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Грибковая инфекция глаз
Грибковая инфекция глаз
Делягин В.М., Мельникова М.Б., Джандарова Д.Т. Грибковая инфекция глаз. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). 2015; 2: 18–22.
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Аннотация
Грибковая инфекция глаза может протекать как экзогенный процесс, так и эндогенный. Экзогенный микоз обычно наблюдается после травм, инокуляции инфекции растворами, плохо обработанными линзами. Эндогенный микоз характерен для недоношенных, дистрофичных и иммунокомпрометированных пациентов. Грибковую офтальмопатию следует исключать у пациентов группы риска. К ней относятся лица с онкологическими заболеваниями, нейтропенией 500/мл и менее, устойчивой к антибиотикам лихорадкой неясного генеза, после тяжелых хирургических вмешательств, на внутривенном питании, при концентрации в крови b-D-глюкана 20 пг и более. Диагностика основывается на офтальмологическом осмотре с учетом анамнеза и общего статуса больного, подтверждается неинвазивной визуализацией, микробиологическими и молекулярно-биологическими исследованиями. Лечение грибковой офтальмопатии должно начинаться рано, проводиться интенсивно системными противогрибковыми препаратами. Возможно оперативное удаление очага инфекции. Прогноз грибковой офтальмопатии серьезен.
Ключевые слова: грибковая инфекция глаз, диагностика, лечение.
Key words: fungal infection of the eye, diagnosis, treatment.
Ключевые слова: грибковая инфекция глаз, диагностика, лечение.
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Key words: fungal infection of the eye, diagnosis, treatment.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Chick E, Conant N. Mycotic ulcerative keratitis: a review of 148 cases from the literature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1962; 1: 419–20.
3. Shah C, McKey J, Spirn M, Maguire J. Ocular candidiasis: a review. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92 (4): 466–8.
4. Klotz S, Penn C, Negvesky G, Butrus S. Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13 (4): 662–85.
5. Mikosz C, Smith R, Kim M et al. Fungal endophthalmitis associated with compounded products. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20 (2): 248–56.
6. Schiedler V, Scott I, Flynn H et al. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137 (4): 725–31.
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9. Essman T, Flynn H, Smiddy W et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28 (3): 185–94.
10. Lalwani G, Flynn H, Scott I et al. Acute-onset endophthalmitis after clear corneal cataract surgery (1996–2005). Clinical features, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (3): 473–6.
11. Griffin J, Pettit T, Fishman L, Foos R. Blood-borne Candida endophthalmitis. A clinical and pathologic study of 21 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1973; 89 (6): 450–6.
12. Anand A, Therese K, Madhavan H. Spectrum of aetiological agents of postoperative endophthalmitis and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000; 48 (2): 123–8.
13. Henderson D, Hockey L, Vukakic L, Edwards J. Effect of immunosuppression on the development of experimental hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 1980; 27 (2): 628–31.
14. Omuta J, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Shibuya K. Histopathological study on experimental endophthalmitis induced by bloodstream infection with Candida albicans. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007; 48 (2): 123–8.
15. Blanco J, Hontacillos R, Bouza E et al. Correlation beween the elastasae activity index end invasiveness of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40 (50): 1811–3.
16. Aboul-Naser M, Zohri A, Amer E. Enzymatic and toxigenic ability of opportunistic fungi contaminating intensive car units and operation rooms at Asint Univercity hospitals, Egypt. Springerplus 2013; 2 (347). eCollection, 2013.
17. Lundquist O, Osterlin S. Glucose concentration in the vitreous of nondiabetic and diabetic human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994; 232 (2): 71–4.
18. Donahue S, Greven C, Zuravleff J et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology 1994; 101 (7): 1302–9.
19. Javey G, Zuravleff J, Yu V. Fungal infections of the eye. In: Anaissie E, McGinnis M, Pfaller M (Eds.) Clinical Mycology, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2009. Chapter 30; p. 623–41.
20. Behlan J. Fungal Infections and Eye. In: D.Albert, I.Miller, D.Azar et al (Eds). Albert & Jakobiec's Principles & Practice of Ophthalmology, Third Edition. W.B Saunders Company, 2008, Chapter 342; p. 4717–49.
21. Kloess P, Stulting R, Waring G, Wilson L. Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115 (4): 309.
22. Norregaard J, Thoning H, Bernth-Petersen P et al. Risk of endophthalmitis after cataract extraction: results from the International Cataract Surgery Outcome Study. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81 (12): 102–6.
