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Пролонгированный режим комбинированного орального контрацептива: фокус на профилактику воспалительных заболеваний органов малого таза
Пролонгированный режим комбинированного орального контрацептива: фокус на профилактику воспалительных заболеваний органов малого таза
Тапильская Н.И., Глушаков Р.И. Пролонгированный режим комбинированного орального контрацептива: фокус на профилактику воспалительных заболеваний органов малого таза. Гинекология. 2017; 19 (1): 15–20.
Gynecology. 2017; 19 (1): 15–20.
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Gynecology. 2017; 19 (1): 15–20.
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Аннотация
В статье представлены данные, касающиеся профилактических эффектов комбинированных оральных контрацептивов (КОК) в отношении рисков возникновения воспалительных заболеваний органов малого таза (ВЗОМТ), дополненные современными представлениями о влиянии КОК на состояние цервиковагинального лаважа, зависимости секреции противомикробных пептидов от фазы менструального цикла и приема КОК. Представлены данные метаанализов о снижении рецидивов бактериального вагиноза на фоне приема КОК, а также дано обоснование профилактического действия пролонгированного режима приема Джес® во флекс-картридже в отношении ВЗОМТ у женщин, нуждающихся в контрацепции.
Ключевые слова: комбинированные оральные контрацептивы, воспалительные заболевания органов малого таза, бактериальный вагиноз, этинилэстрадиол, дроспиренон.
Key words: combined oral contraceptives, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, bacterial vaginosis, ethinyl estradiol, drospirenone.
Ключевые слова: комбинированные оральные контрацептивы, воспалительные заболевания органов малого таза, бактериальный вагиноз, этинилэстрадиол, дроспиренон.
________________________________________________
Key words: combined oral contraceptives, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, bacterial vaginosis, ethinyl estradiol, drospirenone.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Корхов В.В., Тапильская Н.И. Гестагены в акушерско-гинекологической практике: руководство для врачей. СПб.: СпецЛит, 2005./ Korkhov V.V., Tapil'skaia N.I. Gestageny v akushersko-ginekologicheskoi praktike: rukovodstvo dlia vrachei. SPb.: SpetsLit, 2005. [in Russian]
2. Савичева А.М. и др. Инфекционно-воспалительные заболевания в акушерстве и гинекологии. Под ред. Э.К.Айламазяна. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. / Savicheva A.M. i dr. Infektsionno-vospalitel'nye zabolevaniia v akusherstve i ginekologii. Pod red. E.K.Ailamaziana. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2016. [in Russian]
3. Тапильская Н.И., Карпеев С.А., Кузнецова И.В. Хронический эндометрит – субклиническое воспалительное заболевание органов малого таза. Гинекология. 2014; 16 (1): 104–9. / Tapilskaya N.I., Karpeev S.A., Kuznetsova I.V. Subclinical inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs: chronic endometritis. 2014; 16 (1): 104–9. [in Russian]
4. Abbott DS, Chin-Smith EC, Seed PT et al. Raised trappin2/elafin protein in cervico-vaginal fluid is a potential predictor of cervical shortening and spontaneous preterm birth. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100771.
5. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
6. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185 (2): 380–5.
7. Bradshaw CS, Brotman RM. Making inroads into improving treatment of bacterial vaginosis–striving for long-term cure. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15 (1): 292.
8. Bradshaw CS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS et al. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is significantly associated with posttreatment sexual activities and hormonal contraceptive use. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (6): 777–86.
9. Burgener A, Rahman S, Ahmad R et al. Comprehensive proteomic study identifies serpin and cystatinantiproteases as novel correlates of HIV-1 resistance in the cervicovaginal mucosa of female sex workers. J Proteome Res 2011; 10: 5139–49.
10. Burkman RT. Oral contraceptives: current status. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2001; 44 (1): 62–72.
11. Calzolari E, Masciangelo R, Milite V, Verteramo R. Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2000; 70 (3): 341–6.
12. Cauci S, Culhane JF. Modulation of vaginal immune response among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis by Trichomonasvaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and yeast. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196 (2): 133-e1.
13. Cicinelli E, Ballini A, Marinaccio M et al. Microbiological findings in endometrial specimen: our experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285 (5): 1325–9.
