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Факторы риска и особенности течения COVID-19 у беременных: сравнительный анализ эпидемических вспышек 2020 и 2021 г.
Факторы риска и особенности течения COVID-19 у беременных: сравнительный анализ эпидемических вспышек 2020 и 2021 г.
Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова Н.И., Колмакова К.А., Шаметова Е.А. Факторы риска и особенности течения COVID-19 у беременных: сравнительный анализ эпидемических вспышек 2020 и 2021 г. Гинекология. 2021; 23 (5): 421–427. DOI: 10.26442/20795696.2021.5.201107
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Аннотация
Цель. Сравнить факторы риска, особенности течения и исходы COVID-19 у беременных в периоды эпидемических подъемов заболеваемости 2020 и 2021 г.
Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли 163 беременные с лабораторно подтвержденной SARS-CoV-2-инфекцией в мае – декабре 2020 г. (1–2-я волна эпидемии) и 158 беременных, заболевших новой коронавирусной инфекцией в мае – августе 2021 г. (3-я волна эпидемии). Пациентки всех групп были сопоставимы по возрасту (18–35 лет), социальному статусу, паритету, индексу массы тела, не имели известных факторов риска COVID-19.
Результаты. Железодефицитная анемия, курение, принадлежность к бурятской этнической группе оказались устойчивыми факторами риска COVID-19 у беременных. В 1-й год пандемии из клинических проявлений новой коронавирусной инфекции у беременных преобладали аносмия (87,7%), сонливость (68,7%), одышка даже при легкой степени поражения легких (68,1%). В 3-ю волну 2-го года пандемии ведущими симптомами стали кашель (70,3% vs 38,7%, р<0,001), насморк (46,2% vs 3,7%, р<0,001), боли в горле (36,7% vs 3,7%, р<0,001); чаще регистрировались лихорадка выше 38ºС (19,6% vs 7,4%, р=0,006), пневмонии при компьютерной томографии (61,4% vs 21,4%; р<0,001). Существенно повысилась частота возникновения тяжелых степеней поражения легких (при компьютерной томографии 3–4: 17,7% vs 4,9%; р<0,001) и госпитализаций в реанимационные отделения (11,4% vs 6,4%; р=0,041). Возникла потребность в проведении инвазивной искусственной вентиляции легких (1,89% vs 0%; p=0,118). Зарегистрирован 1 летальный исход (0,63% vs 0%; р=0,492), который был связан с молниеносным течением COVID-19.
Заключение. Устойчивыми конфаундерами COVID-19 у беременных, не имеющих известных факторов риска в III триместре гестации, являются железодефицитная анемия, курение, принадлежность к бурятской этногруппе. Клиническое течение SARS-CoV-2-инфекции изменилось и стало более неблагоприятным: начали преобладать симптомы острого респираторного заболевания (кашель, насморк, боли в горле), возросли частота и тяжесть пневмоний, летальных исходов.
Ключевые слова: беременность, коронавирусная инфекция, COVID-19, клиника, пневмония, факторы риска, исходы
Materials and methods. The study included 163 pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within May – December 2020 (1st–2nd waves of the epidemic) and 158 pregnant women who had new coronavirus infection within May – August 2021 (3rd wave of the epidemic). Patients in all groups were comparable in age (18–35 years), social status, parity, body mass index, and had no known risk factors for COVID-19.
Results. Iron deficiency anemia, smoking, belonging to the Buryat ethnic group were recognized as persistent risk factors for COVID-19 in pregnant women. Over the 1st year of the pandemic, in pregnant women, the following clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection were commonly seen: anosmia (87.7%), somnolence (68.7%), shortness of breath even with a mild lung damage (68.1%). In the 3rd wave of the 2nd year of the pandemic, the leading signs and symptoms were cough (70.3% vs 38.7%, p<0.001), runny nose (46.2% vs 3.7%, p<0001), sore throat (367% vs 37%, p<0.001); an increase in body temperature above 38°C (19.6% vs 7,4%, p=0.006), pneumonia detected by computed tomography (61.4% vs 21.4%; p<0.001). There was a significant increase in the incidence of severe lung lesions (with computed tomography 3–4: 17.7% vs 4.9%; p<0.001) and admissions to intensive care units (11.4% vs 6.4%; p=0041). There was a need for invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0%; p=0.118). There was 1 death (0.63% vs 0%; p=0.492), which was associated with the fulminant course of COVID-19.
