Функциональные нарушения желудочно-кишечного тракта у детей раннего возраста – современный взгляд на традиционные проблемы у младенцев
Функциональные нарушения желудочно-кишечного тракта у детей раннего возраста – современный взгляд на традиционные проблемы у младенцев
Захарова И.Н., Бережная И.В., Касьянова А.Н. и др. Функциональные нарушения желудочно-кишечного тракта у детей раннего возраста – современный взгляд на традиционные проблемы у младенцев. Педиатрия (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2018; 3: 24–29.
DOI: 10.26442/2413-8460_2018.3.24-29
DOI: 10.26442/2413-8460_2018.3.24-29
DOI: 10.26442/2413-8460_2018.3.24-29
________________________________________________
DOI: 10.26442/2413-8460_2018.3.24-29
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Аннотация
Функциональные нарушения (ФН) желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ) у детей первых месяцев жизни являются одной из самых первых проблем, с которой сталкиваются молодые родители. Данные проявления не связаны со структурными и воспалительными изменениями ЖКТ. Срыгивания, регургитация, колики, запоры сопровождаются приступами беспокойства и нарушениями поведения малыша, что пугает родителей и меняет качество жизни семьи. Учитывая данные опроса врачей, оказалось, что диагностика младенческих колик вызывает затруднения примерно у 47%, а их терапия – у более чем 30% педиатров. В статье освещены вопросы ФН ЖКТ у детей раннего возраста в свете современных Римских критериев IV и их соответствия МКБ-10. Приведены последние исследования по диетической коррекции ФН ЖКТ.
Ключевые слова: дети, функциональные нарушения желудочно-кишечного тракта, младенческие колики, запоры, гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс, срыгивания, регургитация.
Key words: children, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, infant colic, constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, regurgitation, regurgitation.
Ключевые слова: дети, функциональные нарушения желудочно-кишечного тракта, младенческие колики, запоры, гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс, срыгивания, регургитация.
________________________________________________
Key words: children, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, infant colic, constipation, gastroesophageal reflux, regurgitation, regurgitation.
Список литературы
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2. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M et al. Functional disorders: children and Adolescents. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1456–68.
3. Varni JW, Bendo CB, Nurko S et al. PediatricQuality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Testing Study Consortium. Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (1): 85–90.
4. Hoekman DR, Rutten JMTM, Vlieger AM et al. Annual costs of care for pediatric irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, and functional abdominal pain syndrome. J Pediatr 2015; 167 (5): 1103–8.e2.
5. Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D, Geraint M. Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31 (9): 938–49.
6. Liem O, Harman J, Benninga M et al. Health utilization and cost impact of childhood constipation in the United States. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (2): 258–62.
7. Zeevenhooven J, Koppen IJ, Benninga MA. The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2017; 20 (1): 1–13.
8. Van Tilburg MAL, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3):84–89.
9. Camilleri M, Park SY, Scarpato E, Staiano A. Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29 (2).
10. Kramer EAH, Den Hertog-Kuijl JH, Van Den Broek LMCL. Defecation patterns in infants: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (6): 533–6.
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12. Liu X, Silverman A, Kern M. Excessive coupling of the salience network with intrinsic neurocognitive brain networks during rectal distension in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a preliminary report. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28 (1): 43–53.
13. Hubbard CS, Becerra L, Heinz N et al. Abdominal pain, the adolescent and altered brain structure and function. PLoS One 2016; 11 (5): e0156545.
14. Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г., Бережная И.В. Функциональные гастроинтестинальные расстройства у детей раннего возраста: критерии диагностики и подходы к диетотерапии. Рос. вестн. перинатологии и педиатрии. 2018; 63 (1): 113–21. / Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Berezhnaya I.V. Funktsional'nye gastrointestinal'nye rasstroistva u detei rannego vozrasta: kriterii diagnostiki i podkhody k dietoterapii. Ros. vestn. perinatologii i pediatrii. 2018; 63 (1): 113–21. [in Russian]
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16. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, van Eijk JT et al. Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 398–403.
17. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and health outcomes of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in infants from birth to 12 months of age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61: 531–7.
18. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M et al. The pediatric Rome IV criteria: what's new? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11 (3): 193–201. DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1282820
19. Savino F, Cordisco L, Tarasco V et al. Molecular identification of coliform bacteria from colicky breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98 (10): 1582–8.