14. Cole AM. Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol 2006; 306: 199–230.
15. Cole AM, Cole AL. Antimicrobial polypeptides are key anti-HIV-1 effector molecules of cervicovaginal host defense. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 59: 27–34.
16. Cowling P, McCoy DR, Marshall RJ et al. Bacterial colonization of the nonpregnant uterus: a study of pre-menopausal abdominal hysterectomy specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11 (2): 204–5.
17. Dasari S, Pereira L, Reddy AP et al. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluid. J Proteome Res 2007; 6: 1258–68.
18. Doerflinger SY, Throop AL, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Bacteria in the vaginal microbiomealter the innate immune response and barrier properties of the human vaginal epithelia in a species-specific manner. J Infect Dis 2014; 209: 1989–99.
19. Drannik AG, Nag K, Sallenave JM, Rosenthal KL. Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87: 7526–38.
20. Eschenbach DA, Harnisch JP, Holmes KK. Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: role of contraception and other risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128 (8): 838–50.
21. Ferrero S, Abbamonte LH, Giordano M et al. What is the desired menstrual frequency of women without menstruationrelated symptoms? Contraception 2006; 73: 537–41.
22. Frew L, Makieva S, McKinlay AT et al. Human cathelicidin production by the cervix. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103434.
23. Ghosh M. Secreted mucosal antimicrobials in the female reproductive tract that are important to consider for HIV prevention. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 575–88.
24. Ghosh M, Shen Z, Schaefer TM et al. CCL20/MIP3alpha is a novel anti-HIV-1 molecule of the human female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62: 60–71.
25. Grio R, Latino MA, Leotta E et al. Sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease. Minerva ginecologica 2004; 56 (2): 141–7.
26. Guthrie BL, Introini A, Roxby AC et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is associated with elevated innate immune effector molecules in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-1-uninfected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69 (1): 1–10.
27. Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG et al. Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 2004; 190 (12): 2109–20.
28. Holzman C, Leventhal JM, Qiu H et al. Grp BVS. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91 (10): 1664–70.
29. Horne AW, Stock SJ, King AE. Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 2008; 135: 739–49.
30. Huber JC, Bentz EK, Ott J, Tempfer CB. Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9 (13): 2317–25.
31. Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality. Contraception 1999; 59 (Suppl. 1): 29S–33S.
32. Kawano Y, Nakamura S, Nasu K et al. Expression and regulation of thrombospondin-1 by human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 1056–9.
33. Klipping C, Duijkers I, Fortier MP et al. Long-term tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: results from a randomised, controlled, multicentre study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 84–93.
34. Klipping C et al. Contraceptive efficacy and tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 73–83.
35. Klotman ME, Chang TL. Defensins in innate antiviral immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 447–56.
36. Legro RS, Pauli JG, Kunselman AR et al. Effects of continuous versus cyclical oral contraception: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 420–9.
37. Lourenco AG, Komesu MC, Machado AA et al. Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: involvement in HIV transmission. World J Virol 2014; 3: 11–7.
38. Michel KG, Huijbregts RP, Gleason JL et al. Effect of hormonal contraception on the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and distribution of immune cell populations in the female reproductive tract. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68 (5): 511–8.
39. Mоller BR, Kristiansen FV, Thorsen P et al. Sterility of the uterine cavity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74 (3): 216–9.
40. Morrison C, Fichorova RN, Mauck C et al. Cervical inflammation and immunity associated with hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and HIV-1 seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66 (2):109–17.
41. Okumura K, Ikeda S, Ogawa H. Host defense (antimicrobial) peptide, human beta-defensin-3, improves the function of the epithelial tight-junction barrier in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134: 2163–73.
42. Peterson HB, Lee NC. The health effects of oral contraceptives: Misperceptions, controversies, and continuing good news. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1989; 32: 339–55.
43. Riggs M, Klebanoff M, Nansel T et al. Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34 (12): 954–9.
44. Rifkin SB, Smith MR, Brotman RM et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore. MD Contracept 2009; 80 (1): 63–7.
