Алгоритм ведения детей с острыми респираторными инфекциями на амбулаторном этапе
Алгоритм ведения детей с острыми респираторными инфекциями на амбулаторном этапе
Камаев А.В., Трусова О.В., Коростовцев Д.С. и др. Алгоритм ведения детей с острыми респираторными инфекциями на амбулаторном этапе. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). 2016; 4: 59–65.
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Infectious inflammatory respiratory tract diseases (URTI) are leaders in pediatric practice throughout the year. URTI of different aetiology have similar symptoms during the first days of the disease, and it requires pediatricians to follow some algorithm in order to decrease the amount of drugs used, to optimize labor costs and to minimize the risk of medical errors. It’s important that in out-patients the possibilities of aetiological URTI evaluation are restricted, especially at the very onset of the disease. In most cases, the pediatrician has to make the decision, referring to the supposed etiology of the disease. Unfortunately, there is excessive use of antibiotic therapy for a variety of medical, as well as social reasons. At the same time, URTI is of viral etiology in 90–97% cases. The key point in the patient's care is taking a reasonable decision on the assignment a causal treatment. Causal treatment is possible in case of a bacterial infection, and in case of viral infection – for influenza only. In most cases, children suffer from URTI repeatedly during a year. The important task for the pediatrician is to evaluate the reasons recurrent diseases. In some cases, the patient requires the correction of underlying diseases, for example, detection and treatment of allergic airway disease. Among the many means “to strengthen the immune defense” in children justified the use of drugs with proven efficacy and safety, in particular, a group of bacterial lysates.
Алгоритм ведения детей с острыми респираторными инфекциями на амбулаторном этапе
Камаев А.В., Трусова О.В., Коростовцев Д.С. и др. Алгоритм ведения детей с острыми респираторными инфекциями на амбулаторном этапе. Consilium Medicum. Педиатрия (Прил.). 2016; 4: 59–65.
________________________________________________
Infectious inflammatory respiratory tract diseases (URTI) are leaders in pediatric practice throughout the year. URTI of different aetiology have similar symptoms during the first days of the disease, and it requires pediatricians to follow some algorithm in order to decrease the amount of drugs used, to optimize labor costs and to minimize the risk of medical errors. It’s important that in out-patients the possibilities of aetiological URTI evaluation are restricted, especially at the very onset of the disease. In most cases, the pediatrician has to make the decision, referring to the supposed etiology of the disease. Unfortunately, there is excessive use of antibiotic therapy for a variety of medical, as well as social reasons. At the same time, URTI is of viral etiology in 90–97% cases. The key point in the patient's care is taking a reasonable decision on the assignment a causal treatment. Causal treatment is possible in case of a bacterial infection, and in case of viral infection – for influenza only. In most cases, children suffer from URTI repeatedly during a year. The important task for the pediatrician is to evaluate the reasons recurrent diseases. In some cases, the patient requires the correction of underlying diseases, for example, detection and treatment of allergic airway disease. Among the many means “to strengthen the immune defense” in children justified the use of drugs with proven efficacy and safety, in particular, a group of bacterial lysates.
Инфекционно-воспалительные заболевания дыхательной системы (острые респираторные заболевания – ОРЗ) – круглогодичный лидер среди причин обращения к педиатрам. Однотипность течения ОРЗ при разной этиологии процесса требует алгоритмизации действий врача для предупреждения полипрагмазии, оптимизации труда и снижения риска врачебных ошибок. Подчеркиваем, что на амбулаторном этапе в первые дни заболевания возможности этиотропной диагностики ОРЗ ограничены. В большинстве случаев педиатру приходится принимать решение, имея в виду предположительную этиологию заболевания. К сожалению, во всем мире наблюдается избыточное применение антибактериальной терапии по ряду медицинских, а также социальных причин. В то же время, по современным данным, вирусная этиология ОРЗ составляет 90–97% случаев. Ключевой момент в ведении пациента – принятие обоснованного решения о назначении этиотропной терапии. Этиотропная терапия возможна в случае бактериальной инфекции, а из вирусных заболеваний – в случае гриппа. В большинстве случаев дети переносят ОРЗ неоднократно в течение года. Задачей педиатра является расшифровка причин частой заболеваемости. В ряде случаев требуется коррекция фоновых заболеваний, например, выявление и терапия аллергических заболеваний дыхательных путей. Среди многочисленных средств для укрепления иммунной защиты у детей оправданно применение препаратов с доказанной эффективностью и безопасностью, в частности, группы бактериальных лизатов.
