1. Фрейдин М.Б., Пузырев В.П. Синтропические гены аллергических заболеваний. Генетика. 2010; 46 (2).
2. Pfaundler M, von Seht L. Weiteres uber Syntropie kindlicher Krankheitzustande. Zeitschrift fur Kinderheilkunde 1921; 30: 298–313.
3. Kapoor R, Chandrakala M, Hoffstad O et al. The prevalence of atopic triad in children with physician confirmed atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 68–73.
4. Annes-Maesano I, Beyer A, Marmouz F et al. Concurrent allergic diseases, a cross sectional study in a French population. Allergy 2006; 61: 390–1.
5. Johansson SGO, Hourinehane JOB, Bousquet J et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 2001; 56: 813–24.
6. Gustaffson G, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children withatopic dermatitis – a prospective follow up to 7 years of age. Allergy 2000; 55: 240–5.
7. Фрейдин М.Б., Пузырев В.П. Синтропические гены аллергических заболеваний. Генетика. 2010; 46 (2): 255–61.
8. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 147–334.
9. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. Lancet 1998; 351: 1225–32.
10. Casale TB, Dykewicz MS. Clinical implications of the allergic rhinitis-asthma link. Am J Med Sci 2004; 327: 127–38.
11. Settipane RJ, Hagy GW, Settipane GA. Long-term risk factors for developing asthma and allergy rhinitis: a 23-year follow-up study of college students. Allergy Proc 1994; 15: 21–5.
12. Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Kony S et al. Association between asthma and rhinitis according to atopic sensitization in a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 86–93.
13. Burgess JA, Walters EH, Byrnes GB et al. Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: a longitudinal study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 863–9.
14. Rochat MK, Illi S, Ege MJ, et al. and the Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS) group* Munich and Berlin, Germany. Allergic rhinitis as a predictor for wheezing onset in school-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; p. 1170–5.
15. Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Kony S et al. Association between asthma and rhinitis according toatopic sensitization in a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 86–93.
16. Kulig M, Bergmann R, Klettke U et al. Natural course of sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 6 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 1173–9.
17. Kulig M, Klettke U, Wahn V et al. Development of seasonal allergic rhinitis during the first 7 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: 832–9.
18. Gustafsson D, Sjoberg O, Foucard T. Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis – a prospective follow-up to 7 years of age. Allergy 2000; 55: 240–5.
19. Sly PD, Boner AL, Bjorksten B et al. Early identification of atopy in the prediction of persistent asthma in children. Lancet 2008; 372: 1100–6.
20. Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Vizzaccaro A et al. Early bronchial airflow impairment in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis and bronchial hyperreactivity. Respir Med 2005; 99: 1606–12.
21. Ciprandi G, Cirillo I, Pistorio A et al. Impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma: effects on bronchodilation testing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 101: 42–6.
22. Bachert C, Vignola AM, Gevaert P et al. Allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma: one airway disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004; 24: 19–43.
23. Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108: 147–334.
24. Togias A. Systemic effects of local allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 8–14.
25. Kusel MM, de Klerk NH, Kebadze T et al. Earlylife respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 1105–10.
26. Undem BJ, McAlexander M, Hunter DD. Neurobiology of the upper and lower airways. Allergy 1999; 54: 81–93.
27. Braunstahl G-J. United Airways Concept. What Does it Teach Us about Systemic Inflammation in airways Disease? Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6: 652–4.
28. Jeffery PK, Haahtela T. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: inflammation in a one-airway condition. BMC Pulm Med 2006;
6 (Suppl. 1): S5.
29. Rimmer J, Ruhno JW. Rhinitis and asthma: united airway disease. Med J Aust 2006; 185: 565–71.
30. Braunstahl GJ, Overbeek SE, Kleinjan A t al. Nasal allergen provocation induces adhesion molecule expression and tissue eosinophilia in upper and lower airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107: 469–76.
31. Braunstahl GJ, Kleinjan A, Overbeek SE et al. Segmental bronchial provocation induces nasal inflammation in allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 2051–7.
32. Pelikan Z. Asthmatic response induced by nasal challenge with allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 148: 330–8.
33. Marcucci F, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW et al. Lower airway inflammation before and after house dust mite nasal challenge: an age and allergen exposure-related phenomenon. Respir Med 2007; 101: 1600–8.
34. Inal A, Kendirli SG, Yilmaz M et al. Indices of lower airway inflammation in children monosensitized to house dust mite after nasal allergen challenge. Allergy 2008; 63: 1345–51.
35. Inman MD. Bone marrow events in animal models of allergic inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106: S235–41.
36. Saito H, Matsumoto K, Denburg AE et al. Pathogenesis of murine experimental allergic rhinitis: A study of local and systemic consequences of il-5 deficiency. J Immunol 2002; 168: 3017–23.
37. Wang J, Palmer K, Lotvall J et al. Circulating, but not local lung, il-5 is required for the development of antigen-induced airways eosinophilia. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1132–41.
38. Beeh KM, Beier J, Kornmann O et al. A single nasal allergen challenge increases induced sputum inflammatory markers in nonasthmatic subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis: correlation with plasma interleukin-5. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33: 475–82.
39. Corren J. The connection between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2007; 13: 13–8.
40. Passalacqua G, Durham SR. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma update: allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 881–91.
41. Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S et al. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy 2007; 62: 943–8.
42. Niggemann B, Jacobsen L, Dreborg S et al. Five-year follow-up on the PAT study: specific immunotherapy and long-term prevention of asthma in children. Allergy 2006; 61: 855–9.
43. Jacobsen L, Niggemann B, Dreborg S et al.; the PAT Investigator Group. Specific immunotherapy has long-term preventive effect of seasonal and perennial asthma: 10-year follow-up on the PAT study. Allergy 2007; 62: 943–8.
44. Thio BJ, Slingerland GL, Fredriks AM et al. Influence of intranasal steroids during the grass pollen season on bronchial responsiveness in children and young adults with asthma and hay fever. Thorax 2000; 55: 826–32.
45. Agondi RC, Machado ML, Kalil J, Giavina-Bianchi P. Intranasal corticosteroid administration reduces nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness and improves asthma symptoms. J Asthma 2008; 45: 754–7.
46. Stelmach R, Patrocínio T, Nunes M et al. Effect of treating allergic rhinitis with corticosteroids in patient with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Chest 2005; 128: 3140–7.
47. Crystal-Peters J, Neslusan C, Crown WH, Torres A. Treating allergic rhinitis in patients with comorbid asthma: the risk of asthma-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 57–62.
Авторы
Н.А.Иванова1, Н.Г.Машукова2, В.А.Ревякина3
1 ГБОУ ВПО Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России
2 ГБОУ ВПО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России
3 ФГБУ Научно-исследовательский институт питания РАМН, Москва