45. Romero R, Hassan SS, Gajer P et al. The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome 2014; 2: 4.
46. Ruan X, Mueck AO. Oral contraception for women of middle age. Maturitas 2015; 82 (3): 266–70.
47. Rubin GL, Ory HW, Layde PM. Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144 (6): 630–5.
48. Schindler AE. Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Oral Hormonal Contraceptives. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11 (1): 41–7.
49. Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH. Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32: 43–9.
50. Swidsinski A, Verstraelen H, Loening-Baucke V et al. Presence of a polymicrobial endometrial biofilm in patients with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (1): e53997.
51. Tibaldi C, Cappello N, Latino MA et al. Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non‐pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (7): 670–9.
52. Valore EV, Park CH, Igreti SL, Ganz T. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 561–8.
53. Van de Wijgert JH, Verwijs MC, Turner AN, Morrison CS. Hormonal contraception decreases bacterial vaginosis but oral contraception may increase candidiasis: implications for HIV transmission. AIDS 2013; 27 (13): 2141–53.
54. Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Law M et al. Hormonal contraception is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (9): e73055.
55. Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M et al. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 544–65.
56. Wira CR, Veronese F. Hormone regulation of the mucosal environment in the reproductive tract and the prevention of HIV infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 487–9.
57. Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J et al. Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1990; 263 (1): 54–9.
58. Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. Human Reproduction Update 2015; 21 (3): 353–77.
2. Savicheva A.M. i dr. Infektsionno-vospalitel'nye zabolevaniia v akusherstve i ginekologii. Pod red. E.K.Ailamaziana. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2016. [in Russian]
3. Tapilskaya N.I., Karpeev S.A., Kuznetsova I.V. Subclinical inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs: chronic endometritis. 2014; 16 (1): 104–9. [in Russian]
4. Abbott DS, Chin-Smith EC, Seed PT et al. Raised trappin2/elafin protein in cervico-vaginal fluid is a potential predictor of cervical shortening and spontaneous preterm birth. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100771.
5. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
6. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185 (2): 380–5.
7. Bradshaw CS, Brotman RM. Making inroads into improving treatment of bacterial vaginosis–striving for long-term cure. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15 (1): 292.
8. Bradshaw CS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS et al. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is significantly associated with posttreatment sexual activities and hormonal contraceptive use. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (6): 777–86.
9. Burgener A, Rahman S, Ahmad R et al. Comprehensive proteomic study identifies serpin and cystatinantiproteases as novel correlates of HIV-1 resistance in the cervicovaginal mucosa of female sex workers. J Proteome Res 2011; 10: 5139–49.
10. Burkman RT. Oral contraceptives: current status. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2001; 44 (1): 62–72.
11. Calzolari E, Masciangelo R, Milite V, Verteramo R. Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2000; 70 (3): 341–6.
12. Cauci S, Culhane JF. Modulation of vaginal immune response among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis by Trichomonasvaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and yeast. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196 (2): 133-e1.
13. Cicinelli E, Ballini A, Marinaccio M et al. Microbiological findings in endometrial specimen: our experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285 (5): 1325–9.
14. Cole AM. Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol 2006; 306: 199–230.
15. Cole AM, Cole AL. Antimicrobial polypeptides are key anti-HIV-1 effector molecules of cervicovaginal host defense. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 59: 27–34.
16. Cowling P, McCoy DR, Marshall RJ et al. Bacterial colonization of the nonpregnant uterus: a study of pre-menopausal abdominal hysterectomy specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11 (2): 204–5.
17. Dasari S, Pereira L, Reddy AP et al. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluid. J Proteome Res 2007; 6: 1258–68.
18. Doerflinger SY, Throop AL, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Bacteria in the vaginal microbiomealter the innate immune response and barrier properties of the human vaginal epithelia in a species-specific manner. J Infect Dis 2014; 209: 1989–99.
19. Drannik AG, Nag K, Sallenave JM, Rosenthal KL. Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87: 7526–38.
20. Eschenbach DA, Harnisch JP, Holmes KK. Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: role of contraception and other risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128 (8): 838–50.
21. Ferrero S, Abbamonte LH, Giordano M et al. What is the desired menstrual frequency of women without menstruationrelated symptoms? Contraception 2006; 73: 537–41.