23. D’Amico D, Noorily S. Postoperative endophthalmitis. In: D.Albert, F.Jakobiec (Eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994; p. 1159.
24. Anand A, Madhavan H, Neelam V, Lily T. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2001; 108 (2): 326–30.
25. Tanaka M, Kobayashi Y, Takebyashi H et al. Analysis of predisposing clinical and laboratory findings for the development of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective 12 year study of 79 eyes of 46 patients. Retina 2001; 21 (3): 203–9.
26. Zakka K, Foos R, Brown W. Intraocular coccidioidomycosis. Surv Ophthalmol 1978; 22 (5): 313–21.
27. Wykoff C, Flynn W, Miller D et al. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis: microbiology and clinical outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (9): 1501–7.
28. McMillan B, Miller G, Nguyen J. Rare case of exogenous Candida dublieniensis endophthalmitis: a case report and brief review of the literature. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014; 2 (4): 11; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-4-11. eCollection 2014.
29. Okhravi N, Adamson P, Mant R et al. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism mediated detection and speciation of Candida spp causing intraocular infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39 (6): 859–66.
30. Sakai T, Kohzaki K, Watanabe A et al. Use of DNA microarray analysis in diagnosis of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 321–6.
31. Brod R, Flynn H, Clarkson J et al. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Management without intravenous amphotericin B. Ophthalmology 1990; 97 (5): 666–72; disc: 672–4.
32. Nayak N. Fungal infections of the eye – laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Nepal Med Coll J 2008; 10 (1): 48–63.
33. Barlett J, Jaanus S. Clinical ocular Pharmacology. Second Edition, Reed Publisching (USA) Inc., 2013.
34. Sridhar J, Flynn H, Kuriyan A et al. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3 (1): 60; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-60.
2. Chick E, Conant N. Mycotic ulcerative keratitis: a review of 148 cases from the literature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1962; 1: 419–20.
3. Shah C, McKey J, Spirn M, Maguire J. Ocular candidiasis: a review. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92 (4): 466–8.
4. Klotz S, Penn C, Negvesky G, Butrus S. Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13 (4): 662–85.
5. Mikosz C, Smith R, Kim M et al. Fungal endophthalmitis associated with compounded products. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20 (2): 248–56.
6. Schiedler V, Scott I, Flynn H et al. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137 (4): 725–31.
7. Ando N, Takator K. Fungal flora of the conjunctival sac. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 94 (1): 67–74.
8. Wilson L, Ahearn D, Jones D, Sexton R. Fungi from the outer eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1969; 67 (1): 52–6.
9. Essman T, Flynn H, Smiddy W et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28 (3): 185–94.
10. Lalwani G, Flynn H, Scott I et al. Acute-onset endophthalmitis after clear corneal cataract surgery (1996–2005). Clinical features, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (3): 473–6.
11. Griffin J, Pettit T, Fishman L, Foos R. Blood-borne Candida endophthalmitis. A clinical and pathologic study of 21 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1973; 89 (6): 450–6.
12. Anand A, Therese K, Madhavan H. Spectrum of aetiological agents of postoperative endophthalmitis and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000; 48 (2): 123–8.
13. Henderson D, Hockey L, Vukakic L, Edwards J. Effect of immunosuppression on the development of experimental hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 1980; 27 (2): 628–31.
14. Omuta J, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Shibuya K. Histopathological study on experimental endophthalmitis induced by bloodstream infection with Candida albicans. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007; 48 (2): 123–8.
15. Blanco J, Hontacillos R, Bouza E et al. Correlation beween the elastasae activity index end invasiveness of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40 (50): 1811–3.
16. Aboul-Naser M, Zohri A, Amer E. Enzymatic and toxigenic ability of opportunistic fungi contaminating intensive car units and operation rooms at Asint Univercity hospitals, Egypt. Springerplus 2013; 2 (347). eCollection, 2013.
17. Lundquist O, Osterlin S. Glucose concentration in the vitreous of nondiabetic and diabetic human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994; 232 (2): 71–4.
18. Donahue S, Greven C, Zuravleff J et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology 1994; 101 (7): 1302–9.
19. Javey G, Zuravleff J, Yu V. Fungal infections of the eye. In: Anaissie E, McGinnis M, Pfaller M (Eds.) Clinical Mycology, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2009. Chapter 30; p. 623–41.
