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Связь инфекции и вакцинации с артериальным ишемическим инсультом у детей
Комарова И.Б., Зыков В.П., Каширина Э.А., Наугольных Ю.В. Связь инфекции и вакцинации с артериальным ишемическим инсультом у детей. Педиатрия (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2017; 3: 108–115.
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Komarova I.B., Zykov V.P., Kaschirina E.A., Naugolnyh Yu.V. The relationship infection, vaccination and arterial ischemic stroke in children. Pediatrics (Suppl. Consilium Medicum). 2017; 3: 108–115.
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Цель: изучить риск артериального ишемического инсульта (АИИ) у детей на фоне инфекционных заболеваний и значимость инфекции и вакцинации для развития разных типов инсульта.
Материал и методы. Включены: больные АИИ в возрасте 4,6±4,02 года – основная группа, n=106 (67 мальчиков); здоровые дети в возрасте 5,6±3,7 года – контрольная группа, n=131 (70 мальчиков). Анализировали степень выполнения графика прививок и наличие инфекционных заболеваний в течение 1 года, 1 мес и 1 нед: в 1-й группе – до дебюта инсульта, во 2-й группе – до ревизии документации. У больных АИИ изучали факторы риска, клинику, нейровизуализацию, тромбофилические факторы и маркеры воспаления.
Результаты. Любое инфекционное заболевание в течение недели повышает риск АИИ от 3,1 раза (для «травматического» инсульта) до 8,23 раза (для воспалительной стеноокклюзивной церебральной артериопатии – ВСЦА). Маркеры, указывающие на ассоциацию инсульта с инфекционными заболеваниями: лейкоцитоз и ускорение СОЭ (r=0,54; p<0,05). Инфекция максимально значима для ВСЦА. Риск ее сохраняется до 1 мес после инфекционного заболевания (5,3; 95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 3,75–7,68). После ветряной оспы риск ВСЦА сохраняется 1 год (3,7; 95% ДИ 2,59–5,35). Вакцинация снижает шанс кардиоэмболического инсульта на 90% (0,1; 95% ДИ 0,028–0,37), инсульта, ассоциированного с травмой головы/шеи, – на 50% (0,5; 95% ДИ 0,29–0,99).
Заключение. Инфекционные заболевания транзиторно повышают риск АИИ. Максимальное значение инфекция имеет для инсульта, связанного с ВСЦА. Вакцинация оказывает защитное действие в отношении кардиоэмболического и «травматического» АИИ.
Ключевые слова: инфекционные заболевания, вакцинация, поствакцинальные осложнения, артериальный ишемический инсульт, дети.
Материал и методы. Включены: больные АИИ в возрасте 4,6±4,02 года – основная группа, n=106 (67 мальчиков); здоровые дети в возрасте 5,6±3,7 года – контрольная группа, n=131 (70 мальчиков). Анализировали степень выполнения графика прививок и наличие инфекционных заболеваний в течение 1 года, 1 мес и 1 нед: в 1-й группе – до дебюта инсульта, во 2-й группе – до ревизии документации. У больных АИИ изучали факторы риска, клинику, нейровизуализацию, тромбофилические факторы и маркеры воспаления.
Результаты. Любое инфекционное заболевание в течение недели повышает риск АИИ от 3,1 раза (для «травматического» инсульта) до 8,23 раза (для воспалительной стеноокклюзивной церебральной артериопатии – ВСЦА). Маркеры, указывающие на ассоциацию инсульта с инфекционными заболеваниями: лейкоцитоз и ускорение СОЭ (r=0,54; p<0,05). Инфекция максимально значима для ВСЦА. Риск ее сохраняется до 1 мес после инфекционного заболевания (5,3; 95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 3,75–7,68). После ветряной оспы риск ВСЦА сохраняется 1 год (3,7; 95% ДИ 2,59–5,35). Вакцинация снижает шанс кардиоэмболического инсульта на 90% (0,1; 95% ДИ 0,028–0,37), инсульта, ассоциированного с травмой головы/шеи, – на 50% (0,5; 95% ДИ 0,29–0,99).