22. Frew L, Makieva S, McKinlay AT et al. Human cathelicidin production by the cervix. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103434.
23. Ghosh M. Secreted mucosal antimicrobials in the female reproductive tract that are important to consider for HIV prevention. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 575–88.
24. Ghosh M, Shen Z, Schaefer TM et al. CCL20/MIP3alpha is a novel anti-HIV-1 molecule of the human female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62: 60–71.
25. Grio R, Latino MA, Leotta E et al. Sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease. Minerva ginecologica 2004; 56 (2): 141–7.
26. Guthrie BL, Introini A, Roxby AC et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is associated with elevated innate immune effector molecules in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-1-uninfected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69 (1): 1–10.
27. Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG et al. Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 2004; 190 (12): 2109–20.
28. Holzman C, Leventhal JM, Qiu H et al. Grp BVS. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91 (10): 1664–70.
29. Horne AW, Stock SJ, King AE. Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 2008; 135: 739–49.
30. Huber JC, Bentz EK, Ott J, Tempfer CB. Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9 (13): 2317–25.
31. Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality. Contraception 1999; 59 (Suppl. 1): 29S–33S.
32. Kawano Y, Nakamura S, Nasu K et al. Expression and regulation of thrombospondin-1 by human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 1056–9.
33. Klipping C, Duijkers I, Fortier MP et al. Long-term tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: results from a randomised, controlled, multicentre study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 84–93.
34. Klipping C et al. Contraceptive efficacy and tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 73–83.
35. Klotman ME, Chang TL. Defensins in innate antiviral immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 447–56.
36. Legro RS, Pauli JG, Kunselman AR et al. Effects of continuous versus cyclical oral contraception: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 420–9.
37. Lourenco AG, Komesu MC, Machado AA et al. Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: involvement in HIV transmission. World J Virol 2014; 3: 11–7.
38. Michel KG, Huijbregts RP, Gleason JL et al. Effect of hormonal contraception on the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and distribution of immune cell populations in the female reproductive tract. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68 (5): 511–8.
39. Mоller BR, Kristiansen FV, Thorsen P et al. Sterility of the uterine cavity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74 (3): 216–9.
40. Morrison C, Fichorova RN, Mauck C et al. Cervical inflammation and immunity associated with hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and HIV-1 seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66 (2):109–17.
41. Okumura K, Ikeda S, Ogawa H. Host defense (antimicrobial) peptide, human beta-defensin-3, improves the function of the epithelial tight-junction barrier in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134: 2163–73.
42. Peterson HB, Lee NC. The health effects of oral contraceptives: Misperceptions, controversies, and continuing good news. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1989; 32: 339–55.
43. Riggs M, Klebanoff M, Nansel T et al. Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34 (12): 954–9.
44. Rifkin SB, Smith MR, Brotman RM et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore. MD Contracept 2009; 80 (1): 63–7.
45. Romero R, Hassan SS, Gajer P et al. The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome 2014; 2: 4.
46. Ruan X, Mueck AO. Oral contraception for women of middle age. Maturitas 2015; 82 (3): 266–70.
47. Rubin GL, Ory HW, Layde PM. Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144 (6): 630–5.
48. Schindler AE. Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Oral Hormonal Contraceptives. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11 (1): 41–7.
49. Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH. Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32: 43–9.
50. Swidsinski A, Verstraelen H, Loening-Baucke V et al. Presence of a polymicrobial endometrial biofilm in patients with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (1): e53997.
51. Tibaldi C, Cappello N, Latino MA et al. Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non‐pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (7): 670–9.
52. Valore EV, Park CH, Igreti SL, Ganz T. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 561–8.
53. Van de Wijgert JH, Verwijs MC, Turner AN, Morrison CS. Hormonal contraception decreases bacterial vaginosis but oral contraception may increase candidiasis: implications for HIV transmission. AIDS 2013; 27 (13): 2141–53.
54. Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Law M et al. Hormonal contraception is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (9): e73055.
55. Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M et al. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 544–65.
56. Wira CR, Veronese F. Hormone regulation of the mucosal environment in the reproductive tract and the prevention of HIV infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 487–9.
57. Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J et al. Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1990; 263 (1): 54–9.
58. Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. Human Reproduction Update 2015; 21 (3): 353–77.
2. Савичева А.М. и др. Инфекционно-воспалительные заболевания в акушерстве и гинекологии. Под ред. Э.К.Айламазяна. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. / Savicheva A.M. i dr. Infektsionno-vospalitel'nye zabolevaniia v akusherstve i ginekologii. Pod red. E.K.Ailamaziana. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2016. [in Russian]
3. Тапильская Н.И., Карпеев С.А., Кузнецова И.В. Хронический эндометрит – субклиническое воспалительное заболевание органов малого таза. Гинекология. 2014; 16 (1): 104–9. / Tapilskaya N.I., Karpeev S.A., Kuznetsova I.V. Subclinical inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs: chronic endometritis. 2014; 16 (1): 104–9. [in Russian]
4. Abbott DS, Chin-Smith EC, Seed PT et al. Raised trappin2/elafin protein in cervico-vaginal fluid is a potential predictor of cervical shortening and spontaneous preterm birth. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100771.
5. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
6. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185 (2): 380–5.
7. Bradshaw CS, Brotman RM. Making inroads into improving treatment of bacterial vaginosis–striving for long-term cure. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15 (1): 292.
8. Bradshaw CS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS et al. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is significantly associated with posttreatment sexual activities and hormonal contraceptive use. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (6): 777–86.
9. Burgener A, Rahman S, Ahmad R et al. Comprehensive proteomic study identifies serpin and cystatinantiproteases as novel correlates of HIV-1 resistance in the cervicovaginal mucosa of female sex workers. J Proteome Res 2011; 10: 5139–49.
10. Burkman RT. Oral contraceptives: current status. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2001; 44 (1): 62–72.
11. Calzolari E, Masciangelo R, Milite V, Verteramo R. Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2000; 70 (3): 341–6.
12. Cauci S, Culhane JF. Modulation of vaginal immune response among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis by Trichomonasvaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and yeast. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196 (2): 133-e1.
13. Cicinelli E, Ballini A, Marinaccio M et al. Microbiological findings in endometrial specimen: our experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285 (5): 1325–9.
14. Cole AM. Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol 2006; 306: 199–230.
15. Cole AM, Cole AL. Antimicrobial polypeptides are key anti-HIV-1 effector molecules of cervicovaginal host defense. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 59: 27–34.
16. Cowling P, McCoy DR, Marshall RJ et al. Bacterial colonization of the nonpregnant uterus: a study of pre-menopausal abdominal hysterectomy specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11 (2): 204–5.
17. Dasari S, Pereira L, Reddy AP et al. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluid. J Proteome Res 2007; 6: 1258–68.
18. Doerflinger SY, Throop AL, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Bacteria in the vaginal microbiomealter the innate immune response and barrier properties of the human vaginal epithelia in a species-specific manner. J Infect Dis 2014; 209: 1989–99.
19. Drannik AG, Nag K, Sallenave JM, Rosenthal KL. Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87: 7526–38.
20. Eschenbach DA, Harnisch JP, Holmes KK. Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: role of contraception and other risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128 (8): 838–50.
21. Ferrero S, Abbamonte LH, Giordano M et al. What is the desired menstrual frequency of women without menstruationrelated symptoms? Contraception 2006; 73: 537–41.
22. Frew L, Makieva S, McKinlay AT et al. Human cathelicidin production by the cervix. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103434.
23. Ghosh M. Secreted mucosal antimicrobials in the female reproductive tract that are important to consider for HIV prevention. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 575–88.
24. Ghosh M, Shen Z, Schaefer TM et al. CCL20/MIP3alpha is a novel anti-HIV-1 molecule of the human female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62: 60–71.
25. Grio R, Latino MA, Leotta E et al. Sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease. Minerva ginecologica 2004; 56 (2): 141–7.
26. Guthrie BL, Introini A, Roxby AC et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is associated with elevated innate immune effector molecules in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-1-uninfected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69 (1): 1–10.
27. Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG et al. Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 2004; 190 (12): 2109–20.
