Омега-3-полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты в поддержке беременности и развития плода: вопросы дозирования

1. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Захарова И.Н. и др. Омега-3- полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты: природные источники и значение в педиатрической практике. РМЖ. 2017; 25 (11): 836–42.
[Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu., Zakharova I.N. et al. Omega-3 polinenasyshchennye zhirnye kisloty: prirodnye istochniki i znachenie v pediatricheskoi praktike. RMZh. 2017; 25 (11): 836–42 (in Russian).]
2. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Лиманова О.А., Серов В.Н. О профилактической, лечебной и избыточной дозе омега-3-полиненасыщенных жирных кислот в прегравидарный период, во время беременности и кормления грудью. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2014; 45: 28–37.
[Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu., Limanova O.A., Serov V.N. O profilakticheskoi, lechebnoi i izbytochnoi doze omega-3 polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot v pregravidarnyi period, vo vremia beremennosti i kormleniia grud'iu. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. 2014; 45: 28–37 (in Russian).]
3. Richter CK, Bowen KJ, Mozaffarian D et al. Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003–2008. Lipids 2017; 52 (11): 917–27. DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4297-3
4. Liu MJ, Li HT, Yu LX et al. A Correlation Study of DHA Dietary Intake and Plasma, Erythrocyte and Breast Milk DHA Concentrations in Lactating Women from Coastland, Lakeland, and Inland Areas of China. Nutrients 2016; 8 (5): 312. DOI: 10.3390/nu8050312
5. Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N Jr. Estimated Dietary Intakes of Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Infants and Young Children Living in Developing Countries. Ann Nutr Metab 2016; 69 (1): 64–74. DOI: 10.1159/000448526
6. Muthayya S, Dwarkanath P, Thomas T et al. The effect of fish and omega-3 LCPUFA intake on low birth weight in Indian pregnant women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (3): 340–6. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.160293317957193
7. Лиманова О.А., Громова О.А., Волков А.Ю. и др. Низкое потребление омега-3-ПНЖК полиненасыщенных жирных кислот и риск различных заболеваний у женщин репродуктивного возраста. РМЖ. 2017; 10. https://www.rmj.ru/articles/ginekologiya/nizkoe-potreblenie-omega-3-polinenasyshchennykh-zhirnykh-ki....
[Limanova O.A., Gromova O.A., Volkov A.Iu. et al. Nizkoe potreblenie omega-3 PNZhK polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot i risk razlichnykh zabolevanii u zhenshchin reproduktivnogo vozrasta. RMZh. 2017; 10. https://www.rmj.ru/articles/ginekologiya/nizkoe-potreblenie-omega-3-polinenasyshchennykh-zhirnykh-ki... al (in Russian).]
8. Torshin IY, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. Part 1: factorization approach. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017; 27 (1): 16−28. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661817010151 
9. Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. Part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017; 27 (2): 184−99. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661817020110 
10. Torshin IY. Optimal dictionaries of the final information on the basis of the solvability criterion and their applications in bioinformatics. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2013; 23 (2): 319−27. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661813020156 
11. Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. Part 2: density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2016; 26 (3): 483−96. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661816030202 
12. Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the Procedures of Generation of Numerical Features Over Partitions of Sets of Objects in the Problem of Predicting Numerical Target Variables. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 2019; 29 (4): 654–67. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661819040175
13. Maki KC, Yurko-Mauro K, Dicklin MR et al. A new, microalgal DHA- and EPA-containing oil lowers triacylglycerols in adults with mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91 (4): 141–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.012
14. AbuMweis SS, Panchal SK, Jones PJH. Triacylglycerol-Lowering Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Not Influenced by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Humans. Lipids 2018. DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12096
15. Sparkes C, Gibson R, Sinclair A et al. Effect of Low Dose Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pre-Menopausal Women: A Dose-Response Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10 (10). DOI: 10.3390/nu10101460
16. Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendia LE, Mikhailidis DP et al. Effect of omega-3 supplements on plasma apolipoprotein C-III concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med 2018: 1–11. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1511919
17. Lopez-Huertas E. The effect of EPA and DHA on metabolic syndrome patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 (Suppl. 2): S185–94. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512001572
18. Vericel E, Colas R, Calzada C et al. Moderate oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid improves platelet function and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114 (2): 289–96. DOI: 10.1160/TH14-12-1003
19. Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю. Микронутриенты и репродуктивное здоровье. Руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2019. 
[Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Micronutrients and reproductive health. Guide. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2019 (in Russian).]
20. Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Кобалава Ж.Д. О репрессиях w-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот адептами доказательной медицины. ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИКА. Современная фармакоэкономика и фармакоэпидемиология. 2019; 12 (2): 91–114. DOI: 10.17749/2070-4909.2019.12.2.91-114
[Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Kobalava Zh.D. Concerning the “repression” of w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by adepts of evidencebased medicine. FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern pharmacoeconomic and pharmacoepidemiology. 2019; 12 (2): 91–114. DOI: 10.17749/2070-4909.2019.12.2.91-114 (in Russian).]
21. Borges MC, Schmidt AF, Jefferis B et al. Circulating Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis in Up to 16 126 Participants. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9 (5): e013131. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013131. PubMed PMID: 32114887.
22. Marston NA, Giugliano RP, Im K et al. Association Between Triglyceride Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Across Multiple Lipid-Lowering Therapeutic Classes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Circulation 2019; 140 (16): 1308–17. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998. PubMed PMID: 31530008; PMCID: PMC6791781.
23. Hodson L, Bhatia L, Scorletti E et al. Docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in NAFLD is associated with improvements in hepatic metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71 (8): 973–9. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.9
24. Wang F, Wang Y, Zhu Y et al. Treatment for 6 months with fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has neutral effects on glycemic control but improves dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56 (7): 2415–22. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1352-4. PubMed PMID 27913872.
25. Jacobo-Cejudo MG, Valdés-Ramos R, Guadarrama-López AL et al. Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Nutrients 2017; 9 (6): 573. DOI: 10.3390/nu9060573. PubMed PMID 28587203.
26. Cruz-Hernandez C, Destaillats F, Thakkar SK et al. Monoacylglycerol-enriched oil increases EPA/DHA delivery to circulatory system in humans with induced lipid malabsorption conditions. J Lipid Res 2016; 57 (12): 2208–16. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.P070144
27. Becic T, Studenik C. Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Adipocytokines in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Metab J 2018; 42 (2): 101–16. DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.42.2.101. PubMed PMID: 29676540; PMCID: PMC5911513.
28. Chinnery HR, Naranjo Golborne C, Downie LE. Omega-3 supplementation is neuroprotective to corneal nerves in dry eye disease: a pilot study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37 (4): 473–81. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12365. PubMed PMID 28295445.
29. Bozzatello P, Brignolo E, De Grandi E, Bellino S. Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. J Clin Med 2016; 5 (8). DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080067
30. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003; 13 (4): 267–71
31. Zhang MM, Zou Y, Li SM et al. The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10 (1): 193. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00886-3. PubMed PMID: 32555188; PMCID: PMC7299975.
32. Harris MA, Reece MS, McGregor JA et al. The Effect of Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Gestational Length: Randomized Trial of Supplementation Compared to Nutrition Education for Increasing n-3 Intake from Foods. Biomed Res Int 2015: 123078. DOI: 10.1155/2015/123078
33. Prado EL, Ashorn U, Phuka J et al. Associations of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and post-partum with maternal cognition and caregiving. Matern Child Nutr 2018; 14 (2): e12546. DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12546. PubMed PMID 29098783.
34. Arvizu M, Afeiche MC, Hansen S et al. Fat intake during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a prospective cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73 (7). DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0290-z
35. Bakouei F, Delavar MA, Mashayekh-Amiri S et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prevention of pregnancy induced- hypertension or preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 59 (1): 8–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.11.002. PubMed PMID: 32039806.