20. Savino F, Palumeri E, Tullio V et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93 (6): 825–9.
21. Savino F, Locatelli E, Di Gioia D et al. Antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus strains against gas-producing coliforms isolated from colicky infants. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11: 157.
22. Savino F, Garro M, Amaretti A et al. Comparison of formula-fed infants with and without colic revealed significant differences in total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and faecal ammonia. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106 (4): 573–8.
23. Rajilić-Stojanović M, Heilig HG, Molenaar D et al. Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11: 1736–51.
24. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, Puylaert P, de Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota of infants with colic: development and specific signatures. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e550–e558.
25. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, de Vos WM. Crying in infants: on the possible role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colic. Gut Microbes 2013; 4: 416–21.
26. Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ, Allen IE. The relationship between migraine and infant colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 2015; 35 (1): 63–72.
27. Tabrizi M, Badeli H, Hassanzadeh Rad A et al. Is Infantile Colic an Early Life Expression of Childhood Migraine? Iran J Child Neurol 2017; 11 (3): 37–41.
28. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
29. Chogle A, Velasco-Benitez CA, Koppen IJ et al. A population-based study on the epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in young children. J Pediatr 2016; 179: 139–43.e1.
30. Malowitz S, Green M, Karpinski A et al. Age of onset of functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62: 600–2.
31. Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 3–18.
32. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg M.A. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 39–43.e3.
33. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (3): 542–5.
34. Lu PL, Velasco-Benítez CA, Saps M. Sex, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64 (6): e137–e141.
35. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a schoolbased study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–e236.
36. Zhang SC, Wang WL, Qu RB et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
37. Walter HA, Hovenkamp A, Rajindrajith S et al. OP-12 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
38. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
39. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
40. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slowtransit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
41. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
42. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
43. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnor Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
44. Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г. Функциональные нарушения у здоровых детей раннего возраста. Мед. совет. 2017; 1: 161–5. / Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G. Funktsional'nye narusheniia u zdorovykh detei rannego vozrasta. Med. sovet. 2017; 1: 161–5. [in Russian]
45. Nation ML, Dunne EM, Joseph SJ et al. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri colonization on gut microbiota, inflammation, and crying time in infant colic. Sci Rep 2017; 7 (1): 15047.
46. Orel R, Reberšak LV. Clinical Effects of Prebiotics in Pediatric Population. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53 (12): 1083–9.
47. Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г., Ардатская М.Д., Лазарева С.И. Опыт применения мультиштаммового пробиотика у детей грудного возраста с функциональными нарушениями ЖКТ. Мед. совет. 2015; 14: 48–53. / Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Аrdatskaya M.D., Lazareva S.I. Opyt primeneniya mul'tishtammovogo probiotika u detej grudnogo vozrasta s funktsional'nymi narusheniyami ZHKT. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 48–53. [in Russian]
48. Savino F, Palumeri E, Castagno E et al. Reduction of crying episodes owing to infantile colic: A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a new infant formula. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1304–10.
49. Pärtty A, Luoto R, Kalliomäki M et al. Effects of early prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on development of gut microbiota and fussing and crying in preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 1272-7.e1-2.
50. Quinlan PT, Lockton S, Irwin J, Lucas AL. The relationship between stool hardness and stool composition in breast- and formula-fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20: 81–90.
51. Kennedy K, Fewtrell MS, Morley et al. Double-blind, randomized trial of a synthetic triacylglycerol in formula-fed term infants: effects on stool biochemistry, stool characteristics, and bone mineralization. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 70: 920–7.
52. Yao M, Lien EL, Capeding MR et al. Effects of term infant formulas containing high sn-2 palmitate with and without oligofructose on stool composition, stool characteristics, and bifidogenicity: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: 440–8.
53. Carnielli VP, Luijendik IHT, van Goudoever JB et al. Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in formulas: effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23: 554–60.
54. Bongers MEJ, de Lorijn F, Reitsma JB et al. The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Nutr J 2007; 6: 8.
55. Yaron S, Shachar D, Abramas L et al. Effect of high b-palmitate content in infant formula on the intestinal microbiota of term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 376–81.
56. Drossman D.A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1262–79.
2. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M et al. Functional disorders: children and Adolescents. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1456–68.