20. Behlan J. Fungal Infections and Eye. In: D.Albert, I.Miller, D.Azar et al (Eds). Albert & Jakobiec's Principles & Practice of Ophthalmology, Third Edition. W.B Saunders Company, 2008, Chapter 342; p. 4717–49.
21. Kloess P, Stulting R, Waring G, Wilson L. Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115 (4): 309.
22. Norregaard J, Thoning H, Bernth-Petersen P et al. Risk of endophthalmitis after cataract extraction: results from the International Cataract Surgery Outcome Study. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81 (12): 102–6.
23. D’Amico D, Noorily S. Postoperative endophthalmitis. In: D.Albert, F.Jakobiec (Eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994; p. 1159.
24. Anand A, Madhavan H, Neelam V, Lily T. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2001; 108 (2): 326–30.
25. Tanaka M, Kobayashi Y, Takebyashi H et al. Analysis of predisposing clinical and laboratory findings for the development of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective 12 year study of 79 eyes of 46 patients. Retina 2001; 21 (3): 203–9.
26. Zakka K, Foos R, Brown W. Intraocular coccidioidomycosis. Surv Ophthalmol 1978; 22 (5): 313–21.
27. Wykoff C, Flynn W, Miller D et al. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis: microbiology and clinical outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (9): 1501–7.
28. McMillan B, Miller G, Nguyen J. Rare case of exogenous Candida dublieniensis endophthalmitis: a case report and brief review of the literature. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014; 2 (4): 11; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-4-11. eCollection 2014.
29. Okhravi N, Adamson P, Mant R et al. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism mediated detection and speciation of Candida spp causing intraocular infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39 (6): 859–66.
30. Sakai T, Kohzaki K, Watanabe A et al. Use of DNA microarray analysis in diagnosis of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 321–6.
31. Brod R, Flynn H, Clarkson J et al. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Management without intravenous amphotericin B. Ophthalmology 1990; 97 (5): 666–72; disc: 672–4.
32. Nayak N. Fungal infections of the eye – laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Nepal Med Coll J 2008; 10 (1): 48–63.
33. Barlett J, Jaanus S. Clinical ocular Pharmacology. Second Edition, Reed Publisching (USA) Inc., 2013.
34. Sridhar J, Flynn H, Kuriyan A et al. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3 (1): 60; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-60.
2. Chick E, Conant N. Mycotic ulcerative keratitis: a review of 148 cases from the literature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1962; 1: 419–20.
3. Shah C, McKey J, Spirn M, Maguire J. Ocular candidiasis: a review. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92 (4): 466–8.
4. Klotz S, Penn C, Negvesky G, Butrus S. Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13 (4): 662–85.
5. Mikosz C, Smith R, Kim M et al. Fungal endophthalmitis associated with compounded products. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20 (2): 248–56.
6. Schiedler V, Scott I, Flynn H et al. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137 (4): 725–31.
7. Ando N, Takator K. Fungal flora of the conjunctival sac. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 94 (1): 67–74.
8. Wilson L, Ahearn D, Jones D, Sexton R. Fungi from the outer eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1969; 67 (1): 52–6.
9. Essman T, Flynn H, Smiddy W et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28 (3): 185–94.
10. Lalwani G, Flynn H, Scott I et al. Acute-onset endophthalmitis after clear corneal cataract surgery (1996–2005). Clinical features, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (3): 473–6.
11. Griffin J, Pettit T, Fishman L, Foos R. Blood-borne Candida endophthalmitis. A clinical and pathologic study of 21 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1973; 89 (6): 450–6.
12. Anand A, Therese K, Madhavan H. Spectrum of aetiological agents of postoperative endophthalmitis and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000; 48 (2): 123–8.
13. Henderson D, Hockey L, Vukakic L, Edwards J. Effect of immunosuppression on the development of experimental hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 1980; 27 (2): 628–31.
14. Omuta J, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Shibuya K. Histopathological study on experimental endophthalmitis induced by bloodstream infection with Candida albicans. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007; 48 (2): 123–8.
15. Blanco J, Hontacillos R, Bouza E et al. Correlation beween the elastasae activity index end invasiveness of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40 (50): 1811–3.
16. Aboul-Naser M, Zohri A, Amer E. Enzymatic and toxigenic ability of opportunistic fungi contaminating intensive car units and operation rooms at Asint Univercity hospitals, Egypt. Springerplus 2013; 2 (347). eCollection, 2013.