28. Holzman C, Leventhal JM, Qiu H et al. Grp BVS. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91 (10): 1664–70.
29. Horne AW, Stock SJ, King AE. Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 2008; 135: 739–49.
30. Huber JC, Bentz EK, Ott J, Tempfer CB. Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9 (13): 2317–25.
31. Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality. Contraception 1999; 59 (Suppl. 1): 29S–33S.
32. Kawano Y, Nakamura S, Nasu K et al. Expression and regulation of thrombospondin-1 by human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 1056–9.
33. Klipping C, Duijkers I, Fortier MP et al. Long-term tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: results from a randomised, controlled, multicentre study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 84–93.
34. Klipping C et al. Contraceptive efficacy and tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 73–83.
35. Klotman ME, Chang TL. Defensins in innate antiviral immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 447–56.
36. Legro RS, Pauli JG, Kunselman AR et al. Effects of continuous versus cyclical oral contraception: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 420–9.
37. Lourenco AG, Komesu MC, Machado AA et al. Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: involvement in HIV transmission. World J Virol 2014; 3: 11–7.
38. Michel KG, Huijbregts RP, Gleason JL et al. Effect of hormonal contraception on the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and distribution of immune cell populations in the female reproductive tract. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68 (5): 511–8.
39. Mоller BR, Kristiansen FV, Thorsen P et al. Sterility of the uterine cavity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74 (3): 216–9.
40. Morrison C, Fichorova RN, Mauck C et al. Cervical inflammation and immunity associated with hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and HIV-1 seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66 (2):109–17.
41. Okumura K, Ikeda S, Ogawa H. Host defense (antimicrobial) peptide, human beta-defensin-3, improves the function of the epithelial tight-junction barrier in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134: 2163–73.
42. Peterson HB, Lee NC. The health effects of oral contraceptives: Misperceptions, controversies, and continuing good news. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1989; 32: 339–55.
43. Riggs M, Klebanoff M, Nansel T et al. Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34 (12): 954–9.
44. Rifkin SB, Smith MR, Brotman RM et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore. MD Contracept 2009; 80 (1): 63–7.
45. Romero R, Hassan SS, Gajer P et al. The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome 2014; 2: 4.
46. Ruan X, Mueck AO. Oral contraception for women of middle age. Maturitas 2015; 82 (3): 266–70.
47. Rubin GL, Ory HW, Layde PM. Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144 (6): 630–5.
48. Schindler AE. Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Oral Hormonal Contraceptives. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11 (1): 41–7.
49. Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH. Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32: 43–9.
50. Swidsinski A, Verstraelen H, Loening-Baucke V et al. Presence of a polymicrobial endometrial biofilm in patients with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (1): e53997.
51. Tibaldi C, Cappello N, Latino MA et al. Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non‐pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (7): 670–9.
52. Valore EV, Park CH, Igreti SL, Ganz T. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 561–8.
53. Van de Wijgert JH, Verwijs MC, Turner AN, Morrison CS. Hormonal contraception decreases bacterial vaginosis but oral contraception may increase candidiasis: implications for HIV transmission. AIDS 2013; 27 (13): 2141–53.
54. Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Law M et al. Hormonal contraception is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (9): e73055.
55. Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M et al. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 544–65.
56. Wira CR, Veronese F. Hormone regulation of the mucosal environment in the reproductive tract and the prevention of HIV infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 487–9.
57. Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J et al. Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1990; 263 (1): 54–9.
58. Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. Human Reproduction Update 2015; 21 (3): 353–77.
________________________________________________
2. Savicheva A.M. i dr. Infektsionno-vospalitel'nye zabolevaniia v akusherstve i ginekologii. Pod red. E.K.Ailamaziana. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2016. [in Russian]
3. Tapilskaya N.I., Karpeev S.A., Kuznetsova I.V. Subclinical inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs: chronic endometritis. 2014; 16 (1): 104–9. [in Russian]
4. Abbott DS, Chin-Smith EC, Seed PT et al. Raised trappin2/elafin protein in cervico-vaginal fluid is a potential predictor of cervical shortening and spontaneous preterm birth. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100771.
5. Andrist LC, Arias RD, Nucatola D et al. Women’s and providers’ attitudes toward menstrual suppression with extended use of oral contraceptives. Contraception 2004; 70: 359–63.
