Менопаузальная гормональная терапия и факторы риска развития рака молочной железы

1. NCCN – Evidence-Based Cancer Guidelines https://www.nccn.org/
2. Юренева С.В. Ведение женщин с менопаузальными расстройствами. Оптимизация рисков. М., 2016. / Iureneva S.V. Vedenie zhenshchin s menopauzal'nymi rasstroistvami. Optimizatsiia riskov. M., 2016. [in Russian]
3. Балан В.Е., Андреева Е.Н., Ильина Л.М. ЗГТ и рак молочной железы: хронология научных доказательств причины необоснованного устойчивого страха. Обзор. Пробл. репродукции. 2013; 4: 94–102. / Balan V.E., Andreeva E.N., Il'ina L.M. ZGT i rak molochnoi zhelezy: khronologiia nauchnykh dokazatel'stv prichiny neobosnovannogo ustoichivogo strakha. Obzor. Probl. reproduktsii. 2013; 4: 94–102. [in Russian]
4. Сметник В.П., Коновалова В.Н. Заместительная гормонотерапия и риск рака молочных желез у женщин в постменопузе: анализ некоторых эпидемиологических исследований. Рос. онкол. журн. 2011; 2: 53–6. / Smetnik V.P., Konovalova V.N. Zamestitel'naia gormonoterapiia i risk raka molochnykh zhelez u zhenshchin v postmenopuze: analiz nekotorykh epidemiologicheskikh issledovanii. Ros. onkol. zhurn. 2011; 2: 53–6. [in Russian]
5. Gompel А, Santen RJ. Hormone therapy and breast cancer risk 10 years after the WHI.
6. Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A; IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women's midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric 2016; 19: 109–50. DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166
7. Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2015 году (заболеваемость и смертность). М.: МНИОИ им. П.А.Герцена, филиал ФГБУ НМИРЦ Минздрава России, 2017. / Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova G.V. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2015 godu (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). M.: MNIOI im. P.A.Gertsena, filial FGBU NMIRTs Minzdrava Rossii, 2017. [in Russian]
8. Coates AS. Evolution of the St. Gallen Consensus process for the optimal treatment of women with breast cancer. The Breast 2015; 24 (Suppl. 1): PG 0.1.
9. Семиглазов В.Ф., Палтуев Р.М., Семиглазов В.В. и др. Общие рекомендации по лечению раннего рака молочной железы St. Gallen-2015, адаптированные экспертами Российского общества онкомаммологов. Опухоли женской репродуктивной системы. 2015; 3: 43–60. / Semiglazov V.F., Paltuev R.M., Semiglazov V.V. i dr. Obshchie rekomendatsii po lecheniiu rannego raka molochnoi zhelezy St. Gallen-2015, adaptirovannye ekspertami Rossiiskogo obshchestva onkomammologov. Opukholi zhenskoi reproduktivnoi sistemy. 2015; 3: 43–60. [in Russian]
10. Shapiro S, Farmer RD, Stevenson JC et al. Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies: Part 5. Trends in breast cancer incidence in relation to the use of HRT. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2013; 39 (39): 80–8.
11. Имянитов Е.Н. Фундаментальная онкология в 2011 году: обзор наиболее интересных открытий. Практ. онкология. 2012; 13 (1): 1–8. / Imianitov E.N. Fundamental'naia onkologiia v 2011 godu: obzor naibolee interesnykh otkrytiĭ. Prakt. onkologiia. 2012; 13 (1): 1–8. [in Russian]
12. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S et al. Primary Breast Cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2015; 26 (5): 8–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv298
13. Юренева С.В., Ильина Л.М. Ведение женщин в постменопаузе: на что опираться врачу в клинической практике? Мед. совет. 2014; 9: 34–9. / Iureneva S.V., Il'ina L.M. Vedenie zhenshchin v postmenopauze: na chto opirat'sia vrachu v klinicheskoi praktike? Med. sovet. 2014; 9: 34–9. [in Russian]
14. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 359–86. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29210
15. WHO, corp-author. http://www.who.int/cancer/detection/breastcancer/en/index1.html Breast cancer: Prevention and control. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
16. Chen C-L, Weiss NS, Newcomb P et al. Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer. JAMA 2002; 287: 734–41.
17. Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women Principal Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321–33.
18. Fentiman IS. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56 (10): 755–9.
19. Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Ritenbaugh C et al. Estrogen plus progestin and colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (10): 991–1004.
20. Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL et al. Relationship between long duration and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2003; 289: 3254–63.
21. Хамошина М.Б., Бриль Ю.А. Менопаузальные расстройства – вариативность терапевтических подходов. М., 2014. / Khamoshina M.B., Bril' Iu.A. Menopauzal'nye rasstroistva – variativnost' terapevticheskikh podkhodov. M., 2014. [in Russian]
22. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15082697
23. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–33.
24. LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011; 305: 1305–14.
25. Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 2006; 295: 1647–57.
26. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Wise LA, Adams-Campbell LL. A prospective study of female hormone use and breast cancer among black women. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 760–5.