17. Lundquist O, Osterlin S. Glucose concentration in the vitreous of nondiabetic and diabetic human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994; 232 (2): 71–4.
18. Donahue S, Greven C, Zuravleff J et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology 1994; 101 (7): 1302–9.
19. Javey G, Zuravleff J, Yu V. Fungal infections of the eye. In: Anaissie E, McGinnis M, Pfaller M (Eds.) Clinical Mycology, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2009. Chapter 30; p. 623–41.
20. Behlan J. Fungal Infections and Eye. In: D.Albert, I.Miller, D.Azar et al (Eds). Albert & Jakobiec's Principles & Practice of Ophthalmology, Third Edition. W.B Saunders Company, 2008, Chapter 342; p. 4717–49.
21. Kloess P, Stulting R, Waring G, Wilson L. Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115 (4): 309.
22. Norregaard J, Thoning H, Bernth-Petersen P et al. Risk of endophthalmitis after cataract extraction: results from the International Cataract Surgery Outcome Study. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81 (12): 102–6.
23. D’Amico D, Noorily S. Postoperative endophthalmitis. In: D.Albert, F.Jakobiec (Eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994; p. 1159.
24. Anand A, Madhavan H, Neelam V, Lily T. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2001; 108 (2): 326–30.
25. Tanaka M, Kobayashi Y, Takebyashi H et al. Analysis of predisposing clinical and laboratory findings for the development of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective 12 year study of 79 eyes of 46 patients. Retina 2001; 21 (3): 203–9.
26. Zakka K, Foos R, Brown W. Intraocular coccidioidomycosis. Surv Ophthalmol 1978; 22 (5): 313–21.
27. Wykoff C, Flynn W, Miller D et al. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis: microbiology and clinical outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (9): 1501–7.
28. McMillan B, Miller G, Nguyen J. Rare case of exogenous Candida dublieniensis endophthalmitis: a case report and brief review of the literature. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014; 2 (4): 11; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-4-11. eCollection 2014.
29. Okhravi N, Adamson P, Mant R et al. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism mediated detection and speciation of Candida spp causing intraocular infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39 (6): 859–66.
30. Sakai T, Kohzaki K, Watanabe A et al. Use of DNA microarray analysis in diagnosis of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 321–6.
31. Brod R, Flynn H, Clarkson J et al. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Management without intravenous amphotericin B. Ophthalmology 1990; 97 (5): 666–72; disc: 672–4.
32. Nayak N. Fungal infections of the eye – laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Nepal Med Coll J 2008; 10 (1): 48–63.
33. Barlett J, Jaanus S. Clinical ocular Pharmacology. Second Edition, Reed Publisching (USA) Inc., 2013.
34. Sridhar J, Flynn H, Kuriyan A et al. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3 (1): 60; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-60.
________________________________________________
2. Chick E, Conant N. Mycotic ulcerative keratitis: a review of 148 cases from the literature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1962; 1: 419–20.
3. Shah C, McKey J, Spirn M, Maguire J. Ocular candidiasis: a review. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92 (4): 466–8.
4. Klotz S, Penn C, Negvesky G, Butrus S. Fungal and parasitic infections of the eye. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13 (4): 662–85.
5. Mikosz C, Smith R, Kim M et al. Fungal endophthalmitis associated with compounded products. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20 (2): 248–56.
6. Schiedler V, Scott I, Flynn H et al. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137 (4): 725–31.
7. Ando N, Takator K. Fungal flora of the conjunctival sac. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 94 (1): 67–74.
8. Wilson L, Ahearn D, Jones D, Sexton R. Fungi from the outer eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1969; 67 (1): 52–6.
9. Essman T, Flynn H, Smiddy W et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997; 28 (3): 185–94.
10. Lalwani G, Flynn H, Scott I et al. Acute-onset endophthalmitis after clear corneal cataract surgery (1996–2005). Clinical features, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (3): 473–6.
11. Griffin J, Pettit T, Fishman L, Foos R. Blood-borne Candida endophthalmitis. A clinical and pathologic study of 21 cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1973; 89 (6): 450–6.
12. Anand A, Therese K, Madhavan H. Spectrum of aetiological agents of postoperative endophthalmitis and antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000; 48 (2): 123–8.
13. Henderson D, Hockey L, Vukakic L, Edwards J. Effect of immunosuppression on the development of experimental hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 1980; 27 (2): 628–31.