6. Baeten JM, Nyange PM, Richardson BA et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of sexually transmitted disease acquisition: results from a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185 (2): 380–5.
7. Bradshaw CS, Brotman RM. Making inroads into improving treatment of bacterial vaginosis–striving for long-term cure. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15 (1): 292.
8. Bradshaw CS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS et al. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis is significantly associated with posttreatment sexual activities and hormonal contraceptive use. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56 (6): 777–86.
9. Burgener A, Rahman S, Ahmad R et al. Comprehensive proteomic study identifies serpin and cystatinantiproteases as novel correlates of HIV-1 resistance in the cervicovaginal mucosa of female sex workers. J Proteome Res 2011; 10: 5139–49.
10. Burkman RT. Oral contraceptives: current status. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2001; 44 (1): 62–72.
11. Calzolari E, Masciangelo R, Milite V, Verteramo R. Bacterial vaginosis and contraceptive methods. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2000; 70 (3): 341–6.
12. Cauci S, Culhane JF. Modulation of vaginal immune response among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis by Trichomonasvaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and yeast. Am Journal Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196 (2): 133-e1.
13. Cicinelli E, Ballini A, Marinaccio M et al. Microbiological findings in endometrial specimen: our experience. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285 (5): 1325–9.
14. Cole AM. Innate host defense of human vaginal and cervical mucosae. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol 2006; 306: 199–230.
15. Cole AM, Cole AL. Antimicrobial polypeptides are key anti-HIV-1 effector molecules of cervicovaginal host defense. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 59: 27–34.
16. Cowling P, McCoy DR, Marshall RJ et al. Bacterial colonization of the nonpregnant uterus: a study of pre-menopausal abdominal hysterectomy specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11 (2): 204–5.
17. Dasari S, Pereira L, Reddy AP et al. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluid. J Proteome Res 2007; 6: 1258–68.
18. Doerflinger SY, Throop AL, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Bacteria in the vaginal microbiomealter the innate immune response and barrier properties of the human vaginal epithelia in a species-specific manner. J Infect Dis 2014; 209: 1989–99.
19. Drannik AG, Nag K, Sallenave JM, Rosenthal KL. Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87: 7526–38.
20. Eschenbach DA, Harnisch JP, Holmes KK. Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: role of contraception and other risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128 (8): 838–50.
21. Ferrero S, Abbamonte LH, Giordano M et al. What is the desired menstrual frequency of women without menstruationrelated symptoms? Contraception 2006; 73: 537–41.
22. Frew L, Makieva S, McKinlay AT et al. Human cathelicidin production by the cervix. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103434.
23. Ghosh M. Secreted mucosal antimicrobials in the female reproductive tract that are important to consider for HIV prevention. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 575–88.
24. Ghosh M, Shen Z, Schaefer TM et al. CCL20/MIP3alpha is a novel anti-HIV-1 molecule of the human female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62: 60–71.
25. Grio R, Latino MA, Leotta E et al. Sexually transmitted diseases and pelvic inflammatory disease. Minerva ginecologica 2004; 56 (2): 141–7.
26. Guthrie BL, Introini A, Roxby AC et al. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate use is associated with elevated innate immune effector molecules in cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-1-uninfected women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69 (1): 1–10.
27. Hebb JK, Cohen CR, Astete SG et al. Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 2004; 190 (12): 2109–20.
28. Holzman C, Leventhal JM, Qiu H et al. Grp BVS. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in nonpregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001; 91 (10): 1664–70.
29. Horne AW, Stock SJ, King AE. Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 2008; 135: 739–49.
30. Huber JC, Bentz EK, Ott J, Tempfer CB. Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9 (13): 2317–25.
31. Kaunitz AM. Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality. Contraception 1999; 59 (Suppl. 1): 29S–33S.
32. Kawano Y, Nakamura S, Nasu K et al. Expression and regulation of thrombospondin-1 by human endometrial stromal cells. Fertil Steril 2005; 83: 1056–9.
33. Klipping C, Duijkers I, Fortier MP et al. Long-term tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: results from a randomised, controlled, multicentre study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 84–93.