27. McTiernan A, Chlebowski RT, Martin C et al. Conjugated equine estrogen influence on mammographic density in postmenopausal women in a substudy of the women's health initiative randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 6135–43.
28. Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419–27.
29. Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1027–32.
30. Chlebowski RT. Menopausal hormone therapy, hormone receptor status, and lung cancer in women. Semin Oncol 2009; 36: 566–71.
31. Santen RJ, Allred DC. The estrogen paradox. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 496–97.
32. Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT et al. Conjugated equine estrogen and risk of benign proliferative breast disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 563–71.
33. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavell-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replace- ment therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 107: 103–11.
34. Bakken K, Fournier A, Lund E et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: impact of different treatments. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 144–56.
35. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK et al. Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 476–86.
36. ACOG Committee opinion No 556 . Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy: Route of Administration and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121: 887–904.
37. Kuhl H, Schneider HPG. Progesterone – promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer. Climacteric 2013; 16 (Suppl. 1): 54–68.
38. McTiernan A, Martin CF, Peck JD et al. Estrogen-plus-progestin use and mammographic density in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1366–76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174858
39. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD et al. WHI Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmeno- pausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 3243–53.
40. Протасова А.Э., Вандеева Е.Н. Диффузные заболевания молочной железы: новый вектор таргетной терапии. Гинекология. 2017; 19 (2): 48–55. / Protasova A.E., Vandeeva E.N. Diffuznye zabolevaniia molochnoi zhelezy: novyi vektor targetnoi terapii. Gynecology. 2017; 19 (2): 48–55. [in Russian]
41. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2010; 304: 1684–92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959578
42. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 573–87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196674
43. Wiegratz I. Effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones on breast epithelium. Meeting Abstracts of the 12th World Congress on the Menopause. Climacteric 2008; 11 (Suppl. 2): 56.
44. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas 2006; 55: 103–15.
45. Fournier A, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Estrogen-progestagen menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: does delay from menopause onset to treatment initiation influence risks? J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5138–43.
46. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavell-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replace- ment therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 107: 103–11.
47. Cordina-Duverger E, Truong T, Anger A et al. Risk of breast cancer by type of menopausal hormone therapy: a case- control study among post-menopausal women in France. PLoS One 2013; 8: e78016.
48. Lyytinen H, Pukkala E, Ylikorkala O. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estradiol–progestogen therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 65–73.
49. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin CA et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (Suppl. 1): 1–66.
50. Santen RJ. Risk of breast cancer with progestins: critical assessment of current data. Steroids 2003; 68: 953–64. Ross RK et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 328–32.
51. Horwitz KB et al. Rare steroid receptor-negative basal-like tumorigenic cells in luminal subtype human breast cancer xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 5774–9.
52. Practice Bulletin ACOG No. 141: Management of Menopausal Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 202–16.
53. Wiebe JP et al. The 4-pregnene and 5a-pregnane progesterone metabolites formed in nontumorous and tumorous breast tissue have opposite effects on breast cell proliferation and adhesion. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 936–43.
54. Bray JD, Jelinsky S, Ghatge R et al. Quantitative analysis of gene regulation by seven clinically relevant progestins suggests a highly similar mechanism of action through progesterone receptors in T47D breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 328–41.
55. Fu XD, Giretti MS, Goglia L et al. Comparative actions of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, drospirenone and nestorone on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 166.
56. Otto C, Fuchs I, Altmann H et al. Comparative analysis of the uterine and mammary gland effects of drospirenone and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Endocrinology 2008; 149 (8): 3952–9.
57. Hofseth LJ, Raafat AM, Osuch JR et al. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the normal postmenopausal breast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4559–65.