Заключение. Инфекционные заболевания транзиторно повышают риск АИИ. Максимальное значение инфекция имеет для инсульта, связанного с ВСЦА. Вакцинация оказывает защитное действие в отношении кардиоэмболического и «травматического» АИИ.
Ключевые слова: инфекционные заболевания, вакцинация, поствакцинальные осложнения, артериальный ишемический инсульт, дети.
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The aim was to evaluate the risk of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) after infectious diseases (ID) and the significance of infection and vaccination for emergence of specific types of AIS.
Material and methods. We included 106 AIS pts (4.6±4.02 years, 67 male) – case group; 131 healthy children (5.6±3.7 years, 70 male) – control group. To determine prior exposure to infections and vaccines we conducted medical documents review. We evaluated vaccination and ID during the year, the month and week before the stroke in the case group and before documents review in the control. Risk factors, symptoms, neuroimaging, thrombophilic factors and inflammatory markers were studied in stroke pts.
Results. Any ID during the week increases the stroke risk from 3.1-fold (“traumatic” stroke) to 8.23-fold (inflammatory stenoocclusive cerebral arteriopathy, ISCA). Markers indicating the connection of the stroke with the ID are leukocytosis and ESR elevation (r=0.54; p<0.05). The infection has the highest value for stroke associated with ISCA. The risk of ISCA is maintained for at least 1 month after infection (5.3-fold, 95% CI 3.75–7.68). After chicken pox the risk of ISCA remains elevated within 1 year (3.7-fold, 95% CI 2.59–5.35). Vaccination reduces the risk of cardioembolic stroke by 90% (0.1; 95% CI 0.028–0.37), the risk of “traumatic” stroke – by 50% (0.5; 95% CI 0.29–0.99).
Conclusion. ID transiently increases the risk of AIS. The highest risk observed for ISCA stroke. Vaccinations may have a protective effect against cardioembolic and “traumatic” AISs.
Key words: infection, vaccination, postvaccinal complications, arterial ischemic stroke, children.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Mallick AA, Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ et al. Childhood arterial ischaemic stroke incidence, presenting features, and risk factors: a prospective population-based study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 35–43.
2. Fullerton HJ, Hills NK, Elkind MS et al. VIPS Investigators. Infection, vaccination, and childhood arterial ischemic stroke: Results of the VIPS study. Neurology 2015; 85 (17): 1459–66.
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4. Lanthier S, Armstrong D, Domi T, deVeber G. Post-varicella arteriopathy of childhood: natural history of vascular stenosis. Neurology 2005; 64: 660–3.
5. Askalan R, Laughlin S, Mayank S et al. Chickenpox and stroke in childhood: a study of frequency and causation. Stroke 2001; 32: 1257–62.
6. Hills NK, Sidney S, Fullerton HJ. Timing and number of minor infections as risk factors for childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Neurology 2014; 83 (10): 890–7.
7. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2611–18.
8. Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1322–32.
9. Wang CS, Wang ST, Lai CT et al. Reducing major cause-specific hospitalization rates and shortening hospital stays after influenza vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1604–10.
10. Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Rodriguez-Blanco T et al.; EPIVAC Research Group. Evaluating clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in preventing stroke: the CAPAMIS Study, 3-year follow-up. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23: 1577–84.
11. Pinol-Ripoll G, de la Puerta I, Santos S et al. Chronic bronchitis and acute infections
as new risk factors for ischemic stroke and the lack of protection offered by the influenza
vaccination. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 26: 339–47.
12. Bernard TJ, Manco-Johnson MJ, Lo W et al. Towards a consensus-based classification of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2012; 43 (2): 371–7.
13. Fullerton HJ, Elkind MS, Barkovich AJ et al. The Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) Study. J Child Neurol 2011; 26 (9): 1101–10.
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Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Ischemic Cerebrovascular
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32. Swartz JE, Jacobson BF, Connor MD et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a marker of inflammation and ongoing coagulation in stroke and transient ischaemic attack.
S Afr Med J 2005; 95: 607–12.
