Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Регрессия ксантоматоза у 12-летнего пациента с гомозиготной формой семейной гиперхолестеринемии: клинический случай
________________________________________________
Susekov A.V., Yafarova A.A., Shcherbakova M.Yu., Meshkov A.N. Regression of xanthomatosis in a 12-year-old patient with homozygous familial form of hypercholesterolemia: a clinical case. Consilium Medicum. Pediatrics (Suppl.). 2016; 3: 103–108.
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Ключевые слова: семейная гомозиготная гиперхолестеринмия, диагностика, интенсивная липидснижающая терапия, статины, эзетимиб, ингибиторы PCSK9, эволокумаб, регрессия ксантоматоза.
________________________________________________
Elevated level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood serum is a strong and independent risk factor of development and progression of atherosclerosis. Patients with rare monogenic form (homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH)) due to lack or dysfunction LDL receptors have 3–4 times elevation of LDL-C in plasma. Patients with homozygous FH are characterized by fast and severe progression of atherosclerosis and, without treatment, leads to death in 1–2 decade of life. Clinical diagnosis of this rare and severe form of FH may be put easy (positive family history of hypercholesterolaemia and early atherosclerosis in parents, very high level of LDL-C and advanced xanthomatosis of skin and tendons). At the same time, treatment of these patients is a challenge because of the necessity long-life reduction of LDL-C by means of maximal combined therapy with statins and cholresterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe, LDL-apheresis and (in the USA) – new generation of lipid-lowering drugs -lometapid and mipomersen. In this paper we describe clinical case of diagnosis and treatment patient Vladimir I, 12 years old with confirmed diagnosis of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, with baseline level of LDL-C of 19.9 mmol/l, initial atherosclerosis in carotid arterias and severe xanthomatosis. DNA test revealed two mutations in the gene of LDL receptor – C68F and C 270X. This patient was under the care of lipidologists, cardiologists and pediatricians over 3 years and underwent increasing doses of rosustatin 20–40 mg/ay, with ezetimibe 10 mg/day with addition of PCSK (inhibitor evolocumab 420 mg/months. Echocardiography investigation showed infiltration of aortic valve with formation of initial signs of aortic stenosis and aortic valve regurgitation grade I–II. Duplex carotid ultrasound revealed multiply stenosis common right and left external and internal carotid arteries with maximal stenosis of 45–50%. Over 3 years of intensive therapy with rosuvastatin 20–40 mg/day and combination therapy with ezetimibe LDL-C level was reduced by 21–60% of intial levels. Addition to this pharmacotherapy evolocumab 420 mg/d lead to further small to 7.35–8.37 mmol/l. As result, combination therapy evoked a fast regression of skin xanthomata in the extensive areas of elbows and knees over a short period of time (3–4 months). Over that period of time monitoring of liver enzymes AST, ALT, CK, creatinine and hemoglobin did not reaveled any clinical significant changes. Patient Vladimir I., continues treatment with maximal lipid-lowering therapy. However, the necessity to continue treatment with evolocumab (no futher reduction in LDL-C) should be re-considered by Consilium of Experts.
Key words: familial homozygous hypercholesterolaemia, diagnostics, intensive lipid-lowering therapy, сstatins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, evolocumab, regression of xanthomata.
2. Catapano A, Reiner Z, De Backer G et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 2011; 217 (1): 3–46.
3. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 6 (25 Pt. B): 2889–934. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
4. Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HM et al. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu27
5. Wiegman A, Gidding SS, Watts GF et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment. Eur Heart J. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157
6. Rader D, Cohen J, Hobbs H. Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (11): 1795–803.
7. Santos R, Gidding S, Hegele R et al. Defining severe familial hypercholesterolaemia and the implications for clinical management: a consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society Severe Familial Hypercholesterolemia Panel. Lancet Diabetes-Endocrinol 2016 Published Online May 27, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30041-9
8. Консилиум у 9-летнего мальчика с уровнем холестерина 20 ммоль/л: от постановки диагноза к эффективному лечению. Мед. совет. 2014; 12: 106–10. / Konsilium u 9-letnego mal'chika s urovnem kholesterina 20 mmol'/l: ot postanovki diagnoza k effektivnomu lecheniiu. Med. sovet. 2014; 12: 106–10. [in Russian]
9. Raal FJ, Honarpour N, Blom DJ et al, for TESLA Investigators. Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9965): 341–50. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61374-X.
10. Blom DJ, Fayad ZA, Kastelein JJ et al; LOWER investigators. LOWER, a registry of lomitapide-treated patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Rationale and design. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10 (2): 273–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.011.
11. Santos RD, Duell PB, East C et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of mipomersen in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: 2-year interim results of an open-label extension. Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (9): 566–75. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht549.
12. Stefanutti C, Thomson GR. Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Management of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Historical Perspective and Recent Advances. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17: 465. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-014-0465-6.
13. Baum SJ, Sijbrands EJG, Mata P, Watts GF. The doctor’s dilemma: Challenges in the diagnosis and care of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8: 542–9.
14. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia: identification of a defect in the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity associated with overproduction of cholesterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1973; 70: 2804–8.
15. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Familial hypercholesterolemia: defective binding of lipoproteins to cultured fibroblasts associated with impaired regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1974; 71: 788–92.
16. Soutar AK, Naoumova RP. Mechanisms of Disease: genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007; 4: 214–25.
17. Sjouke B, Kusters DM, Kindt I et al. Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands: prevalence, genotype-phenotype relationship, and clinical outcome. Eur Heart J 2014.
18. Ooi EMM, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. The extended abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia: Developing a new framework for future therapies. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 1811–8.
19. Raal FJ, Santos RD. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223: 262–8.
20. Widhalm K, Binder CB, Kreissl A et al. Sudden death in a 4-year-old boy: a near-complete occlusion of the coronary artery caused by an aggressive low-density lipoprotein receptor mutation (W556R) in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 2011; 158: 167.
21. Raal FJ, Honarpour N, Blom DJ et al; TESLA Investigators Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9965): 341–50. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61374-X.
________________________________________________
1. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Group. “The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). A national study of primary prevention of coronary heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 1976; 235 (8): 825–7.
2. Catapano A, Reiner Z, De Backer G et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 2011; 217 (1): 3–46.
3. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 6 (25 Pt. B): 2889–934. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
4. Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HM et al. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu27
5. Wiegman A, Gidding SS, Watts GF et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents: gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment. Eur Heart J. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv157
6. Rader D, Cohen J, Hobbs H. Monogenic hypercholesterolemia: new insights in pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (11): 1795–803.
7. Santos R, Gidding S, Hegele R et al. Defining severe familial hypercholesterolaemia and the implications for clinical management: a consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society Severe Familial Hypercholesterolemia Panel. Lancet Diabetes-Endocrinol 2016 Published Online May 27, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30041-9
8. Konsilium u 9-letnego mal'chika s urovnem kholesterina 20 mmol'/l: ot postanovki diagnoza k effektivnomu lecheniiu. Med. sovet. 2014; 12: 106–10. [in Russian]
9. Raal FJ, Honarpour N, Blom DJ et al, for TESLA Investigators. Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9965): 341–50. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61374-X.
10. Blom DJ, Fayad ZA, Kastelein JJ et al; LOWER investigators. LOWER, a registry of lomitapide-treated patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Rationale and design. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10 (2): 273–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.011.
11. Santos RD, Duell PB, East C et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of mipomersen in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia: 2-year interim results of an open-label extension. Eur Heart J 2015; 36 (9): 566–75. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht549.
12. Stefanutti C, Thomson GR. Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Management of Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Historical Perspective and Recent Advances. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17: 465. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-014-0465-6.
13. Baum SJ, Sijbrands EJG, Mata P, Watts GF. The doctor’s dilemma: Challenges in the diagnosis and care of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8: 542–9.
14. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia: identification of a defect in the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity associated with overproduction of cholesterol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1973; 70: 2804–8.
15. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Familial hypercholesterolemia: defective binding of lipoproteins to cultured fibroblasts associated with impaired regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1974; 71: 788–92.
16. Soutar AK, Naoumova RP. Mechanisms of Disease: genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007; 4: 214–25.
17. Sjouke B, Kusters DM, Kindt I et al. Homozygous autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands: prevalence, genotype-phenotype relationship, and clinical outcome. Eur Heart J 2014.
18. Ooi EMM, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. The extended abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia: Developing a new framework for future therapies. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 1811–8.
19. Raal FJ, Santos RD. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Current perspectives on diagnosis and treatment. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223: 262–8.
20. Widhalm K, Binder CB, Kreissl A et al. Sudden death in a 4-year-old boy: a near-complete occlusion of the coronary artery caused by an aggressive low-density lipoprotein receptor mutation (W556R) in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 2011; 158: 167.
21. Raal FJ, Honarpour N, Blom DJ et al; TESLA Investigators Inhibition of PCSK9 with evolocumab in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (TESLA Part B): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9965): 341–50. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61374-X.
1 ФГБОУ ДПО Российская медицинская академия последипломного образования Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ФГБОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2;
3ФГАОУ ВО Российский университет дружбы народов. 117198, Россия, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6;
4 ФГБУ Государственный научно-исследовательский центр профилактической медицины Минздрава России. 101990, Россия, Москва, Петроверигский пер., д. 10, стр. 3
5 ФГБОУ ВО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И.Пирогова Минздрава России. 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, д. 1
*asus99@mail.ru
________________________________________________
A.V.Susekov*1, A.A.Yafarova2, M.Yu.Shcherbakova3, A.N.Meshkov4,5
1 Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2;
3 People’s Friendship University of Russia. 117198, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, d. 6;
4 State Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 101990, Russian Federation, Moscow, Petroverigskii per., d. 10, str. 3
5 N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Ostrovitianova, d. 1
*asus99@mail.ru