Conclusion. Persistent COVID-19 confounders in pregnant women who have no known risk factors in the third trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, smoking, and belonging to the Buryat ethnic group. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed and became more unfavorable: symptoms of acute respiratory disease (cough, runny nose, sore throat) began to prevail, the rate and severity of pneumonia and rate of mortality increased.
Keywords: pregnancy, coronavirus infection, COVID-19, clinic, pneumonia, risk factors, outcomes
Материалы и методы. В исследование вошли 163 беременные с лабораторно подтвержденной SARS-CoV-2-инфекцией в мае – декабре 2020 г. (1–2-я волна эпидемии) и 158 беременных, заболевших новой коронавирусной инфекцией в мае – августе 2021 г. (3-я волна эпидемии). Пациентки всех групп были сопоставимы по возрасту (18–35 лет), социальному статусу, паритету, индексу массы тела, не имели известных факторов риска COVID-19.
Результаты. Железодефицитная анемия, курение, принадлежность к бурятской этнической группе оказались устойчивыми факторами риска COVID-19 у беременных. В 1-й год пандемии из клинических проявлений новой коронавирусной инфекции у беременных преобладали аносмия (87,7%), сонливость (68,7%), одышка даже при легкой степени поражения легких (68,1%). В 3-ю волну 2-го года пандемии ведущими симптомами стали кашель (70,3% vs 38,7%, р<0,001), насморк (46,2% vs 3,7%, р<0,001), боли в горле (36,7% vs 3,7%, р<0,001); чаще регистрировались лихорадка выше 38ºС (19,6% vs 7,4%, р=0,006), пневмонии при компьютерной томографии (61,4% vs 21,4%; р<0,001). Существенно повысилась частота возникновения тяжелых степеней поражения легких (при компьютерной томографии 3–4: 17,7% vs 4,9%; р<0,001) и госпитализаций в реанимационные отделения (11,4% vs 6,4%; р=0,041). Возникла потребность в проведении инвазивной искусственной вентиляции легких (1,89% vs 0%; p=0,118). Зарегистрирован 1 летальный исход (0,63% vs 0%; р=0,492), который был связан с молниеносным течением COVID-19.
Заключение. Устойчивыми конфаундерами COVID-19 у беременных, не имеющих известных факторов риска в III триместре гестации, являются железодефицитная анемия, курение, принадлежность к бурятской этногруппе. Клиническое течение SARS-CoV-2-инфекции изменилось и стало более неблагоприятным: начали преобладать симптомы острого респираторного заболевания (кашель, насморк, боли в горле), возросли частота и тяжесть пневмоний, летальных исходов.
Ключевые слова: беременность, коронавирусная инфекция, COVID-19, клиника, пневмония, факторы риска, исходы
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Materials and methods. The study included 163 pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within May – December 2020 (1st–2nd waves of the epidemic) and 158 pregnant women who had new coronavirus infection within May – August 2021 (3rd wave of the epidemic). Patients in all groups were comparable in age (18–35 years), social status, parity, body mass index, and had no known risk factors for COVID-19.
