglu S et al. Iodine and selenium deficiency in school-children in an endemic goiter area in Turkey. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15 (7): 1027–31.
50. Brzozowska M, Kretowski A, Podkowicz K et al. Evaluation of influence of selenium, copper, zinc and iron concentrations on thyroid gland size in school children with normal ioduria. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2006; 20 (120): 672–7.
51. Dieckmann WJ, Priddle HD et al. Anemia of pregnancy treated with molybdenum-iron complex. J Lab Clin Med 1948; 33 (12): 1641.
52. Bougle D, Foucault P, Voirin J et al. Blood levels of molybdenum, selenium and copper at delivery. Arch Fr Pediatr 1989; 46 (2): 95–8.
53. Bougle D, Bureau F, Foucault P et al. Molybdenum content of term and preterm human milk during the first 2 months of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48 (3): 652–4.
54. Edwards M, Roeper J, Allgood C et al. Investigation of molybdenum cofactor deficiency due to MOCS2 deficiency in a newborn baby. Meta Gene 2015; 3: 43–9 doi.
55. Slot HM, Overweg-Plandsoen WC, Bakker HD et al. Molybdenum-cofactor deficiency: an easily missed cause of neonatal convulsions. Neuropediatrics 1993; 24 (3): 139–42.
56. Формулярная система. Федеральное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Мед, 2015. / Formuliarnaia sistema. Federal'noe rukovodstvo. M.: GEOTAR-Med, 2015. [in Russian]