36. Stoutjesdijk E, Schaafsma A, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Fish oil supplemental dose needed to reach 1g% DHA+EPA in mature milk. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 128: 53–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.11.003
37. Deng J, Li X, Ding Z, Wu Y et al. Effect of DHA supplements during pregnancy on the concentration of PUFA in breast milk of Chinese lactating mothers. J Perinat Med 2017; 45 (4): 437–41. DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0438
38. Gustafson KM, Carlson SE, Colombo J et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on fetal heart rate and variability: a randomized clinical trial.Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88 (5): 331–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.01.009
39. Granot E, Jakobovich E, Rabinowitz R et al. DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation affects infants' cellular but not humoral immune response. Mediators Inflamm 2011: 493925. DOI: 10.1155/2011/493925
40. Ramakrishnan U, Stein AD, Parra-Cabrera S et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 31 (Suppl. 2): S108–16. DOI: 10.1177/15648265100312S203
41. Mulder KA, King DJ, Innis SM. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in infants before birth identified using a randomized trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy.PLoS One 2014; 9 (1): e83764. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083764
42. Shulkin M, Pimpin L, Bellinger D et al. N-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Mothers, Preterm Infants, and Term Infants and Childhood Psychomotor and Visual Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr 2018; 148 (3): 409–18. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx031. PubMed PMID: 29546296; PMCID: PMC6251555.
43. Торшин И.Ю., Громова О.А., Зайчик Б.Ц., Ружицкий А.О. Комплексное исследование состава экстрактов жира рыб и количественные критерии для различения стандартизированных экстрактов омега-3-полиненасыщенных жирных кислот. Кардиология. 2020; 60 (5): 1–10. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.5.n1053
[Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Zaychik B.Ts., Ruzhitsky A.O. Comprehensive study of the compositionof fish fat extracts and quantitative criteria for distinguishing standardized omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids extracts. Kardiologiia. 2020; 60 (5): 1–10. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.5.n1053 (in Russian).]

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1. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu., Zakharova I.N. et al. Omega-3 polinenasyshchennye zhirnye kisloty: prirodnye istochniki i znachenie v pediatricheskoi praktike. RMZh. 2017; 25 (11): 836–42 (in Russian).
2. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Iu., Limanova O.A., Serov V.N. O profilakticheskoi, lechebnoi i izbytochnoi doze omega-3 polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot v pregravidarnyi period, vo vremia beremennosti i kormleniia grud'iu. Effektivnaia farmakoterapiia. 2014; 45: 28–37 (in Russian).
3. Richter CK, Bowen KJ, Mozaffarian D et al. Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003–2008. Lipids 2017; 52 (11): 917–27. DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4297-3
4. Liu MJ, Li HT, Yu LX et al. A Correlation Study of DHA Dietary Intake and Plasma, Erythrocyte and Breast Milk DHA Concentrations in Lactating Women from Coastland, Lakeland, and Inland Areas of China. Nutrients 2016; 8 (5): 312. DOI: 10.3390/nu8050312
5. Forsyth S, Gautier S, Salem N Jr. Estimated Dietary Intakes of Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Infants and Young Children Living in Developing Countries. Ann Nutr Metab 2016; 69 (1): 64–74. DOI: 10.1159/000448526
6. Muthayya S, Dwarkanath P, Thomas T et al. The effect of fish and omega-3 LCPUFA intake on low birth weight in Indian pregnant women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63 (3): 340–6. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.160293317957193
7. Limanova O.A., Gromova O.A., Volkov A.Iu. et al. Nizkoe potreblenie omega-3 PNZhK polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot i risk razlichnykh zabolevanii u zhenshchin reproduktivnogo vozrasta. RMZh. 2017; 10. https://www.rmj.ru/articles/ginekologiya/nizkoe-potreblenie-omega-3-polinenasyshchennykh-zhirnykh-ki... al (in Russian).