Results. Iron deficiency anemia, smoking, belonging to the Buryat ethnic group were recognized as persistent risk factors for COVID-19 in pregnant women. Over the 1st year of the pandemic, in pregnant women, the following clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection were commonly seen: anosmia (87.7%), somnolence (68.7%), shortness of breath even with a mild lung damage (68.1%). In the 3rd wave of the 2nd year of the pandemic, the leading signs and symptoms were cough (70.3% vs 38.7%, p<0.001), runny nose (46.2% vs 3.7%, p<0001), sore throat (367% vs 37%, p<0.001); an increase in body temperature above 38°C (19.6% vs 7,4%, p=0.006), pneumonia detected by computed tomography (61.4% vs 21.4%; p<0.001). There was a significant increase in the incidence of severe lung lesions (with computed tomography 3–4: 17.7% vs 4.9%; p<0.001) and admissions to intensive care units (11.4% vs 6.4%; p=0041). There was a need for invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0%; p=0.118). There was 1 death (0.63% vs 0%; p=0.492), which was associated with the fulminant course of COVID-19.
Conclusion. Persistent COVID-19 confounders in pregnant women who have no known risk factors in the third trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, smoking, and belonging to the Buryat ethnic group. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed and became more unfavorable: symptoms of acute respiratory disease (cough, runny nose, sore throat) began to prevail, the rate and severity of pneumonia and rate of mortality increased.
Keywords: pregnancy, coronavirus infection, COVID-19, clinic, pneumonia, risk factors, outcomes
Полный текст
Список литературы
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3. Koronavirus. Karta rasprostraneniia i statistika. Available at: https://coronavirus-monitor.info. Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian).
4. Di Mascio D, Sen C, Saccone G, et al. Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(9):950-8. DOI:10.1515/jpm-2020-0355
5. Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021:e2208. DOI:10.1002/rmv.2208
6. Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, et al. CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status – United States, January 22 – October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1641-7. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
7. Belokrinitskaya TE, Artymuk NV, Filippov OS, Frolova NI. Clinical course, maternal and perinatal outcomes of 2019 novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) in pregnant women in Siberia and Far. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;2:48-54 (in Russian).
8. Belokrinitskaya TE, Frolova NI, Shapovalov KG, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant and non-pregnant women of early reproductive age. Gynecology. 2021;23(3):255-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/20795696.2021.3.200882
9. Organization of medical care for pregnant women, women in labor, women in labor and newborns with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Methodological recommendations. Ministry of Health of Russia. Version 4. 05.07.2021. Available at: https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/057/333/original/05072021_MR_Preg_v.... Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian).
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11. Tang YM, Chen XZ, Li GR, et al. Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006;35(1):79-81.
12. Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, et al. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J. 2020;35(5):e166. DOI:10.5001/omj.2020.108
13. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. World Health Organization. 2016. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250796. Accessed: 15.08.2021.
14. Ronnenberg AG, Goldman MB, Aitken IW, Xu X. Anemia and Deficiencies of Folate and Vitamin B-6 Are Common and Vary with Season in Chinese Women of Childbearing Age. J Nutr. 2000;130(11):2703-10. DOI:10.1093/jn/130.11.2703
15. Singh A, Grover K. Effect of Seasonal Variation in Iron Status. Int J Med Sci. 2013;6(2):77-83.
16. Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 3, 1998/47(RR-3); 1-36. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm. Accessed: 15.08.2021.
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18. Knight M, Bunch K, Vousden N, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed infection in UK: National population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m2107. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m2107
19. Belokrinickaya TE, Frolova NI, Anohova LI. Molecular genetic predictors of pregnancy complications. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2019 (in Russian).
20. Strambovskaya NN. Klinicheskie i nekotorye patogeneticheskie aspekty nositel'stva geneticheskogo polimorfizma u bol'nykh ostroi i khronicheskoi ishemiei mozga. Diss. ... d-ra med. nauk. Tomsk, 2019 (in Russian).
21. Bourgonje AR, Abdulle АE, Timens W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-48. DOI:10.1002/path.5471
22. Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6:11. DOI:10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1
23. Belokrinitskaya TE, Shapovalov KG. Influenza and Pregnancy. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2015 (in Russian).
24. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: A secondary analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(13):1740-7. DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.13201
25. Gryzunova EM, Sovershaeva SL, Soloviev AG, et al. Hemodynamics state in “mother – placenta – fetus” system of pregnant smokers. Human Ecology. 2016;9:15-20 (in Russian). DOI:10.33396/1728-0869-2016-9-15-20
26. Kohlhammer Y, Schwartz M, Raspe H, Schäfer T. Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). A systematic review. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130(8):381-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2005-863061
27. Dolgushina NV, Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaya TE, et al. Normal pregnancy. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 2020. Available at: https://minzdravao.ru/sites/default/files/2020/1/normalnaya_beremennost.pdf. Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian).
https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-20.... Ссылка активна на 15.08.2021 [WHO Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/ru/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-themedia-briefing-on-201.... Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian)].
2. Попова А.Ю., Ежлова Е.Б., Мельникова А.А., и др. Коллективный иммунитет к SARS-CoV-2 жителей Москвы в эпидемический период COVID-19. Инфекционные болезни. 2020;18(4):8-16 [Popova AYu, Yezhlova EB, Melnikova AA, et al. Collective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 of Moscow residents during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Infectious Diseases). 2020;18(4):8-16 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.20953/1729-9225-2020-4-8-16
3. Коронавирус. Карта распространения и статистика. Режим доступа:
https://coronavirus-monitor.info. Ссылка активна на 15.08.2021 [Koronavirus. Karta rasprostraneniia i statistika. Available at: https://coronavirus-monitor.info. Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian)].
4. Di Mascio D, Sen C, Saccone G, et al. Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(9):950-8. DOI:10.1515/jpm-2020-0355
5. Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021:e2208. DOI:10.1002/rmv.2208
6. Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, et al. CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status – United States, January 22 – October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1641-7. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
7. Белокриницкая Т.Е., Артымук Н.В., Филиппов О.С., Фролова Н.И. Клиническое течение, материнские и перинатальные исходы новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 у беременных Сибири и Дальнего Востока. Акушерство и гинекология. 2021;2:48-54 [Belokrinitskaya TE, Artymuk NV, Filippov OS, Frolova NI. Clinical course, maternal and perinatal outcomes of 2019 novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) in pregnant women in Siberia and Far. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;2:48-54 (in Russian)].
8. Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова Н.И., Шаповалов К.Г., и др. COVID-19 у беременных и небеременных пациенток раннего репродуктивного возраста. Гинекология. 2021;23(3):255-9 [Belokrinitskaya TE, Frolova NI, Shapovalov KG, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant and non-pregnant women of early reproductive age. Gynecology. 2021;23(3):255-9 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/20795696.2021.3.200882
9. Организация оказания медицинской помощи беременным, роженицам, родильницам и новорожденным при новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Методические рекомендации. Минздрав России. Версия 4. 05.07.2021. Режим доступа: https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/057/333/original/05072021_MR_Preg_v.... Ссылка активна на 15.08.2021 [Organization of medical care for pregnant women, women in labor, women in labor and newborns with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Methodological recommendations. Ministry of Health of Russia. Version 4. 05.07.2021. Available at: https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/057/333/original/05072021_MR_Preg_v.... Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian)].
10. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy. Version 13: RCOG, 19.02.2021. Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2021-02-19-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-.... Accessed: 15.08.2021.
11. Tang YM, Chen XZ, Li GR, et al. Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006;35(1):79-81.
12. Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, et al. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J. 2020;35(5):e166. DOI:10.5001/omj.2020.108
13. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. World Health Organization. 2016. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250796. Accessed: 15.08.2021.
14. Ronnenberg AG, Goldman MB, Aitken IW, Xu X. Anemia and Deficiencies of Folate and Vitamin B-6 Are Common and Vary with Season in Chinese Women of Childbearing Age. J Nutr. 2000;130(11):2703-10. DOI:10.1093/jn/130.11.2703
15. Singh A, Grover K. Effect of Seasonal Variation in Iron Status. Int J Med Sci. 2013;6(2):77-83.
16. Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 3, 1998/47(RR-3); 1-36. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm. Accessed: 15.08.2021.