Infectious inflammatory respiratory tract diseases (URTI) are leaders in pediatric practice throughout the year. URTI of different aetiology have similar symptoms during the first days of the disease, and it requires pediatricians to follow some algorithm in order to decrease the amount of drugs used, to optimize labor costs and to minimize the risk of medical errors. It’s important that in out-patients the possibilities of aetiological URTI evaluation are restricted, especially at the very onset of the disease. In most cases, the pediatrician has to make the decision, referring to the supposed etiology of the disease. Unfortunately, there is excessive use of antibiotic therapy for a variety of medical, as well as social reasons. At the same time, URTI is of viral etiology in 90–97% cases. The key point in the patient's care is taking a reasonable decision on the assignment a causal treatment. Causal treatment is possible in case of a bacterial infection, and in case of viral infection – for influenza only. In most cases, children suffer from URTI repeatedly during a year. The important task for the pediatrician is to evaluate the reasons recurrent diseases. In some cases, the patient requires the correction of underlying diseases, for example, detection and treatment of allergic airway disease. Among the many means “to strengthen the immune defense” in children justified the use of drugs with proven efficacy and safety, in particular, a group of bacterial lysates.
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5. Gooskens J, van der Ploeg V, Sukhai RN et al. Clinical evaluation of viral acute respiratory tract infections in children presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in the Netherlands. BMC Pediatr. 2014 Dec 10; 14: 297.
6. Calvo C, Garcia-Garcia ML, Blanco C et al. Role of rhinovirus in hospitalized infants with respiratory tract infections in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26 (10): 904–8.
7. Nokes DJ, Okiro EA, Ngama M et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Disease in Infants and Young Children Studied from Birth in Kilifi District, Kenya. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008; 46 (1): 50–7. doi:10.1086/524019..
8. Bisno AL. Pharyngitis. In: GL Mandell, JE Bennett, R Dolin, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6thed. Philadelpia: Churhill Livingstone, 2005; p. 752–8.
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10. Debiaggi M, Canducci F, Ceresola ER, Clementi M. The role of infections and coinfections with newly identified and emerging respiratory viruses in children. Virology Journal 2012; 9: 247.
11. da Silva ER, Pitrez MC, Arruda E et al. Severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and toddlers from a non-affluent population: viral etiology and co-detection as risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 41. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-41.
12. Panagakou SG, Papaevangelou V, Chadjipanayis A et al. Risk Factors of Antibiotic Misuse for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: Results from a Cross-Sectional Knowledge-Attitude-Practice Study in Greece. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Pediatrics Volume 2012, Article ID 685302, 8 pages
13. Paluck E, Katzenstein D, Prankish CJ et al. Prescribing practices and attitudes toward giving children antibiotics. Can Fam Physician 2001; 4: 521–7.
14. Баранов А.А., Страчунский Л.С. и др. Применение антибиотиков у детей в амбулаторной практике: практические рекомендации. Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2009; 9 (3): 200–10. / Baranov A.A., Strachunskii L.S. i dr. Primenenie antibiotikov u detei v ambulatornoi praktike: prakticheskie rekomendatsii. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2009; 9 (3): 200–10. [in Russian]
15. Stanton N, Francis NA, Butler CC. Reducing uncertainty in managing respiratory tract infections in primary care. Brit J of Gen Pract 2010; 60 (581): e466–e475.
16. Калюжин О.В. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции: современные вызовы, противовирусный ответ, иммунопрофилактика и иммунотерапия. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство, 2014. / Kaliuzhin O.V. Ostrye respiratornye virusnye infektsii: sovremennye vyzovy, protivovirusnyi otvet, immunoprofilaktika i immunoterapiia. M.: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo, 2014. [in Russian]
17. Селькова Е.П., Калюжин О.В. ОРВИ и грипп. В помощь практикующему врачу. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство, 2015. / Sel'kova E.P., Kaliuzhin O.V. ORVI i gripp. V pomoshch' praktikuiushchemu vrachu. M.: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo, 2015. [in Russian]
18. Rosenstein N, Phillips WR, Gerber MA et al. The common cold-principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatrics 1998; 101 (Suppl. 1): 181–84.
19. Angoulvant F, Skurnik D, Bellanger H et al. Impact of implementing French antibiotic guidelines for acute respiratory-tract infections in a paediatric emergency department, 2005-2009. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31: 1295–303.
20. Козлов Р.С. и др. Антибиотикорезистентность Streptococcus pneumoniae в России в 1999–2005 гг.: результаты многоцентровых проспективных исследований ПеГАС-I и ПеГАС-II. Клин. микробиология и антимикроб. химиотерапия. 2006; 8 (1): 33–47. / Kozlov R.S. i dr. Antibiotikorezistentnost' Streptococcus pneumoniae v Rossii v 1999–2005 gg.: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovykh prospektivnykh issledovanii PeGAS-I i PeGAS-II. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2006; 8 (1): 33–47. [in Russian]
21. Дронов И.А. Применение амоксициллина/клавуланата в педиатрической практике: актуальные вопросы. РМЖ. 2012; 2: 51–6. / Dronov I.A. Primenenie amoksitsillina/klavulanata v pediatricheskoi praktike: aktual'nye voprosy. RMZh. 2012; 2: 51–6. [in Russian]
22. Pierce CA, Voss B. Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44 (3): 489–506.
23. Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 11: CD001831.