________________________________________________

1. Rebrov V.G., Gromova O.A. Vitaminy, makro- i mikroelementy. M.: GEOTAR-Med, 2008. [in Russian]
2. Morris B, MacNeil S, Fraser R, Gray T. Increased urine chromium excretion in normal pregnancy. Clin Chem 1995; 41 (10): 1544–5.
3. Wallach S, Verch RL. Placental transport of chromium. J Am Coll Nutr 1984; 3 (1): 69–74.
4. Bermudez L, Garcia-Vicent C, Lopez J et al. Assessment of ten trace elements in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood: association with birth weight. J Transl Med 2015; 3: 91 doi.
5. Saner G. Urinary chromium excretion during pregnancy and its relationship with intravenous glucose loading. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34 (9): 1676–9.
6. Saner G. The effect of parity on maternal hair chromium concentration and the changes during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34 (5): 853–5.
7. Evans JL, Bahng M. Non-pharmaceutical intervention options for type 2 diabetes: diets and dietary supplements (botanicals, antioxidants, and minerals). Book Chapter NBK279062 2015; 1 (2): 5–7.
8. Lindemann MD, Carter SD, Chiba LI et al. A regional evaluation of chromium tripicolinate supplementation of diets fed to reproducing sows. J Anim Sci 2004; 82 (10): 2972–7.
9. Keith JD, Vincent C, Goetsch M et al. The Potential of Cr3 [Triaqua-mu3-Oxo-Hexa-mu-Propionatotrichromium(III) Chloride] to Reduce Birth Defects in the Offspring of Diabetic CD-1 Mice. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2015; 104 (2): 65–70 doi.
10. Overton TR, Yasui T. Practical applications of trace minerals for dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92 (2): 416–26 doi.
11. Anderson RA. Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2000; 26 (1): 22–7.
12. Anderson RA. Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17 (6): 548–55.
13. Subiyatno A, Mowat DN, Yang WZ. Metabolite and hormonal responses to glucose or propionate infusions in periparturient dairy cows supplemented with chromium. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79 (8): 1436–45.
14. Wang L, Shi Z, Jia Z et al. The effects of dietary supplementation with chromium picolinate throughout gestation on productive performance, Cr concentration, serum parameters, and colostrum composition in sows. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 154 (1): 55–61 doi.
15. Kawicka A, Regulska-Ilow B, Regulska-Ilow B. Metabolic disorders and nutritional status in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 2015; 69: 80–90 doi.
16. Soltan MA. Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows under heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94 (2): 264–72 doi.
17. Sundararaman PG, Sridhar GR, Sujatha V, Anita V. Serum chromium levels in gestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16 (Suppl. 1): S70–3 doi.
18. Aharoni A, Tesler B, Paltieli Y et al. Hair chromium content of women with gestational diabetes compared with nondiabetic pregnant women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55 (1): 104–7.
19. Tian H, Guo X, Wang X et al. Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11: CD010063 doi.
20. Anderson RA. Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986; 4 (1): 31–41.
21. Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL et al. Influence of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. J Anim Sci 2007; 85 (10): 2524–37 Epub 2007 J.
22. Spicer MT, Stoecker BJ, Chen T, Spicer LJ. Maternal and fetal insulin-like growth factor system and embryonic survival during pregnancy in rats: interaction between dietary chromium and diabetes. J Nutr 1998; 128 (12): 2341–7.
23. Faldyna M, Pechova A, Krejci J. Chromium supplementation enhances antibody response to vaccination with tetanus toxoid in cattle. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 2003; 50 (7): 326–31.
24. Burton JL, Nonnecke BJ, Dubeski PL et al. Effects of supplemental chromium on production of cytokines by mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79 (12): 2237–46.
25. Padmavathi IJ, Rao KR, Venu L et al. Chronic maternal dietary chromium restriction modulates visceral adiposity: probable underlying mechanisms. Diabetes 2010; 59 (1): 98–104 doi.
26. Deka RS, Mani V, Kumar M et al. Effect of additional chromium supplementation on health status, metabolic responses, and performance traits in periparturient Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 163 (1–2): 132–43 doi.
27. Deka RS, Mani V, Kumar M et al. Body condition, energy balance and immune status of periparturient Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) supplemented with inorganic chromium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 161 (1): 57–68 doi.
28. Bryan MA, Socha MT, Tomlinson DJ. Supplementing intensively grazed late-gestation and early-lactation dairy cattle with chromium. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87 (12): 4269–77.
29. Wallach S. Clinical and biochemical aspects of chromium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 1985; 4 (1): 107–20.
30. Anderson RA. Essentiality of chromium in humans. Sci Total Environ. 1989; 86 (1–2): 75–81.
31. Nyanza EC, Joseph M, Premji SS et al. Geophagy practices and the content of chemical elements in the soil eaten by pregnant women in artisanal and small scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 144 doi.
32. Stanley JA, Arosh JA, Burghardt RC, Banu SK. A fetal whole ovarian culture model for the evaluation of CrVI-induced developmental toxicity during germ cell nest breakdown. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; Toxicol Ap: S0041-008X(15)3007.