3. Varni JW, Bendo CB, Nurko S et al. PediatricQuality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Testing Study Consortium. Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (1): 85–90.
4. Hoekman DR, Rutten JMTM, Vlieger AM et al. Annual costs of care for pediatric irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, and functional abdominal pain syndrome. J Pediatr 2015; 167 (5): 1103–8.e2.
5. Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D, Geraint M. Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31 (9): 938–49.
6. Liem O, Harman J, Benninga M et al. Health utilization and cost impact of childhood constipation in the United States. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (2): 258–62.
7. Zeevenhooven J, Koppen IJ, Benninga MA. The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2017; 20 (1): 1–13.
8. Van Tilburg MAL, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3):84–89.
9. Camilleri M, Park SY, Scarpato E, Staiano A. Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29 (2).
10. Kramer EAH, Den Hertog-Kuijl JH, Van Den Broek LMCL. Defecation patterns in infants: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (6): 533–6.
11. Mayer EA, Tillisch K. The brain-gut axis in abdominal pain syndromes. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62: 381–96.
12. Liu X, Silverman A, Kern M. Excessive coupling of the salience network with intrinsic neurocognitive brain networks during rectal distension in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a preliminary report. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28 (1): 43–53.
13. Hubbard CS, Becerra L, Heinz N et al. Abdominal pain, the adolescent and altered brain structure and function. PLoS One 2016; 11 (5): e0156545.
14. Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Berezhnaya I.V. Funktsional'nye gastrointestinal'nye rasstroistva u detei rannego vozrasta: kriterii diagnostiki i podkhody k dietoterapii. Ros. vestn. perinatologii i pediatrii. 2018; 63 (1): 113–21. [in Russian]
15. Vandenplas Y, Rudolph CD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49: 498–547.
16. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, van Eijk JT et al. Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 398–403.
17. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and health outcomes of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in infants from birth to 12 months of age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61: 531–7.
18. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M et al. The pediatric Rome IV criteria: what's new? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11 (3): 193–201. DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1282820
19. Savino F, Cordisco L, Tarasco V et al. Molecular identification of coliform bacteria from colicky breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98 (10): 1582–8.
20. Savino F, Palumeri E, Tullio V et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93 (6): 825–9.
21. Savino F, Locatelli E, Di Gioia D et al. Antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus strains against gas-producing coliforms isolated from colicky infants. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11: 157.
22. Savino F, Garro M, Amaretti A et al. Comparison of formula-fed infants with and without colic revealed significant differences in total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and faecal ammonia. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106 (4): 573–8.
23. Rajilić-Stojanović M, Heilig HG, Molenaar D et al. Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11: 1736–51.
24. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, Puylaert P, de Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota of infants with colic: development and specific signatures. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e550–e558.
25. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, de Vos WM. Crying in infants: on the possible role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colic. Gut Microbes 2013; 4: 416–21.
26. Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ, Allen IE. The relationship between migraine and infant colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 2015; 35 (1): 63–72.
27. Tabrizi M, Badeli H, Hassanzadeh Rad A et al. Is Infantile Colic an Early Life Expression of Childhood Migraine? Iran J Child Neurol 2017; 11 (3): 37–41.
28. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
29. Chogle A, Velasco-Benitez CA, Koppen IJ et al. A population-based study on the epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in young children. J Pediatr 2016; 179: 139–43.e1.
30. Malowitz S, Green M, Karpinski A et al. Age of onset of functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62: 600–2.
31. Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 3–18.
32. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg M.A. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 39–43.e3.
33. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (3): 542–5.
34. Lu PL, Velasco-Benítez CA, Saps M. Sex, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64 (6): e137–e141.
35. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a schoolbased study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–e236.
36. Zhang SC, Wang WL, Qu RB et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
37. Walter HA, Hovenkamp A, Rajindrajith S et al. OP-12 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
38. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
39. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
40. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slowtransit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
41. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
42. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
43. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnor Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
44. Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G. Funktsional'nye narusheniia u zdorovykh detei rannego vozrasta. Med. sovet. 2017; 1: 161–5. [in Russian]
45. Nation ML, Dunne EM, Joseph SJ et al. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri colonization on gut microbiota, inflammation, and crying time in infant colic. Sci Rep 2017; 7 (1): 15047.