14. Omuta J, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H, Shibuya K. Histopathological study on experimental endophthalmitis induced by bloodstream infection with Candida albicans. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007; 48 (2): 123–8.
15. Blanco J, Hontacillos R, Bouza E et al. Correlation beween the elastasae activity index end invasiveness of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40 (50): 1811–3.
16. Aboul-Naser M, Zohri A, Amer E. Enzymatic and toxigenic ability of opportunistic fungi contaminating intensive car units and operation rooms at Asint Univercity hospitals, Egypt. Springerplus 2013; 2 (347). eCollection, 2013.
17. Lundquist O, Osterlin S. Glucose concentration in the vitreous of nondiabetic and diabetic human eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994; 232 (2): 71–4.
18. Donahue S, Greven C, Zuravleff J et al. Intraocular candidiasis in patients with candidemia. Clinical implications derived from a prospective multicenter study. Ophthalmology 1994; 101 (7): 1302–9.
19. Javey G, Zuravleff J, Yu V. Fungal infections of the eye. In: Anaissie E, McGinnis M, Pfaller M (Eds.) Clinical Mycology, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2009. Chapter 30; p. 623–41.
20. Behlan J. Fungal Infections and Eye. In: D.Albert, I.Miller, D.Azar et al (Eds). Albert & Jakobiec's Principles & Practice of Ophthalmology, Third Edition. W.B Saunders Company, 2008, Chapter 342; p. 4717–49.
21. Kloess P, Stulting R, Waring G, Wilson L. Bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115 (4): 309.
22. Norregaard J, Thoning H, Bernth-Petersen P et al. Risk of endophthalmitis after cataract extraction: results from the International Cataract Surgery Outcome Study. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81 (12): 102–6.
23. D’Amico D, Noorily S. Postoperative endophthalmitis. In: D.Albert, F.Jakobiec (Eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994; p. 1159.
24. Anand A, Madhavan H, Neelam V, Lily T. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2001; 108 (2): 326–30.
25. Tanaka M, Kobayashi Y, Takebyashi H et al. Analysis of predisposing clinical and laboratory findings for the development of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. A retrospective 12 year study of 79 eyes of 46 patients. Retina 2001; 21 (3): 203–9.
26. Zakka K, Foos R, Brown W. Intraocular coccidioidomycosis. Surv Ophthalmol 1978; 22 (5): 313–21.
27. Wykoff C, Flynn W, Miller D et al. Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis: microbiology and clinical outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008; 115 (9): 1501–7.
28. McMillan B, Miller G, Nguyen J. Rare case of exogenous Candida dublieniensis endophthalmitis: a case report and brief review of the literature. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014; 2 (4): 11; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-4-11. eCollection 2014.
29. Okhravi N, Adamson P, Mant R et al. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism mediated detection and speciation of Candida spp causing intraocular infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39 (6): 859–66.
30. Sakai T, Kohzaki K, Watanabe A et al. Use of DNA microarray analysis in diagnosis of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 321–6.
31. Brod R, Flynn H, Clarkson J et al. Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Management without intravenous amphotericin B. Ophthalmology 1990; 97 (5): 666–72; disc: 672–4.
32. Nayak N. Fungal infections of the eye – laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Nepal Med Coll J 2008; 10 (1): 48–63.
33. Barlett J, Jaanus S. Clinical ocular Pharmacology. Second Edition, Reed Publisching (USA) Inc., 2013.
34. Sridhar J, Flynn H, Kuriyan A et al. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3 (1): 60; doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-60.
Авторы
В.М.Делягин*1, 2, М.Б.Мельникова3, Д.Т.Джандарова1
1 ФГБУ Федеральный научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Д.Рогачева Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, д. 1;
2 ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
3 ФГБУ Российская детская клиническая больница Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, д. 117
*delyagin-doktor@yandex.ru
1 D.Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Samory Mashela, d. 1;
2 N.I.Pirogov Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
3 Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskii pr-t, d. 117
*delyagin-doktor@yandex.ru
1 ФГБУ Федеральный научно-клинический центр детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии им. Д.Рогачева Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Саморы Машела, д. 1;
2 ГБОУ ВПО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1;
3 ФГБУ Российская детская клиническая больница Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, Ленинский пр-т, д. 117
*delyagin-doktor@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1 D.Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Samory Mashela, d. 1;
2 N.I.Pirogov Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1;
3 Russian Children's Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, Leninskii pr-t, d. 117
*delyagin-doktor@yandex.ru
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