33. Ichiyama T, Houdou S, Kisa T et al. Varicella with delayed hemiplegia. Pediatr Neurol
1990; 6: 279–81.
34. Sebire G, Meyer L, Chabrier S. Varicella as a risk factor for cerebral infarction in childhood: a case–control study. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 679–80.
35. Ganesan V, Prengler M, McShane M et al. Investigation of risk factors in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 167–73.
36. Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R et al. The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies:
clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology 2008; 70: 853–60.
37. Losurdo G, Giacchino R, Castagnola E et al. Cerebrovascular disease and varicella children. Brain Dev 2006; 28: 366–70.
38. Bartolini L, Gentilomo C, Sartori S Varicella and Stroke in Children Good Outcome with steroids. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2011; 17: E127–30.
39. Alehan F, Boyvat F, Baskin E et al. Focal cerebral vasculitis and stroke after chickenpox. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2002; 6: 331–3.
40. Mayberg M, Langer RS, Zervas NT, Moskowitz MA. Perivascular meningeal projections from cat trigeminal ganglia: possible pathway for vascular headaches in man.
Science 1981; 213: 228–30.
41. Moskowitz MA. The neurobiology of vascular head pain. Ann Neurol 1984; 16: 157–68.
42. Gilden D, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies:
diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8 (8): 731–40.
43. Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2014; 20 (2): 157–63.
44. Josephson C, Nuss R, Jacobson L et al. The varicella-autoantibody syndrome. Pediatr Res 2001; 50 (3): 345–52.
45. Ferrara M, Bertocco F, Ferrara D, Capozzi L. Thrombophilia and varicella zoster in children. Hematology 2013; 18 (2): 119–22.
2. Fullerton HJ, Hills NK, Elkind MS et al. VIPS Investigators. Infection, vaccination, and childhood arterial ischemic stroke: Results of the VIPS study. Neurology 2015; 85 (17): 1459–66.
3. Kamholz J, Tremblay G. Chickenpox with delayed contralateral hemiparesis caused by cerebral angiitis. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 358–60.
4. Lanthier S, Armstrong D, Domi T, deVeber G. Post-varicella arteriopathy of childhood: natural history of vascular stenosis. Neurology 2005; 64: 660–3.
5. Askalan R, Laughlin S, Mayank S et al. Chickenpox and stroke in childhood: a study of frequency and causation. Stroke 2001; 32: 1257–62.
6. Hills NK, Sidney S, Fullerton HJ. Timing and number of minor infections as risk factors for childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Neurology 2014; 83 (10): 890–7.
7. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2611–18.
8. Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1322–32.
9. Wang CS, Wang ST, Lai CT et al. Reducing major cause-specific hospitalization rates and shortening hospital stays after influenza vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1604–10.
10. Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Rodriguez-Blanco T et al.; EPIVAC Research Group. Evaluating clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in preventing stroke: the CAPAMIS Study, 3-year follow-up. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23: 1577–84.
11. Pinol-Ripoll G, de la Puerta I, Santos S et al. Chronic bronchitis and acute infections
as new risk factors for ischemic stroke and the lack of protection offered by the influenza
vaccination. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 26: 339–47.
12. Bernard TJ, Manco-Johnson MJ, Lo W et al. Towards a consensus-based classification of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2012; 43 (2): 371–7.
13. Fullerton HJ, Elkind MS, Barkovich AJ et al. The Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) Study. J Child Neurol 2011; 26 (9): 1101–10.
14. Романцов М.Г., Мельникова И.Ю. Часто болеющие дети: вопросы фармакотерапии (научный обзор). Поликлиника. 2014; 6: 72–4. / Romantsov M.G., Mel'nikova I.Yu. Chasto boleiushchie deti: voprosy farmakoterapii (nauchnyi obzor). Poliklinika. 2014; 6: 72–4. [in Russian]
15. Ichord RN, Bastian R, Abraham L et al. Interrater reliability of the Pediatric National
Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (PedNIHSS) in a multicenter study. Stroke 2011; 42 (3): 613–7.