8. Torshin IY, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. Part 1: factorization approach. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017; 27 (1): 16−28. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661817010151 
9. Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. Combinatorial analysis of the solvability properties of the problems of recognition and completeness of algorithmic models. Part 2: metric approach within the framework of the theory of classification of feature values. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2017; 27 (2): 184−99. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661817020110 
10. Torshin IY. Optimal dictionaries of the final information on the basis of the solvability criterion and their applications in bioinformatics. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2013; 23 (2): 319−27. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661813020156 
11. Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On metric spaces arising during formalization of problems of recognition and classification. Part 2: density properties. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Advances in Mathematical Theory and Applications). 2016; 26 (3): 483−96. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661816030202 
12. Torshin IYu, Rudakov KV. On the Procedures of Generation of Numerical Features Over Partitions of Sets of Objects in the Problem of Predicting Numerical Target Variables. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis. 2019; 29 (4): 654–67. DOI: 10.1134/S1054661819040175
13. Maki KC, Yurko-Mauro K, Dicklin MR et al. A new, microalgal DHA- and EPA-containing oil lowers triacylglycerols in adults with mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91 (4): 141–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.012
14. AbuMweis SS, Panchal SK, Jones PJH. Triacylglycerol-Lowering Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Not Influenced by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Humans. Lipids 2018. DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12096
15. Sparkes C, Gibson R, Sinclair A et al. Effect of Low Dose Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Fish Oil on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Pre-Menopausal Women: A Dose-Response Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10 (10). DOI: 10.3390/nu10101460
16. Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendia LE, Mikhailidis DP et al. Effect of omega-3 supplements on plasma apolipoprotein C-III concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med 2018: 1–11. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1511919
17. Lopez-Huertas E. The effect of EPA and DHA on metabolic syndrome patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 (Suppl. 2): S185–94. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512001572
18. Vericel E, Colas R, Calzada C et al. Moderate oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid improves platelet function and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114 (2): 289–96. DOI: 10.1160/TH14-12-1003
19. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Micronutrients and reproductive health. Guide. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2019 (in Russian).
20. Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Kobalava Zh.D. Concerning the “repression” of w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by adepts of evidencebased medicine. FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern pharmacoeconomic and pharmacoepidemiology. 2019; 12 (2): 91–114. DOI: 10.17749/2070-4909.2019.12.2.91-114 (in Russian).
21. Borges MC, Schmidt AF, Jefferis B et al. Circulating Fatty Acids and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis in Up to 16 126 Participants. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9 (5): e013131. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013131. PubMed PMID: 32114887.
22. Marston NA, Giugliano RP, Im K et al. Association Between Triglyceride Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Across Multiple Lipid-Lowering Therapeutic Classes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Circulation 2019; 140 (16): 1308–17. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041998. PubMed PMID: 31530008; PMCID: PMC6791781.
23. Hodson L, Bhatia L, Scorletti E et al. Docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in NAFLD is associated with improvements in hepatic metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71 (8): 973–9. DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.9
24. Wang F, Wang Y, Zhu Y et al. Treatment for 6 months with fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has neutral effects on glycemic control but improves dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2017; 56 (7): 2415–22. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1352-4. PubMed PMID 27913872.
25. Jacobo-Cejudo MG, Valdés-Ramos R, Guadarrama-López AL et al. Effect of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Nutrients 2017; 9 (6): 573. DOI: 10.3390/nu9060573. PubMed PMID 28587203.
26. Cruz-Hernandez C, Destaillats F, Thakkar SK et al. Monoacylglycerol-enriched oil increases EPA/DHA delivery to circulatory system in humans with induced lipid malabsorption conditions. J Lipid Res 2016; 57 (12): 2208–16. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.P070144
27. Becic T, Studenik C. Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Adipocytokines in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Metab J 2018; 42 (2): 101–16. DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.42.2.101. PubMed PMID: 29676540; PMCID: PMC5911513.