17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics. Anemia in Pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 233. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;138(2):e55-e64. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004477
18. Knight M, Bunch K, Vousden N, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed infection in UK: National population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m2107. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m2107
19. Белокриницкая Т.Е., Фролова Н.И., Анохова Л.И. Молекулярно-генетические предикторы осложнений беременности. Новосибирск: Наука, 2019 [Belokrinickaya TE, Frolova NI, Anohova LI. Molecular genetic predictors of pregnancy complications. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2019 (in Russian)].
20. Страмбовская Н.Н. Клинические и некоторые патогенетические аспекты носительства генетического полиморфизма у больных острой и хронической ишемией мозга. Дис. … д-ра мед. наук. Томск, 2019 [Strambovskaya NN. Klinicheskie i nekotorye patogeneticheskie aspekty nositel'stva geneticheskogo polimorfizma u bol'nykh ostroi i khronicheskoi ishemiei mozga. Diss. ... d-ra med. nauk. Tomsk, 2019 (in Russian)].
21. Bourgonje AR, Abdulle АE, Timens W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-48. DOI:10.1002/path.5471
22. Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6:11. DOI:10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1
23. Белокриницкая Т.Е., Шаповалов К.Г. Грипп и беременность. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2015 [Belokrinitskaya TE, Shapovalov KG. Influenza and Pregnancy. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2015 (in Russian)].
24. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: A secondary analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(13):1740-7. DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.13201
25. Грызунова Е.М., Совершаева С.Л., Соловьев А.Г., и др. Состояние гемодинамики в системе «мать–плацента–плод» у курящих беременных. Экология человека. 2016;9:15-20 [Gryzunova EM, Sovershaeva SL, Soloviev AG, et al. Hemodynamics state in “mother – placenta – fetus” system of pregnant smokers. Human Ecology. 2016;9:15-20 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.33396/1728-0869-2016-9-15-20
26. Kohlhammer Y, Schwartz M, Raspe H, Schäfer T. Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). A systematic review. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130(8):381-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2005-863061
27. Долгушина Н.В., Артымук Н.В., Белокриницкая Т.Е., и др. Нормальная беременность. Клинические рекомендации Минздрава России. М., 2020. Режим доступа: http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/288_1 15.03.2021. Ссылка активна на 15.08.2021 [Dolgushina NV, Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaya TE, et al. Normal pregnancy. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 2020. Available at: https://minzdravao.ru/sites/default/files/2020/1/normalnaya_beremennost.pdf. Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian)].
________________________________________________
2. Popova AYu, Yezhlova EB, Melnikova AA, et al. Collective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 of Moscow residents during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Infectious Diseases). 2020;18(4):8-16 (in Russian). DOI:10.20953/1729-9225-2020-4-8-16
3. Koronavirus. Karta rasprostraneniia i statistika. Available at: https://coronavirus-monitor.info. Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian).
4. Di Mascio D, Sen C, Saccone G, et al. Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19. J Perinat Med. 2020;48(9):950-8. DOI:10.1515/jpm-2020-0355
5. Jafari M, Pormohammad A, Sheikh Neshin SA, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 and comparison with control patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2021:e2208. DOI:10.1002/rmv.2208
6. Zambrano LD, Ellington S, Strid P, et al. CDC COVID-19 Response Pregnancy and Infant Linked Outcomes Team. Update: Characteristics of Symptomatic Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status – United States, January 22 – October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(44):1641-7. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
7. Belokrinitskaya TE, Artymuk NV, Filippov OS, Frolova NI. Clinical course, maternal and perinatal outcomes of 2019 novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) in pregnant women in Siberia and Far. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2021;2:48-54 (in Russian).