46. Orel R, Reberšak LV. Clinical Effects of Prebiotics in Pediatric Population. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53 (12): 1083–9.
47. Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Аrdatskaya M.D., Lazareva S.I. Opyt primeneniya mul'tishtammovogo probiotika u detej grudnogo vozrasta s funktsional'nymi narusheniyami ZHKT. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 48–53. [in Russian]
48. Savino F, Palumeri E, Castagno E et al. Reduction of crying episodes owing to infantile colic: A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a new infant formula. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1304–10.
49. Pärtty A, Luoto R, Kalliomäki M et al. Effects of early prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on development of gut microbiota and fussing and crying in preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 1272-7.e1-2.
50. Quinlan PT, Lockton S, Irwin J, Lucas AL. The relationship between stool hardness and stool composition in breast- and formula-fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20: 81–90.
51. Kennedy K, Fewtrell MS, Morley et al. Double-blind, randomized trial of a synthetic triacylglycerol in formula-fed term infants: effects on stool biochemistry, stool characteristics, and bone mineralization. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 70: 920–7.
52. Yao M, Lien EL, Capeding MR et al. Effects of term infant formulas containing high sn-2 palmitate with and without oligofructose on stool composition, stool characteristics, and bifidogenicity: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: 440–8.
53. Carnielli VP, Luijendik IHT, van Goudoever JB et al. Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in formulas: effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23: 554–60.
54. Bongers MEJ, de Lorijn F, Reitsma JB et al. The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Nutr J 2007; 6: 8.
55. Yaron S, Shachar D, Abramas L et al. Effect of high b-palmitate content in infant formula on the intestinal microbiota of term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 376–81.
56. Drossman D.A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1262–79.
2. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M et al. Functional disorders: children and Adolescents. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1456–68.
3. Varni JW, Bendo CB, Nurko S et al. PediatricQuality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Testing Study Consortium. Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (1): 85–90.
4. Hoekman DR, Rutten JMTM, Vlieger AM et al. Annual costs of care for pediatric irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, and functional abdominal pain syndrome. J Pediatr 2015; 167 (5): 1103–8.e2.
5. Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D, Geraint M. Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31 (9): 938–49.
6. Liem O, Harman J, Benninga M et al. Health utilization and cost impact of childhood constipation in the United States. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (2): 258–62.
7. Zeevenhooven J, Koppen IJ, Benninga MA. The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2017; 20 (1): 1–13.
8. Van Tilburg MAL, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3):84–89.
9. Camilleri M, Park SY, Scarpato E, Staiano A. Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29 (2).
10. Kramer EAH, Den Hertog-Kuijl JH, Van Den Broek LMCL. Defecation patterns in infants: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (6): 533–6.
11. Mayer EA, Tillisch K. The brain-gut axis in abdominal pain syndromes. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62: 381–96.
12. Liu X, Silverman A, Kern M. Excessive coupling of the salience network with intrinsic neurocognitive brain networks during rectal distension in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a preliminary report. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28 (1): 43–53.
13. Hubbard CS, Becerra L, Heinz N et al. Abdominal pain, the adolescent and altered brain structure and function. PLoS One 2016; 11 (5): e0156545.
14. Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г., Бережная И.В. Функциональные гастроинтестинальные расстройства у детей раннего возраста: критерии диагностики и подходы к диетотерапии. Рос. вестн. перинатологии и педиатрии. 2018; 63 (1): 113–21. / Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Berezhnaya I.V. Funktsional'nye gastrointestinal'nye rasstroistva u detei rannego vozrasta: kriterii diagnostiki i podkhody k dietoterapii. Ros. vestn. perinatologii i pediatrii. 2018; 63 (1): 113–21. [in Russian]
15. Vandenplas Y, Rudolph CD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49: 498–547.
16. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, van Eijk JT et al. Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 398–403.
17. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and health outcomes of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in infants from birth to 12 months of age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61: 531–7.
18. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M et al. The pediatric Rome IV criteria: what's new? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11 (3): 193–201. DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1282820
19. Savino F, Cordisco L, Tarasco V et al. Molecular identification of coliform bacteria from colicky breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98 (10): 1582–8.