28. Chinnery HR, Naranjo Golborne C, Downie LE. Omega-3 supplementation is neuroprotective to corneal nerves in dry eye disease: a pilot study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37 (4): 473–81. DOI: 10.1111/opo.12365. PubMed PMID 28295445.
29. Bozzatello P, Brignolo E, De Grandi E, Bellino S. Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. J Clin Med 2016; 5 (8). DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080067
30. Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003; 13 (4): 267–71
31. Zhang MM, Zou Y, Li SM et al. The efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acids on depressive symptoms in perinatal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10 (1): 193. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00886-3. PubMed PMID: 32555188; PMCID: PMC7299975.
32. Harris MA, Reece MS, McGregor JA et al. The Effect of Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Gestational Length: Randomized Trial of Supplementation Compared to Nutrition Education for Increasing n-3 Intake from Foods. Biomed Res Int 2015: 123078. DOI: 10.1155/2015/123078
33. Prado EL, Ashorn U, Phuka J et al. Associations of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and post-partum with maternal cognition and caregiving. Matern Child Nutr 2018; 14 (2): e12546. DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12546. PubMed PMID 29098783.
34. Arvizu M, Afeiche MC, Hansen S et al. Fat intake during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a prospective cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73 (7). DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0290-z
35. Bakouei F, Delavar MA, Mashayekh-Amiri S et al. Efficacy of n-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prevention of pregnancy induced- hypertension or preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 59 (1): 8–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.11.002. PubMed PMID: 32039806.
36. Stoutjesdijk E, Schaafsma A, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Fish oil supplemental dose needed to reach 1g% DHA+EPA in mature milk. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 128: 53–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.11.003
37. Deng J, Li X, Ding Z, Wu Y et al. Effect of DHA supplements during pregnancy on the concentration of PUFA in breast milk of Chinese lactating mothers. J Perinat Med 2017; 45 (4): 437–41. DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2015-0438
38. Gustafson KM, Carlson SE, Colombo J et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on fetal heart rate and variability: a randomized clinical trial.Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88 (5): 331–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.01.009
39. Granot E, Jakobovich E, Rabinowitz R et al. DHA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation affects infants' cellular but not humoral immune response. Mediators Inflamm 2011: 493925. DOI: 10.1155/2011/493925
40. Ramakrishnan U, Stein AD, Parra-Cabrera S et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull 2010; 31 (Suppl. 2): S108–16. DOI: 10.1177/15648265100312S203
41. Mulder KA, King DJ, Innis SM. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in infants before birth identified using a randomized trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy.PLoS One 2014; 9 (1): e83764. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083764
42. Shulkin M, Pimpin L, Bellinger D et al. N-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Mothers, Preterm Infants, and Term Infants and Childhood Psychomotor and Visual Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr 2018; 148 (3): 409–18. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx031. PubMed PMID: 29546296; PMCID: PMC6251555.
43. Torshin I.Yu., Gromova O.A., Zaychik B.Ts., Ruzhitsky A.O. Comprehensive study of the compositionof fish fat extracts and quantitative criteria for distinguishing standardized omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids extracts. Kardiologiia. 2020; 60 (5): 1–10. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.5.n1053 (in Russian).

О.А. Громова*1, И.Ю. Торшин1, Т.Р. Гришина2, С.И. Малявская3

1 Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» РАН, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБОУ ВО «Ивановская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России, Иваново, Россия;
3 ФГБОУ ВО «Северный государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, Архангельск, Россия
*unesco.gromova@gmail.com

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Olga A. Gromova*1, Ivan Iu. Torshin1, Tatiana R. Grishina2, Svetlana I. Maliavskaia3

1 Federal Research Center “Informatics and Management”, Moscow, Russia;
2 Ivanovo State Medical Academy, Ivanovo, Russia;
3 Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
*unesco.gromova@gmail.com