24. Мизерницкий Ю.Л., Мельникова И.М. Муколитическая и отхаркивающая фармакотерапия при заболеваниях легких у детей. М.: Медпрактика-М, 2013. / Mizernitskii Iu.L., Mel'nikova I.M. Mukoliticheskaia i otkharkivaiushchaia farmakoterapiia pri zabolevaniiakh legkikh u detei. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2013. [in Russian]
25. Eckel1 N, Sarganas G, Wolf I-K, Knopf H. Pharmacoepidemiology of common colds and upper respiratory tract infections in children and adolescents in Germany BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15: 44.
26. Jankowski R. ENT inflammation and importance of fenspiride. Presse Med 2002; 31 Spec No 1: HS7-10.
27. Płusa T, Nawacka D. Efficacy and tolerance of fenspiride in adult patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Pol Merkur Lekarski 1998; 5 (30): 368–71.
28. Лебеденко А.А., Мальцев С.В. Эффективность использования фенспирида (эреспал) при обострении бронхиальной астмы у детей. Вестн. оториноларингологии. 2011; 4: 37–41. / Lebedenko A.A., Mal'tsev S.V. Effektivnost' ispol'zovaniia fenspirida (erespal) pri obostrenii bronkhial'noi astmy u detei. Vestn. otorinolaringologii. 2011; 4: 37–41. [in Russian]
29. Pavić I, Jurković M, Pastar Z. Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in children. Coll Antropol 2012; 36 (2): 539–42.
30. Dellepiane RM, Pavesi P, Patria MF et al. Atopy in preschool Italian children with recurrent respiratory infections. Pediatr Med Chir 2009; 31 (4): 161–4.
31. Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang J et al. Risk factors for chronic and recurrent otitis media-a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9 (1): e86397.
32. Gebert A, Steinmetz I, Fassbender S, Wendlandt KH. Antigen transport into Peyer's patches: increased uptake by constant numbers of M cells. Am J Pathol 2004; 164 (1): 65–72.
33. Педиатрические рекомендации по иммуномодулирующим препаратам в амбулаторной практике (ПРИМА). М.: Оригинал-макет, 2015. / Pediatricheskie rekomendatsii po immunomoduliruiushchim preparatam v ambulatornoi praktike (PRIMA). M.: Original-maket, 2015. [in Russian]
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1. Vnebol'nichnaia pnevmoniia u detei. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii. M.: Original-maket, 2015. [in Russian]
2. Baranov A.A., Bagnenko S.F., Namazova-Baranova L.S. i dr. Federal'nye klinicheskie rekomendatsii po okazaniiu skoroi meditsinskoi pomoshchi pri vnebol'nichnoi pnevmonii u detei. Minzdrav RF. 2015. [in Russian]
3. Pichichero ME. Understanding antibiotic overuse for respiratory tract infections in children. Pediatrics 1999; 104 (6): 1384–8.
4. Pappas DE, Hendley JO, Hayden FG, Winther B. Symptom profile of common colds in school-aged children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27 (1): 8–11.
5. Gooskens J, van der Ploeg V, Sukhai RN et al. Clinical evaluation of viral acute respiratory tract infections in children presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in the Netherlands. BMC Pediatr. 2014 Dec 10; 14: 297.
6. Calvo C, Garcia-Garcia ML, Blanco C et al. Role of rhinovirus in hospitalized infants with respiratory tract infections in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26 (10): 904–8.
7. Nokes DJ, Okiro EA, Ngama M et al. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Disease in Infants and Young Children Studied from Birth in Kilifi District, Kenya. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2008; 46 (1): 50–7. doi:10.1086/524019..
8. Bisno AL. Pharyngitis. In: GL Mandell, JE Bennett, R Dolin, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6thed. Philadelpia: Churhill Livingstone, 2005; p. 752–8.
9. Chuchalin A.G., Shestakova I.V., Tiurin I.E. i dr. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po diagnostike i lecheniiu grippa. Moskva. Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia RF. 2016. [in Russian]
10. Debiaggi M, Canducci F, Ceresola ER, Clementi M. The role of infections and coinfections with newly identified and emerging respiratory viruses in children. Virology Journal 2012; 9: 247.
11. da Silva ER, Pitrez MC, Arruda E et al. Severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and toddlers from a non-affluent population: viral etiology and co-detection as risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 41. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-41.
