Вкус – детерминанта формирования здоровья человека с рождения

Захарова И.Н., Мачнева Е.Б., Дмитриева Ю.А., Касьянова А.Н. Вкус – детерминанта формирования здоровья человека с рождения. Педиатрия (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2018; 2: 33–37. DOI: 10.26442/2413-8460_2018.2.33-37

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Zakharova I.N., Machnev E.B., Dmitrieva A.A., Kasyanova A.N. Taste as the main determinant factor of human health formation from birth. Pediatrics (Suppl. Consilium Medicum). 2018; 2: 33–37. DOI: 10.26442/2413-8460_2018.2.33-37

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Аннотация

Вкус выполняет защитную роль, контролируя одно из самых важных решений, принимаемых человеком: есть тот или иной продукт или отказаться от него. Защитная роль вкусовых рецепторов выражается в эволюционно сложившемся предпочтении человеком продуктов с высокой калорийностью (сладких или соленых) и отказе от потенциально токсичных продуктов, имеющих горький вкус. Защитную роль играют также недавно обнаруженные учеными вкусовые рецепторы в дыхательных путях – рецепторы горького и сладкого вкуса участвуют в детекции бактерий и регуляции врожденного иммунитета. Однако за счет доступности рафинированных продуктов с высоким содержанием жиров и сахаров в современном обществе эволюционно сложившиеся вкусовые предпочтения к сладкому и соленому перестали играть защитную роль, способствуя пищевому поведению людей, обусловливающему развитие многих хронических заболеваний. Вкус у ребенка уже сформирован при рождении и продолжает изменяться в течение всех периодов детства, подросткового возраста. Повлиять на формирование правильных вкусовых предпочтений у ребенка возможно путем организации питания беременной и кормящей женщины, а также прикорма ребенка раннего возраста, что, в свою очередь, будет способствовать формированию здоровья ребенка в будущем.
Ключевые слова: вкус, здоровье, генетика, человек, ребенок, вкусовой анализатор, обоняние, полиморфизм генов.

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Taste fulfills a protective role, controlling one of the most important decisions made by a person: there is a product or refuse it. The protective role of taste buds is expressed in the evolutionary preference of a person with products with high caloric content (sweet or salty) and the rejection of potentially toxic products having a bitter taste. Protective role is also played recently discovered by the scientists taste buds in the respiratory tract – receptors of bitter and sweet taste participate in the detection of bacteria and the regulation of innate immunity. However, due to the availability of refined products with a high content of fats and sugars in the modern society, the evolving taste preferences for sweet and salty foods have ceased to play a protective role, contributing to nutritional behavior of people due to the development of many chronic diseases. The child's taste is already formed at birth and continues to change during all periods of childhood, adolescence. Affect the formation of the correct taste preferences of the child possible by catering to pregnant and lactating women, as well as feeding the young child, which, in turn, will contribute to a child's health in the future.
Key words: taste, health, genetics, man, child, taste analyzer, sense of smell, polymorphism of genes.