20. Savino F, Palumeri E, Tullio V et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93 (6): 825–9.
21. Savino F, Locatelli E, Di Gioia D et al. Antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus strains against gas-producing coliforms isolated from colicky infants. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11: 157.
22. Savino F, Garro M, Amaretti A et al. Comparison of formula-fed infants with and without colic revealed significant differences in total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and faecal ammonia. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106 (4): 573–8.
23. Rajilić-Stojanović M, Heilig HG, Molenaar D et al. Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11: 1736–51.
24. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, Puylaert P, de Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota of infants with colic: development and specific signatures. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e550–e558.
25. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, de Vos WM. Crying in infants: on the possible role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colic. Gut Microbes 2013; 4: 416–21.
26. Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ, Allen IE. The relationship between migraine and infant colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 2015; 35 (1): 63–72.
27. Tabrizi M, Badeli H, Hassanzadeh Rad A et al. Is Infantile Colic an Early Life Expression of Childhood Migraine? Iran J Child Neurol 2017; 11 (3): 37–41.
28. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
29. Chogle A, Velasco-Benitez CA, Koppen IJ et al. A population-based study on the epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in young children. J Pediatr 2016; 179: 139–43.e1.
30. Malowitz S, Green M, Karpinski A et al. Age of onset of functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62: 600–2.
31. Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 3–18.
32. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg M.A. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 39–43.e3.
33. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (3): 542–5.
34. Lu PL, Velasco-Benítez CA, Saps M. Sex, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64 (6): e137–e141.
35. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a schoolbased study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–e236.
36. Zhang SC, Wang WL, Qu RB et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
37. Walter HA, Hovenkamp A, Rajindrajith S et al. OP-12 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
38. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
39. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
40. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slowtransit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
41. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
42. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
43. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnor Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
44. Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г. Функциональные нарушения у здоровых детей раннего возраста. Мед. совет. 2017; 1: 161–5. / Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G. Funktsional'nye narusheniia u zdorovykh detei rannego vozrasta. Med. sovet. 2017; 1: 161–5. [in Russian]
45. Nation ML, Dunne EM, Joseph SJ et al. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri colonization on gut microbiota, inflammation, and crying time in infant colic. Sci Rep 2017; 7 (1): 15047.
46. Orel R, Reberšak LV. Clinical Effects of Prebiotics in Pediatric Population. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53 (12): 1083–9.
47. Захарова И.Н., Сугян Н.Г., Ардатская М.Д., Лазарева С.И. Опыт применения мультиштаммового пробиотика у детей грудного возраста с функциональными нарушениями ЖКТ. Мед. совет. 2015; 14: 48–53. / Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Аrdatskaya M.D., Lazareva S.I. Opyt primeneniya mul'tishtammovogo probiotika u detej grudnogo vozrasta s funktsional'nymi narusheniyami ZHKT. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 48–53. [in Russian]
48. Savino F, Palumeri E, Castagno E et al. Reduction of crying episodes owing to infantile colic: A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a new infant formula. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1304–10.
49. Pärtty A, Luoto R, Kalliomäki M et al. Effects of early prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on development of gut microbiota and fussing and crying in preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 1272-7.e1-2.
50. Quinlan PT, Lockton S, Irwin J, Lucas AL. The relationship between stool hardness and stool composition in breast- and formula-fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20: 81–90.
51. Kennedy K, Fewtrell MS, Morley et al. Double-blind, randomized trial of a synthetic triacylglycerol in formula-fed term infants: effects on stool biochemistry, stool characteristics, and bone mineralization. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 70: 920–7.
52. Yao M, Lien EL, Capeding MR et al. Effects of term infant formulas containing high sn-2 palmitate with and without oligofructose on stool composition, stool characteristics, and bifidogenicity: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: 440–8.
53. Carnielli VP, Luijendik IHT, van Goudoever JB et al. Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in formulas: effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23: 554–60.
54. Bongers MEJ, de Lorijn F, Reitsma JB et al. The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Nutr J 2007; 6: 8.
55. Yaron S, Shachar D, Abramas L et al. Effect of high b-palmitate content in infant formula on the intestinal microbiota of term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 376–81.
56. Drossman D.A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1262–79.
________________________________________________
2. Hyams JS, Di Lorenzo C, Saps M et al. Functional disorders: children and Adolescents. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1456–68.