16. Ver Hage. The NIH stroke scale: a window into neurological status. Nurse. Com
Nursing Spectrum (Greater Chicago) [serial online] 2011; 24 (15): 44–9.
17. Aksu K, Donmez A, Keser G. Inflammation-induced thrombosis: mechanisms, disease
associations and management. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18 (11): 1478–93.
18. Macrez R, Ali C, Toutirais O et al. Stroke and the immune system: from pathophysiology to new therapeutic strategies Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 471–80.
19. Vilaseca MA, Moyano D, Ferrer I, Artuch R. Total homocysteine in pediatric patients. Clin Chem 1997; 43 (4): 690–2.
20. Kitchen L, Westmacott R, Friefeld S et al. The pediatric stroke outcome measure: a validation and reliability study. Stroke 2012; 43 (6): 1602–8.
21. Turin TC, Kita Y, Murakami Y et al. Higher stroke incidence in the spring season regardless of conventional risk factors: Takashima Stroke Registry, Japan, 1988–2001.
Stroke 2008; 39 (3): 745–52.
22. Khan FA, Engstrom G, Jerntorp I et al. Seasonal patterns of incidence and case fatality of stroke in Malmo, Sweden: the STROMA study. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 24 (1–2): 26–31.
23. Wang Y, Levi CR, Attia JR et al. Seasonal variation in stroke in the Hunter Region,
Australia: a 5-year hospital-based study, 1995–2000. Stroke 2003; 34 (5): 1144–50.
24. Pollard AJ, Finn A, Curtis N. Non-specific effects of vaccines: plausible and potentially important, but implications uncertain. Arch Dis Child 2017; 0: 1–5.
25. Youngblood B, Hale JS, Akondy R. Using epigenetics to define vaccine-induced memory T cells. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3 (3): 371–6.
26. Charakida M, Donald AE, Terese M et al; ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) Study Team. Endothelial dysfunction in childhood infection. Circulation 2005; 111 (13): 1660–5.
27. Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation 2000; 102: 2165–8.
28. Woodhouse PR, Khaw KT, Plummer M et al. Seasonal variations of plasma fi brinogen and factor VII activity in the elderly: winter infections and death from cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1994; 343: 435–39.
29. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major
cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality. An individual participant metaanalysis. JAMA 2005; 294: 1799–809.
30. Комарова И.Б., Зыков В.П. Роль инфекции в развитии церебрального артериального ишемического инсульта у детей. Педиатрия. Журн. им. Г.Н.Сперанского. 2013; 92 (6): 54–60. / Komarova I.B., Zykov V.P. Rol' infektsii v razvitii tserebral'nogo arterial'nogo ishemicheskogo insul'ta u detei. Pediatriia. Zhurn. im. G.N.Speranskogo. 2013; 92 (6): 54–60. [in Russian]
31. Elneihoum AM, Falke P, Axelsson L et al. Leukocyte Activation Detected by Increased
Plasma Levels of Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Ischemic Cerebrovascular
Diseases. Stroke 1996; 27: 1734–8.
32. Swartz JE, Jacobson BF, Connor MD et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a marker of inflammation and ongoing coagulation in stroke and transient ischaemic attack.
S Afr Med J 2005; 95: 607–12.
33. Ichiyama T, Houdou S, Kisa T et al. Varicella with delayed hemiplegia. Pediatr Neurol
1990; 6: 279–81.
34. Sebire G, Meyer L, Chabrier S. Varicella as a risk factor for cerebral infarction in childhood: a case–control study. Ann Neurol 1999; 45: 679–80.
35. Ganesan V, Prengler M, McShane M et al. Investigation of risk factors in children with arterial ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2003; 53: 167–73.
36. Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R et al. The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies:
clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology 2008; 70: 853–60.
37. Losurdo G, Giacchino R, Castagnola E et al. Cerebrovascular disease and varicella children. Brain Dev 2006; 28: 366–70.
38. Bartolini L, Gentilomo C, Sartori S Varicella and Stroke in Children Good Outcome with steroids. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2011; 17: E127–30.