Список литературы

1. Mennella JA, Reiter AR, Daniels LM. Vegetable and Fruit Acceptance during Infancy: Impact of Ontogeny, Genetics, and Early Experiences. Adv Nutr 2016; 7 (1): 211S–219S.
2. Forestell CA, Mennella JA. The ontogeny of taste perception and preference throughout childhood. In: RL Doty, ed. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 3rd ed. Wilmington (DE): Wiley, John&Sons, Inc., 2015; p. 797–830.
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4. Захарова И.Н., Боровик Т.Э., Дмитриева Ю.А. и др. Физиология системы вкуса. Роль продуктов прикорма в формировании вкусовых предпочтений у ребенка: учеб. пособие М.: ГБОУ ДПО РМАПО, 2013. / Zakharova I.N., Borovik T.E., Dmitrieva Iu.A. i dr. Fiziologiia sistemy vkusa. Rol' produktov prikorma v formirovanii vkusovykh predpochtenii u rebenka: ucheb. posobie M.: GBOU DPO RMAPO, 2013. [in Russian]
5. Low YQ, Lacy K, Keast R. The role of sweet taste in satiation and satiety. Nutrients 2014; 6 (9): 3431–50.
6. Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Bitter and sweet taste receptors in the respiratory epithelium in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92 (12): 1235–44.
7. Lee RJ, Xiong G, Kofonow JM et al. T2R38 taste receptor polymorphisms underlie susceptibility to upper respiratory infection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 4145–59.
8. Lee RJ, Chen B, Redding KM et al. Mouse nasal epithelial innate immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecules require taste signaling components. Innate Immunity 2014; 20: 606–17.
9. Lee RJ, Kofonow JM, Rosen PL et al. Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124: 1393–405.
10. Saunders CJ, Christensen M, Finger TE, Tizzano M. Cholinergic neurotransmission links solitary chemosensory cells to nasal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 6075–80.
11. Chamoun E, Hutchinson JM, Krystia O et al., Guelph Family Health Study. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Taste Receptor Genes Are Associated with Snacking Patterns of Preschool-Aged Children in the Guelph Family Health Study: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2018; 10 (2). pii: E153.
12. Mennella JA, Spector AC, Reed DR, Coldwell SE. The bad taste of medicines: overview of basic research on bitter taste. Clin Ther 2013; 35: 1225–46.
13. Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 2003; 299: 1221–5.
14. Bufe B, Breslin PA, Kuhn C et al. The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception. Curr Biol 2005; 15: 322–7.
15. Kim U, Wooding S, Ricci D et al. Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci. Hum Mutat 2005; 26 (3): 199–204.
16. Bachmanov AA, Beauchamp GK. Taste receptor genes. Ann Rev Nutr 2007; 27: 389–414.
17. Biarnés X, Marchiori A, Giorgetti A et al. Insights into the binding of Phenyltiocarbamide (PTC) agonist to its target human TAS2R38 bitter receptor. PLoS One 2010; 5 (8): e12394.
18. Wooding S, Kim UK, Bamshad MJ et al. Natural selection and molecular evolution in PTC, a bitter-taste receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74 (4): 637–46.
19. Duffy VB. Variation in oral sensation: implications for diet and health. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007; 23 (2): 171–7.
20. Campa D, De Rango F, Carrai M et al. Bitter taste receptor polymorphisms and human aging. PLoS One 2012; 7 (11): e45232.
21. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Duke FF, Reed DR. Age modifies the genotype-phenotype relationship for the bitter receptor TAS2R38. BMC Genet 2010; 11: 60
22. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Reed DR. Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences. Pediatrics 2005; 115: e216–22.
23. Keller KL, Olsen A, Cravener TL et al. Bitter taste phenotype and body weight predict children's selection of sweet and savory foods at a palatable test-meal. Appetite 2014; 77: 113–21.
24. Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Kidd JR, Duffy VB. Supertasting and PROP bitterness depends on more than the TAS2R38 gene. Chem Senses 2008; 33 (3): 255–65.
25. Calò C, Padiglia A, Zonza A et al. Polymorphisms in TAS2R38 and the taste bud trophic factor, gustin gene co-operate in modulating PROP taste phenotype. Physiol Behav 2011; 104 (5): 1065–71.
26. Padiglia A, Zonza A, Atzori E et al. Sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil is associated with gustin (carbonic anhydrase VI) gene polymorphism, salivary zinc, and body mass index in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92 (3): 539–45.
27. Mennella JA, Reed DR, Roberts KM et al. Age-related differences in bitter taste and efficacy of bitter blockers. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103107.
28. Mennella JA, Reed DR, Mathew PS et al. A spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down: bitter masking by sucrose among children and adults. Chem Senses 2015; 40: 17–25.
29. Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995; 20: 207–9.
30. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 692–8.
31. Gerrish CJ, Mennella JA. Flavor variety enhances food acceptance in formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1080–5.
32. Maier-Nöth A, Schaal B, Leathwood P, Issanchou S. The Lasting Influences of Early Food-Related Variety Experience: A Longitudinal Study of Vegetable Acceptance from 5 Months to 6 Years in Two Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11 (3): e0151356.