3. Varni JW, Bendo CB, Nurko S et al. PediatricQuality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Gastrointestinal Symptoms Module Testing Study Consortium. Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with functional and organic gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (1): 85–90.
4. Hoekman DR, Rutten JMTM, Vlieger AM et al. Annual costs of care for pediatric irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal pain, and functional abdominal pain syndrome. J Pediatr 2015; 167 (5): 1103–8.e2.
5. Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D, Geraint M. Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31 (9): 938–49.
6. Liem O, Harman J, Benninga M et al. Health utilization and cost impact of childhood constipation in the United States. J Pediatr 2009; 154 (2): 258–62.
7. Zeevenhooven J, Koppen IJ, Benninga MA. The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2017; 20 (1): 1–13.
8. Van Tilburg MAL, Hyman PE, Walker L et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. J Pediatr 2015; 166 (3):84–89.
9. Camilleri M, Park SY, Scarpato E, Staiano A. Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29 (2).
10. Kramer EAH, Den Hertog-Kuijl JH, Van Den Broek LMCL. Defecation patterns in infants: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100 (6): 533–6.
11. Mayer EA, Tillisch K. The brain-gut axis in abdominal pain syndromes. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62: 381–96.
12. Liu X, Silverman A, Kern M. Excessive coupling of the salience network with intrinsic neurocognitive brain networks during rectal distension in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: a preliminary report. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28 (1): 43–53.
13. Hubbard CS, Becerra L, Heinz N et al. Abdominal pain, the adolescent and altered brain structure and function. PLoS One 2016; 11 (5): e0156545.
14. Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Berezhnaya I.V. Funktsional'nye gastrointestinal'nye rasstroistva u detei rannego vozrasta: kriterii diagnostiki i podkhody k dietoterapii. Ros. vestn. perinatologii i pediatrii. 2018; 63 (1): 113–21. [in Russian]
15. Vandenplas Y, Rudolph CD, Di Lorenzo C et al. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49: 498–547.
16. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, van Eijk JT et al. Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84: 398–403.
17. Vandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M et al. Prevalence and health outcomes of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in infants from birth to 12 months of age. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61: 531–7.
18. Koppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M et al. The pediatric Rome IV criteria: what's new? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11 (3): 193–201. DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1282820
19. Savino F, Cordisco L, Tarasco V et al. Molecular identification of coliform bacteria from colicky breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr 2009; 98 (10): 1582–8.
20. Savino F, Palumeri E, Tullio V et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93 (6): 825–9.
21. Savino F, Locatelli E, Di Gioia D et al. Antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus strains against gas-producing coliforms isolated from colicky infants. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11: 157.
22. Savino F, Garro M, Amaretti A et al. Comparison of formula-fed infants with and without colic revealed significant differences in total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and faecal ammonia. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106 (4): 573–8.
23. Rajilić-Stojanović M, Heilig HG, Molenaar D et al. Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11: 1736–51.
24. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, Puylaert P, de Vos WM. Intestinal microbiota of infants with colic: development and specific signatures. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e550–e558.
25. De Weerth C, Fuentes S, de Vos WM. Crying in infants: on the possible role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colic. Gut Microbes 2013; 4: 416–21.
26. Gelfand AA, Goadsby PJ, Allen IE. The relationship between migraine and infant colic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 2015; 35 (1): 63–72.
27. Tabrizi M, Badeli H, Hassanzadeh Rad A et al. Is Infantile Colic an Early Life Expression of Childhood Migraine? Iran J Child Neurol 2017; 11 (3): 37–41.
28. Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 58 (2): 258–74.
29. Chogle A, Velasco-Benitez CA, Koppen IJ et al. A population-based study on the epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in young children. J Pediatr 2016; 179: 139–43.e1.
30. Malowitz S, Green M, Karpinski A et al. Age of onset of functional constipation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 62: 600–2.
31. Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 3–18.
32. Lewis ML, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg M.A. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 39–43.e3.
33. Saps M, Nichols-Vinueza DX, Rosen JM, Velasco-Benitez CA. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Colombian school children. J Pediatr 2014; 164 (3): 542–5.
34. Lu PL, Velasco-Benítez CA, Saps M. Sex, Age, and Prevalence of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Constipation in Colombia: A Population-based Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64 (6): e137–e141.