39. Alehan F, Boyvat F, Baskin E et al. Focal cerebral vasculitis and stroke after chickenpox. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2002; 6: 331–3.
40. Mayberg M, Langer RS, Zervas NT, Moskowitz MA. Perivascular meningeal projections from cat trigeminal ganglia: possible pathway for vascular headaches in man.
Science 1981; 213: 228–30.
41. Moskowitz MA. The neurobiology of vascular head pain. Ann Neurol 1984; 16: 157–68.
42. Gilden D, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R, Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies:
diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8 (8): 731–40.
43. Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2014; 20 (2): 157–63.
44. Josephson C, Nuss R, Jacobson L et al. The varicella-autoantibody syndrome. Pediatr Res 2001; 50 (3): 345–52.
45. Ferrara M, Bertocco F, Ferrara D, Capozzi L. Thrombophilia and varicella zoster in children. Hematology 2013; 18 (2): 119–22.
________________________________________________
1. Mallick AA, Ganesan V, Kirkham FJ et al. Childhood arterial ischaemic stroke incidence, presenting features, and risk factors: a prospective population-based study.
Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 35–43.
2. Fullerton HJ, Hills NK, Elkind MS et al. VIPS Investigators. Infection, vaccination, and childhood arterial ischemic stroke: Results of the VIPS study. Neurology 2015; 85 (17): 1459–66.
3. Kamholz J, Tremblay G. Chickenpox with delayed contralateral hemiparesis caused by cerebral angiitis. Ann Neurol 1985; 18: 358–60.
4. Lanthier S, Armstrong D, Domi T, deVeber G. Post-varicella arteriopathy of childhood: natural history of vascular stenosis. Neurology 2005; 64: 660–3.
5. Askalan R, Laughlin S, Mayank S et al. Chickenpox and stroke in childhood: a study of frequency and causation. Stroke 2001; 32: 1257–62.
6. Hills NK, Sidney S, Fullerton HJ. Timing and number of minor infections as risk factors for childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Neurology 2014; 83 (10): 890–7.
7. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2611–18.
8. Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003;
348: 1322–32.
9. Wang CS, Wang ST, Lai CT et al. Reducing major cause-specific hospitalization rates
and shortening hospital stays after influenza vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1604–10.
10. Vila-Corcoles A, Ochoa-Gondar O, Rodriguez-Blanco T et al.; EPIVAC Research Group. Evaluating clinical effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in preventing stroke: the CAPAMIS Study, 3-year follow-up. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23: 1577–84.
11. Pinol-Ripoll G, de la Puerta I, Santos S et al. Chronic bronchitis and acute infections
as new risk factors for ischemic stroke and the lack of protection offered by the influenza
vaccination. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 26: 339–47.
12. Bernard TJ, Manco-Johnson MJ, Lo W et al. Towards a consensus-based classification of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2012; 43 (2): 371–7.
13. Fullerton HJ, Elkind MS, Barkovich AJ et al. The Vascular Effects of Infection in Pediatric Stroke (VIPS) Study. J Child Neurol 2011; 26 (9): 1101–10.
14. Romantsov M.G., Mel'nikova I.Yu. Chasto boleiushchie deti: voprosy farmakoterapii (nauchnyi obzor). Poliklinika. 2014; 6: 72–4. [in Russian]
15. Ichord RN, Bastian R, Abraham L et al. Interrater reliability of the Pediatric National
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Авторы
И.Б.Комарова1, В.П.Зыков1, Э.А.Каширина2, Ю.В.Наугольных2
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская поликлиника №110» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 127490, Россия, Москва, ул. Декабристов, д. 39
*childneuro@yandex.ru
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская поликлиника №110» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 127490, Россия, Москва, ул. Декабристов, д. 39
*childneuro@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
I.B.Komarova1, V.P.Zykov1, E.A.Kaschirina2, Yu.V.Naugolnyh2
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 Children's City Outpatient Clinic №110 of the Department of Health of Moscow. 127490, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Dekabristov, d.39
*childneuro@yandex.ru
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