12. Panagakou SG, Papaevangelou V, Chadjipanayis A et al. Risk Factors of Antibiotic Misuse for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: Results from a Cross-Sectional Knowledge-Attitude-Practice Study in Greece. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Pediatrics Volume 2012, Article ID 685302, 8 pages
13. Paluck E, Katzenstein D, Prankish CJ et al. Prescribing practices and attitudes toward giving children antibiotics. Can Fam Physician 2001; 4: 521–7.
14. Baranov A.A., Strachunskii L.S. i dr. Primenenie antibiotikov u detei v ambulatornoi praktike: prakticheskie rekomendatsii. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2009; 9 (3): 200–10. [in Russian]
15. Stanton N, Francis NA, Butler CC. Reducing uncertainty in managing respiratory tract infections in primary care. Brit J of Gen Pract 2010; 60 (581): e466–e475.
16. Kaliuzhin O.V. Ostrye respiratornye virusnye infektsii: sovremennye vyzovy, protivovirusnyi otvet, immunoprofilaktika i immunoterapiia. M.: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo, 2014. [in Russian]
17. Sel'kova E.P., Kaliuzhin O.V. ORVI i gripp. V pomoshch' praktikuiushchemu vrachu. M.: Meditsinskoe informatsionnoe agentstvo, 2015. [in Russian]
18. Rosenstein N, Phillips WR, Gerber MA et al. The common cold-principles of judicious use of antimicrobial agents. Pediatrics 1998; 101 (Suppl. 1): 181–84.
19. Angoulvant F, Skurnik D, Bellanger H et al. Impact of implementing French antibiotic guidelines for acute respiratory-tract infections in a paediatric emergency department, 2005-2009. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31: 1295–303.
20. Kozlov R.S. i dr. Antibiotikorezistentnost' Streptococcus pneumoniae v Rossii v 1999–2005 gg.: rezul'taty mnogotsentrovykh prospektivnykh issledovanii PeGAS-I i PeGAS-II. Klin. mikrobiologiia i antimikrob. khimioterapiia. 2006; 8 (1): 33–47. [in Russian]
21. Dronov I.A. Primenenie amoksitsillina/klavulanata v pediatricheskoi praktike: aktual'nye voprosy. RMZh. 2012; 2: 51–6. [in Russian]
22. Pierce CA, Voss B. Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44 (3): 489–506.
23. Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 11: CD001831.
24. Mizernitskii Iu.L., Mel'nikova I.M. Mukoliticheskaia i otkharkivaiushchaia farmakoterapiia pri zabolevaniiakh legkikh u detei. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2013. [in Russian]
25. Eckel1 N, Sarganas G, Wolf I-K, Knopf H. Pharmacoepidemiology of common colds and upper respiratory tract infections in children and adolescents in Germany BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15: 44.
26. Jankowski R. ENT inflammation and importance of fenspiride. Presse Med 2002; 31 Spec No 1: HS7-10.
27. Płusa T, Nawacka D. Efficacy and tolerance of fenspiride in adult patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Pol Merkur Lekarski 1998; 5 (30): 368–71.
28. Lebedenko A.A., Mal'tsev S.V. Effektivnost' ispol'zovaniia fenspirida (erespal) pri obostrenii bronkhial'noi astmy u detei. Vestn. otorinolaringologii. 2011; 4: 37–41. [in Russian]
29. Pavić I, Jurković M, Pastar Z. Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in children. Coll Antropol 2012; 36 (2): 539–42.
30. Dellepiane RM, Pavesi P, Patria MF et al. Atopy in preschool Italian children with recurrent respiratory infections. Pediatr Med Chir 2009; 31 (4): 161–4.
31. Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang J et al. Risk factors for chronic and recurrent otitis media-a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9 (1): e86397.
32. Gebert A, Steinmetz I, Fassbender S, Wendlandt KH. Antigen transport into Peyer's patches: increased uptake by constant numbers of M cells. Am J Pathol 2004; 164 (1): 65–72.
33. Pediatricheskie rekomendatsii po immunomoduliruiushchim preparatam v ambulatornoi praktike (PRIMA). M.: Original-maket, 2015. [in Russian]
34. Kaliuzhin O.V. Topicheskie bakterial'nye lizaty v profilaktike i lechenii respiratornykh infektsii. Prakticheskaia meditsina. 2016; 2 (94): 69–74. [in Russian]
1 ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России. 194100, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Литовская ул., д. 2;
2 Комитет по здравоохранению Санкт-Петербурга. 191023, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, Малая Садовая ул., д. 1;
3 ФГБОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им И.М.Сеченова Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2
*andykkam@mail.ru
1 Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 194100, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Litovskaja ul., d. 2;
2 Committee of health, St. Petersburg’s Government. 191023, Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Malaia Sadovaia ul., d. 1;
3 I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2
*andykkam@mail.ru