________________________________________________

1. Mennella JA, Reiter AR, Daniels LM. Vegetable and Fruit Acceptance during Infancy: Impact of Ontogeny, Genetics, and Early Experiences. Adv Nutr 2016; 7 (1): 211S–219S.
2. Forestell CA, Mennella JA. The ontogeny of taste perception and preference throughout childhood. In: RL Doty, ed. Handbook of olfaction and gustation. 3rd ed. Wilmington (DE): Wiley, John&Sons, Inc., 2015; p. 797–830.
3. Gaillard D, Bowles SG, Salcedo E et al. β-catenin is required for taste bud cell renewal and behavioral taste perception in adult mice. PLoS Genet 2017; 13 (8): e1006990.
4. Zakharova I.N., Borovik T.E., Dmitrieva Iu.A. i dr. Fiziologiia sistemy vkusa. Rol' produktov prikorma v formirovanii vkusovykh predpochtenii u rebenka: ucheb. posobie M.: GBOU DPO RMAPO, 2013. [in Russian]
5. Low YQ, Lacy K, Keast R. The role of sweet taste in satiation and satiety. Nutrients 2014; 6 (9): 3431–50.
6. Lee RJ, Cohen NA. Bitter and sweet taste receptors in the respiratory epithelium in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92 (12): 1235–44.
7. Lee RJ, Xiong G, Kofonow JM et al. T2R38 taste receptor polymorphisms underlie susceptibility to upper respiratory infection. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 4145–59.
8. Lee RJ, Chen B, Redding KM et al. Mouse nasal epithelial innate immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecules require taste signaling components. Innate Immunity 2014; 20: 606–17.
9. Lee RJ, Kofonow JM, Rosen PL et al. Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity. J Clin Invest 2014; 124: 1393–405.
10. Saunders CJ, Christensen M, Finger TE, Tizzano M. Cholinergic neurotransmission links solitary chemosensory cells to nasal inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014; 111: 6075–80.
11. Chamoun E, Hutchinson JM, Krystia O et al., Guelph Family Health Study. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Taste Receptor Genes Are Associated with Snacking Patterns of Preschool-Aged Children in the Guelph Family Health Study: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2018; 10 (2). pii: E153.
12. Mennella JA, Spector AC, Reed DR, Coldwell SE. The bad taste of medicines: overview of basic research on bitter taste. Clin Ther 2013; 35: 1225–46.
13. Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 2003; 299: 1221–5.
14. Bufe B, Breslin PA, Kuhn C et al. The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception. Curr Biol 2005; 15: 322–7.
15. Kim U, Wooding S, Ricci D et al. Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci. Hum Mutat 2005; 26 (3): 199–204.
16. Bachmanov AA, Beauchamp GK. Taste receptor genes. Ann Rev Nutr 2007; 27: 389–414.
17. Biarnés X, Marchiori A, Giorgetti A et al. Insights into the binding of Phenyltiocarbamide (PTC) agonist to its target human TAS2R38 bitter receptor. PLoS One 2010; 5 (8): e12394.
18. Wooding S, Kim UK, Bamshad MJ et al. Natural selection and molecular evolution in PTC, a bitter-taste receptor gene. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74 (4): 637–46.
19. Duffy VB. Variation in oral sensation: implications for diet and health. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007; 23 (2): 171–7.
20. Campa D, De Rango F, Carrai M et al. Bitter taste receptor polymorphisms and human aging. PLoS One 2012; 7 (11): e45232.
21. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Duke FF, Reed DR. Age modifies the genotype-phenotype relationship for the bitter receptor TAS2R38. BMC Genet 2010; 11: 60
22. Mennella JA, Pepino MY, Reed DR. Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences. Pediatrics 2005; 115: e216–22.
23. Keller KL, Olsen A, Cravener TL et al. Bitter taste phenotype and body weight predict children's selection of sweet and savory foods at a palatable test-meal. Appetite 2014; 77: 113–21.
24. Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Kidd JR, Duffy VB. Supertasting and PROP bitterness depends on more than the TAS2R38 gene. Chem Senses 2008; 33 (3): 255–65.
25. Calò C, Padiglia A, Zonza A et al. Polymorphisms in TAS2R38 and the taste bud trophic factor, gustin gene co-operate in modulating PROP taste phenotype. Physiol Behav 2011; 104 (5): 1065–71.
26. Padiglia A, Zonza A, Atzori E et al. Sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil is associated with gustin (carbonic anhydrase VI) gene polymorphism, salivary zinc, and body mass index in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92 (3): 539–45.
27. Mennella JA, Reed DR, Roberts KM et al. Age-related differences in bitter taste and efficacy of bitter blockers. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103107.
28. Mennella JA, Reed DR, Mathew PS et al. A spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down: bitter masking by sucrose among children and adults. Chem Senses 2015; 40: 17–25.
29. Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid. Chem Senses 1995; 20: 207–9.
30. Galloway AT, Lee Y, Birch LL. Predictors and consequences of food neophobia and pickiness in young girls. J Am Diet Assoc 2003; 103: 692–8.
31. Gerrish CJ, Mennella JA. Flavor variety enhances food acceptance in formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1080–5.
32. Maier-Nöth A, Schaal B, Leathwood P, Issanchou S. The Lasting Influences of Early Food-Related Variety Experience: A Longitudinal Study of Vegetable Acceptance from 5 Months to 6 Years in Two Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11 (3): e0151356.

Авторы

И.Н.Захарова*, Е.Б.Мачнева, Ю.А.Дмитриева, А.Н.Касьянова

ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru

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I.N.Zakharova*, E.B.Machnev, A.A.Dmitrieva, A.N.Kasyanova

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru

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