35. Lu PL, Saps M, Chanis RA, Velasco-Benitez CA. The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a schoolbased study. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105 (5): e232–e236.
36. Zhang SC, Wang WL, Qu RB et al. Epidemiologic survey on the prevalence and distribution of childhood functional constipation in the northern areas of China: a population-based study. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31 (7): 751–4.
37. Walter HA, Hovenkamp A, Rajindrajith S et al. OP-12 prevalence of functional constipation in infants and toddlers in Sri Lanka. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 61 (4): 541.
38. Rajindrajith S, Devanarayana NM. Constipation in children: novel insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17 (1): 35–47.
39. Knowles CH, Farrugia G. Gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology in chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 43–57.
40. King SK, Sutcliffe JR, Ong SY et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide are reduced in right transverse colon in pediatric slowtransit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22 (8): 883–92, e234.
41. Peeters B, Benninga MA, Hennekam RC. Childhood constipation; an overview of genetic studies and associated syndromes. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25 (1): 73–88.
42. Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20 (29): 9942–51.
43. Mazurek MO, Vasa RA, Kalb LG et al. Anxiety, sensory over-responsivity, and gastrointestinal problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Abnor Child Psychol 2013; 41 (1): 165–76.
44. Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G. Funktsional'nye narusheniia u zdorovykh detei rannego vozrasta. Med. sovet. 2017; 1: 161–5. [in Russian]
45. Nation ML, Dunne EM, Joseph SJ et al. Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri colonization on gut microbiota, inflammation, and crying time in infant colic. Sci Rep 2017; 7 (1): 15047.
46. Orel R, Reberšak LV. Clinical Effects of Prebiotics in Pediatric Population. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53 (12): 1083–9.
47. Zakharova I.N., Sugyan N.G., Аrdatskaya M.D., Lazareva S.I. Opyt primeneniya mul'tishtammovogo probiotika u detej grudnogo vozrasta s funktsional'nymi narusheniyami ZHKT. Med. sovet. 2015; 14: 48–53. [in Russian]
48. Savino F, Palumeri E, Castagno E et al. Reduction of crying episodes owing to infantile colic: A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a new infant formula. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1304–10.
49. Pärtty A, Luoto R, Kalliomäki M et al. Effects of early prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on development of gut microbiota and fussing and crying in preterm infants: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Pediatr 2013; 163: 1272-7.e1-2.
50. Quinlan PT, Lockton S, Irwin J, Lucas AL. The relationship between stool hardness and stool composition in breast- and formula-fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995; 20: 81–90.
51. Kennedy K, Fewtrell MS, Morley et al. Double-blind, randomized trial of a synthetic triacylglycerol in formula-fed term infants: effects on stool biochemistry, stool characteristics, and bone mineralization. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 70: 920–7.
52. Yao M, Lien EL, Capeding MR et al. Effects of term infant formulas containing high sn-2 palmitate with and without oligofructose on stool composition, stool characteristics, and bifidogenicity: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59: 440–8.
53. Carnielli VP, Luijendik IHT, van Goudoever JB et al. Structural position and amount of palmitic acid in formulas: effects on fat, fatty acid, and mineral balance. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996; 23: 554–60.
54. Bongers MEJ, de Lorijn F, Reitsma JB et al. The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Nutr J 2007; 6: 8.
55. Yaron S, Shachar D, Abramas L et al. Effect of high b-palmitate content in infant formula on the intestinal microbiota of term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 56: 376–81.
56. Drossman D.A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology 2016; 150 (6): 1262–79.
Авторы
И.Н.Захарова*1, И.В.Бережная1, А.Н.Касьянова1, Н.Г.Сугян1,2, С.И.Лазарева2, О.В.Дедикова1, А.Е.Кучина1, Ю.О.Сазанова1
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования»
Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская поликлиника №133» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 125445, Россия, Москва, ул. Смольная, д. 55
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 Children Сity Сlinical Hospital №133 of the Department of Health of the Russian Federation. 125445, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Smolnaia, d. 55
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования»
Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1;
2 ГБУЗ «Детская городская поликлиника №133» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 125445, Россия, Москва, ул. Смольная, д. 55
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1;
2 Children Сity Сlinical Hospital №133 of the Department of Health of the Russian Federation. 125445, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Smolnaia, d. 55
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
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