34. Klipping C et al. Contraceptive efficacy and tolerability of ethinylestradiol 20μg/drospirenone 3 mg in a flexible extended regimen: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled study. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012; 38: 73–83.
35. Klotman ME, Chang TL. Defensins in innate antiviral immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6: 447–56.
36. Legro RS, Pauli JG, Kunselman AR et al. Effects of continuous versus cyclical oral contraception: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 420–9.
37. Lourenco AG, Komesu MC, Machado AA et al. Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: involvement in HIV transmission. World J Virol 2014; 3: 11–7.
38. Michel KG, Huijbregts RP, Gleason JL et al. Effect of hormonal contraception on the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and distribution of immune cell populations in the female reproductive tract. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 68 (5): 511–8.
39. Mоller BR, Kristiansen FV, Thorsen P et al. Sterility of the uterine cavity. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74 (3): 216–9.
40. Morrison C, Fichorova RN, Mauck C et al. Cervical inflammation and immunity associated with hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and HIV-1 seroconversion. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66 (2):109–17.
41. Okumura K, Ikeda S, Ogawa H. Host defense (antimicrobial) peptide, human beta-defensin-3, improves the function of the epithelial tight-junction barrier in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134: 2163–73.
42. Peterson HB, Lee NC. The health effects of oral contraceptives: Misperceptions, controversies, and continuing good news. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1989; 32: 339–55.
43. Riggs M, Klebanoff M, Nansel T et al. Longitudinal association between hormonal contraceptives and bacterial vaginosis in women of reproductive age. Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34 (12): 954–9.
44. Rifkin SB, Smith MR, Brotman RM et al. Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore. MD Contracept 2009; 80 (1): 63–7.
45. Romero R, Hassan SS, Gajer P et al. The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women. Microbiome 2014; 2: 4.
46. Ruan X, Mueck AO. Oral contraception for women of middle age. Maturitas 2015; 82 (3): 266–70.
47. Rubin GL, Ory HW, Layde PM. Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144 (6): 630–5.
48. Schindler AE. Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Oral Hormonal Contraceptives. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11 (1): 41–7.
49. Sharma H, Tal R, Clark NA, Segars JH. Microbiota and pelvic inflammatory disease. Semin Reprod Med 2014; 32: 43–9.
50. Swidsinski A, Verstraelen H, Loening-Baucke V et al. Presence of a polymicrobial endometrial biofilm in patients with bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (1): e53997.
51. Tibaldi C, Cappello N, Latino MA et al. Vaginal and endocervical microorganisms in symptomatic and asymptomatic non‐pregnant females: risk factors and rates of occurrence. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (7): 670–9.
52. Valore EV, Park CH, Igreti SL, Ganz T. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 561–8.
53. Van de Wijgert JH, Verwijs MC, Turner AN, Morrison CS. Hormonal contraception decreases bacterial vaginosis but oral contraception may increase candidiasis: implications for HIV transmission. AIDS 2013; 27 (13): 2141–53.
54. Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Law M et al. Hormonal contraception is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8 (9): e73055.
55. Wira CR, Fahey JV, Ghosh M et al. Sex hormone regulation of innate immunity in the female reproductive tract: the role of epithelial cells in balancing reproductive potential with protection against sexually transmitted pathogens. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 544–65.
56. Wira CR, Veronese F. Hormone regulation of the mucosal environment in the reproductive tract and the prevention of HIV infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71: 487–9.
57. Wølner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Paavonen J et al. Decreased risk of symptomatic chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease associated with oral contraceptive use. JAMA 1990; 263 (1): 54–9.
58. Yarbrough VL, Winkle S, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract: a critical component of the mucosal immune barrier with physiological and clinical implications. Human Reproduction Update 2015; 21 (3): 353–77.
Авторы
Н.И.Тапильская*, Р.И.Глушаков
ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 194100, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2
*tapnatalia@yandex.ru
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 194100, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, ul. Litovskaia, d. 2
*tapnatalia@yandex.ru
ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России. 194100, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, д. 2
*tapnatalia@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 194100, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, ul. Litovskaia, d. 2
*tapnatalia@yandex.ru
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