________________________________________________

1. NCCN – Evidence-Based Cancer Guidelines https://www.nccn.org/
2. Iureneva S.V. Vedenie zhenshchin s menopauzal'nymi rasstroistvami. Optimizatsiia riskov. M., 2016. [in Russian]
3. Balan V.E., Andreeva E.N., Il'ina L.M. ZGT i rak molochnoi zhelezy: khronologiia nauchnykh dokazatel'stv prichiny neobosnovannogo ustoichivogo strakha. Obzor. Probl. reproduktsii. 2013; 4: 94–102. [in Russian]
4. Smetnik V.P., Konovalova V.N. Zamestitel'naia gormonoterapiia i risk raka molochnykh zhelez u zhenshchin v postmenopuze: analiz nekotorykh epidemiologicheskikh issledovanii. Ros. onkol. zhurn. 2011; 2: 53–6. [in Russian]
5. Gompel А, Santen RJ. Hormone therapy and breast cancer risk 10 years after the WHI.
6. Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A; IMS Writing Group. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women's midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric 2016; 19: 109–50. DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166
7. Kaprin A.D., Starinskii V.V., Petrova G.V. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniia v Rossii v 2015 godu (zabolevaemost' i smertnost'). M.: MNIOI im. P.A.Gertsena, filial FGBU NMIRTs Minzdrava Rossii, 2017. [in Russian]
8. Coates AS. Evolution of the St. Gallen Consensus process for the optimal treatment of women with breast cancer. The Breast 2015; 24 (Suppl. 1): PG 0.1.
9. Semiglazov V.F., Paltuev R.M., Semiglazov V.V. i dr. Obshchie rekomendatsii po lecheniiu rannego raka molochnoi zhelezy St. Gallen-2015, adaptirovannye ekspertami Rossiiskogo obshchestva onkomammologov. Opukholi zhenskoi reproduktivnoi sistemy. 2015; 3: 43–60. [in Russian]
10. Shapiro S, Farmer RD, Stevenson JC et al. Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies: Part 5. Trends in breast cancer incidence in relation to the use of HRT. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2013; 39 (39): 80–8.
11. Imianitov E.N. Fundamental'naia onkologiia v 2011 godu: obzor naibolee interesnykh otkrytiĭ. Prakt. onkologiia. 2012; 13 (1): 1–8. [in Russian]
12. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S et al. Primary Breast Cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2015; 26 (5): 8–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv298
13. Iureneva S.V., Il'ina L.M. Vedenie zhenshchin v postmenopauze: na chto opirat'sia vrachu v klinicheskoi praktike? Med. sovet. 2014; 9: 34–9. [in Russian]
14. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 359–86. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29210
15. WHO, corp-author. http://www.who.int/cancer/detection/breastcancer/en/index1.html Breast cancer: Prevention and control. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
16. Chen C-L, Weiss NS, Newcomb P et al. Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer. JAMA 2002; 287: 734–41.
17. Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women Principal Results From the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (3): 321–33.
18. Fentiman IS. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56 (10): 755–9.
19. Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Ritenbaugh C et al. Estrogen plus progestin and colorectal cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (10): 991–1004.
20. Li CI, Malone KE, Porter PL et al. Relationship between long duration and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. JAMA 2003; 289: 3254–63.
21. Khamoshina M.B., Bril' Iu.A. Menopauzal'nye rasstroistva – variativnost' terapevticheskikh podkhodov. M., 2014. [in Russian]
22. Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15082697
23. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–33.
24. LaCroix AZ, Chlebowski RT, Manson JE et al. Health outcomes after stopping conjugated equine estrogens among postmenopausal women with prior hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011; 305: 1305–14.
25. Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 2006; 295: 1647–57.
26. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Wise LA, Adams-Campbell LL. A prospective study of female hormone use and breast cancer among black women. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 760–5.
27. McTiernan A, Chlebowski RT, Martin C et al. Conjugated equine estrogen influence on mammographic density in postmenopausal women in a substudy of the women's health initiative randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 6135–43.
28. Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003; 362: 419–27.
29. Chen WY, Manson JE, Hankinson SE et al. Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1027–32.
30. Chlebowski RT. Menopausal hormone therapy, hormone receptor status, and lung cancer in women. Semin Oncol 2009; 36: 566–71.
31. Santen RJ, Allred DC. The estrogen paradox. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 496–97.
32. Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT et al. Conjugated equine estrogen and risk of benign proliferative breast disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 563–71.
33. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavell-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replace- ment therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 107: 103–11.
34. Bakken K, Fournier A, Lund E et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: impact of different treatments. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 144–56.
35. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK et al. Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 476–86.
36. ACOG Committee opinion No 556 . Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy: Route of Administration and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121: 887–904.
37. Kuhl H, Schneider HPG. Progesterone – promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer. Climacteric 2013; 16 (Suppl. 1): 54–68.
38. McTiernan A, Martin CF, Peck JD et al. Estrogen-plus-progestin use and mammographic density in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1366–76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174858
39. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD et al. WHI Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmeno- pausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 289: 3243–53.
40. Protasova A.E., Vandeeva E.N. Diffuznye zabolevaniia molochnoi zhelezy: novyi vektor targetnoi terapii. Gynecology. 2017; 19 (2): 48–55. [in Russian]
41. Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2010; 304: 1684–92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959578
42. Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 573–87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19196674
43. Wiegratz I. Effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones on breast epithelium. Meeting Abstracts of the 12th World Congress on the Menopause. Climacteric 2008; 11 (Suppl. 2): 56.
44. Anderson GL, Chlebowski RT, Rossouw JE et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin. Maturitas 2006; 55: 103–15.
45. Fournier A, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Estrogen-progestagen menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer: does delay from menopause onset to treatment initiation influence risks? J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5138–43.
46. Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavell-Chapelon F. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replace- ment therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 107: 103–11.
47. Cordina-Duverger E, Truong T, Anger A et al. Risk of breast cancer by type of menopausal hormone therapy: a case- control study among post-menopausal women in France. PLoS One 2013; 8: e78016.
48. Lyytinen H, Pukkala E, Ylikorkala O. Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using estradiol–progestogen therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 65–73.
49. Santen RJ, Allred DC, Ardoin CA et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (Suppl. 1): 1–66.
50. Santen RJ. Risk of breast cancer with progestins: critical assessment of current data. Steroids 2003; 68: 953–64. Ross RK et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 328–32.
51. Horwitz KB et al. Rare steroid receptor-negative basal-like tumorigenic cells in luminal subtype human breast cancer xenografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 5774–9.
52. Practice Bulletin ACOG No. 141: Management of Menopausal Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 202–16.
53. Wiebe JP et al. The 4-pregnene and 5a-pregnane progesterone metabolites formed in nontumorous and tumorous breast tissue have opposite effects on breast cell proliferation and adhesion. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 936–43.
54. Bray JD, Jelinsky S, Ghatge R et al. Quantitative analysis of gene regulation by seven clinically relevant progestins suggests a highly similar mechanism of action through progesterone receptors in T47D breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 328–41.
55. Fu XD, Giretti MS, Goglia L et al. Comparative actions of progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, drospirenone and nestorone on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 166.
56. Otto C, Fuchs I, Altmann H et al. Comparative analysis of the uterine and mammary gland effects of drospirenone and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Endocrinology 2008; 149 (8): 3952–9.
57. Hofseth LJ, Raafat AM, Osuch JR et al. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the normal postmenopausal breast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4559–65.

А.Э.Протасова*1–3, С.В.Юренева4, Е.Н.Вандеева3

1. ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет». 199034, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7/9;
2. ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И.Мечникова» Минздрава России. 191015, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, д. 41;
3. ФГБУ «Северо-Западный федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А.Алмазова» Минздрава России. 197341, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2;
4. ФГБУ «Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. акад. В.И.Кулакова» Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Академика Опарина, д. 4
*protasova1966@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

A.E.Protasova1–3, S.V.Yureneva4, E.N.Vandeeva3

1. Saint Petersburg State University. 199034, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Universitetskaia nab., d. 7/9;
2. I.I.Mechnikov North-West State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 191015, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, ul. Kirochnaia, d. 41;
3. V.A.Almazov North-West Federal Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 197341, Russian Federation, 
Saint Petersburg, ul. Akkuratova, d. 2;
4. V.I.Kulakov Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Akademika Oparina, d. 4
*protasova1966@yandex.ru