33. Smith KL, Waldron MR, Ruzzi LC et al. Metabolism of dairy cows as affected by prepartum dietary carbohydrate source and supplementation with chromium throughout the periparturient period. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91 (5): 2011–20 doi.
34. Staniek H, Krejpcio Z. The effects of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex supplementation on pregnancy outcome and maternal and foetal mineral status in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47 (10): 2673–8 doi.
35. Sumner JM, Valdez F, McNamara JP. Effects of chromium propionate on response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in growing Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90 (7): 3467–74.
36. Amooee S, Parsanezhad ME, Ravanbod Shirazi M et al. Metformin versus chromium picolinate in clomiphene citrate-resistant patients with PCOs: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iran J Reprod Med 2013; 11 (8): 611–8.
37. Soylu AR, Aydogdu N, Basaran UN et al. Antioxidants vitamin E and C attenuate hepatic fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12 (42): 6835–41.
38. Mel'nikova E.B., Zenkov N.K., Lankin V.Z. i dr. Oksislitel'nyi stress. Patologicheskie sostoianiia i zabolevaniia. Novosibirsk: ARTA, 2008. [in Russian]
39. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu. Vitaminy i mikroelementy: mezhdu Stsilloi i Kharibdoi. M.: MTsNMO, 2013. [in Russian]
40. Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D, du Plessis SS. Utility of antioxidants during assisted reproductive techniques: an evidence based review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12: 112.
41. Mirone M, Giannetta E, Isidori AM. Selenium and reproductive function. A systematic review. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36 (Suppl. 10): 28–36.
42. Wang Z, Liu S. Changes of selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in maternal and cord blood in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2000; 35 (9): 520–2.
43. Moslemi MK, Tavanbakhsh S: Selenium-vitamin E supplementation in infertile men: effects on semen parameters and pregnancy rate. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4: 99–104.
44. Führer D, Mann K, Feldkamp J et al. Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2014; 139 (42): 2148–52.
45. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu., Kosheleva N.G. Molekuliarnye sinergisty ioda: novye podkhody k effektivnoi profilaktike i terapii ioddefitsitnykh zabolevanii u beremennykh. Rus. med. zhurn. 2011; 19 (2): 1. [in Russian]
46. Schomburg L, Kohrle J. On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52 (11): 1235–46 doi.
47. Darnton-Hill I, Mkparu UC. Micronutrients in pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries. Nutrients 2015;7 (3): 1744–68.
48. Grekova T.I., Burla­chuk V.T., Budievskii A.V., Kurut'ko V.N. Tireoidnye gormony i netireoidnaia patologiia: profilaktika i lechenie. Petrozavodsk: IntelTek, 2005. [in Russian]
49. Aydin K, Kendirci M, Kurtoglu S et al. Iodine and selenium deficiency in school-children in an endemic goiter area in Turkey. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15 (7): 1027–31.
50. Brzozowska M, Kretowski A, Podkowicz K et al. Evaluation of influence of selenium, copper, zinc and iron concentrations on thyroid gland size in school children with normal ioduria. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2006; 20 (120): 672–7.
51. Dieckmann WJ, Priddle HD et al. Anemia of pregnancy treated with molybdenum-iron complex. J Lab Clin Med 1948; 33 (12): 1641.
52. Bougle D, Foucault P, Voirin J et al. Blood levels of molybdenum, selenium and copper at delivery. Arch Fr Pediatr 1989; 46 (2): 95–8.
53. Bougle D, Bureau F, Foucault P et al. Molybdenum content of term and preterm human milk during the first 2 months of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48 (3): 652–4.
54. Edwards M, Roeper J, Allgood C et al. Investigation of molybdenum cofactor deficiency due to MOCS2 deficiency in a newborn baby. Meta Gene 2015; 3: 43–9 doi.
55. Slot HM, Overweg-Plandsoen WC, Bakker HD et al. Molybdenum-cofactor deficiency: an easily missed cause of neonatal convulsions. Neuropediatrics 1993; 24 (3): 139–42.
56. Formuliarnaia sistema. Federal'noe rukovodstvo. M.: GEOTAR-Med, 2015. [in Russian]

О.А.Громова1, 2, И.Ю.Торшин2, 3, В.Н.Серов4, Т.Р.Гришина1, Н.К.Тетруашвили4

1. ГБОУ ВПО Ивановская государственная медицинская академия Минздрава России. 
153012, Россия, Иваново, Шереметевский пр-т., д. 8;
2. Российский сотрудничающий центр Института микроэлементов под эгидой ЮНЕСКО при ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
3. ФГАОУ ВПО Московский физико-технический институт (государственный университет). 141700, Россия, Долгопрудный, Институтский пер., д. 9; 
4. ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, д. 4
*unesco.gromova@gmail.com

________________________________________________

O.A.Gromova*1, 2, I.Yu.Torshin2, 3, V.N.Serov4, T.R.Grishina1, N.K.Tetruashvily4

1. Ivanovo State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 153462, Russian Federation, Ivanovo, Sheremetevskii pr-t, d. 8;
2. Moscow Branch of Trace Element Institute for UNESCO at N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. 119002, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
3. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. 141700, Russian Federation, Dolgoprudnyi, Institutskii per., d. 9;
4. V.I.Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Akademika Oparina, d. 4
*unesco.gromova@gmail.com