8. Belokrinitskaya TE, Frolova NI, Shapovalov KG, et al. COVID-19 in pregnant and non-pregnant women of early reproductive age. Gynecology. 2021;23(3):255-9 (in Russian). DOI:10.26442/20795696.2021.3.200882
9. Organization of medical care for pregnant women, women in labor, women in labor and newborns with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Methodological recommendations. Ministry of Health of Russia. Version 4. 05.07.2021. Available at: https://static-0.minzdrav.gov.ru/system/attachments/attaches/000/057/333/original/05072021_MR_Preg_v.... Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian).
10. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy. Version 13: RCOG, 19.02.2021. Available at: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2021-02-19-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-.... Accessed: 15.08.2021.
11. Tang YM, Chen XZ, Li GR, et al. Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2006;35(1):79-81.
12. Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, et al. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J. 2020;35(5):e166. DOI:10.5001/omj.2020.108
13. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. World Health Organization. 2016. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250796. Accessed: 15.08.2021.
14. Ronnenberg AG, Goldman MB, Aitken IW, Xu X. Anemia and Deficiencies of Folate and Vitamin B-6 Are Common and Vary with Season in Chinese Women of Childbearing Age. J Nutr. 2000;130(11):2703-10. DOI:10.1093/jn/130.11.2703
15. Singh A, Grover K. Effect of Seasonal Variation in Iron Status. Int J Med Sci. 2013;6(2):77-83.
16. Recommendations to Prevent and Control Iron Deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). April 3, 1998/47(RR-3); 1-36. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm. Accessed: 15.08.2021.
17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins – Obstetrics. Anemia in Pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 233. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;138(2):e55-e64. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000004477
18. Knight M, Bunch K, Vousden N, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed infection in UK: National population based cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m2107. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m2107
19. Belokrinickaya TE, Frolova NI, Anohova LI. Molecular genetic predictors of pregnancy complications. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2019 (in Russian).
20. Strambovskaya NN. Klinicheskie i nekotorye patogeneticheskie aspekty nositel'stva geneticheskogo polimorfizma u bol'nykh ostroi i khronicheskoi ishemiei mozga. Diss. ... d-ra med. nauk. Tomsk, 2019 (in Russian).
21. Bourgonje AR, Abdulle АE, Timens W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-48. DOI:10.1002/path.5471
22. Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6:11. DOI:10.1038/s41421-020-0147-1
23. Belokrinitskaya TE, Shapovalov KG. Influenza and Pregnancy. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2015 (in Russian).
24. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Prenatal vitamin C and E supplementation in smokers is associated with reduced placental abruption and preterm birth: A secondary analysis. BJOG. 2015;122(13):1740-7. DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.13201
25. Gryzunova EM, Sovershaeva SL, Soloviev AG, et al. Hemodynamics state in “mother – placenta – fetus” system of pregnant smokers. Human Ecology. 2016;9:15-20 (in Russian). DOI:10.33396/1728-0869-2016-9-15-20
26. Kohlhammer Y, Schwartz M, Raspe H, Schäfer T. Risk factors for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). A systematic review. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2005;130(8):381-6. DOI:10.1055/s-2005-863061
27. Dolgushina NV, Artymuk NV, Belokrinitskaya TE, et al. Normal pregnancy. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 2020. Available at: https://minzdravao.ru/sites/default/files/2020/1/normalnaya_beremennost.pdf. Accessed: 15.08.2021 (in Russian).
Авторы
Т.Е. Белокриницкая*1, Н.И. Фролова1, К.А. Колмакова1, Е.А. Шаметова2
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России, Чита, Россия;
2 ГУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №1» Минздрава России, Чита, Россия
*tanbell24@mail.ru
1 Chita State Medical Academy, Chita, Russia;
2 City Clinical Hospital №1, Chita, Russia
*tanbell24@mail.ru
1 ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава России, Чита, Россия;
2 ГУЗ «Городская клиническая больница №1» Минздрава России, Чита, Россия
*tanbell24@mail.ru
________________________________________________
1 Chita State Medical Academy, Chita, Russia;
2 City Clinical Hospital №1, Chita, Russia
*tanbell24@mail.ru
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