Диагностика и лечение гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни у младенцев и детей раннего возраста: от рекомендаций к клинической практике
Диагностика и лечение гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни у младенцев и детей раннего возраста: от рекомендаций к клинической практике
Ванденплас И., Хаузер Б., Сальваторе С. Диагностика и лечение гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни у младенцев и детей раннего возраста: от рекомендаций к клинической практике. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 3: 14–23. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.3.190438
Vandenplas Y., Hauser B., Salvatore S. Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and children: from guidelines to clinical practice. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 3: 14–23. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.3.190438
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Vandenplas Y., Hauser B., Salvatore S. Diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants and children: from guidelines to clinical practice. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 3: 14–23. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.3.190438
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Аннотация
Введение. Диагностика и лечение гастроэзофагеального рефлюкса (ГЭР) и гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни (ГЭРБ) у детей грудного и раннего возраста до настоящего времени представляют затруднения для практикующих врачей.
Методы. Современные руководства, а также публикации, доступные в базах Embase, MEDLINE и Cochrane Database, проанализированы для определения практического подхода к ведению пациентов с ГЭР/ГЭРБ и улучшения качества жизни младенцев и детей грудного возраста. Разработаны 2 алгоритма: один – для детей младше 12 мес, другой – для детей старшего возраста.
Результаты. Доказательная база в отношении обсуждаемой проблемы довольно ограниченна, что обусловлено недостаточной специфичностью симптомов заболевания и отсутствием «золотого стандарта» диагностики. Диетотерапия рекомендована в качестве терапии 1-й линии у младенцев, в то время как у детей более старшего возраста целесообразно использование препаратов, снижающих кислотность желудочного сока.
Заключение. Настоящие практические рекомендации нацелены на оптимизацию ведения детей грудного и раннего возраста с ГЭР, ограничение объема обследований и нерационального использования лекарственных препаратов.
Ключевые слова: гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс, гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь, эзофагит, эндоскопия, импеданс, ингибиторы протонной помпы, pH-метрия.
Methods. Published guidelines and position papers, along with Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database were reviewed and summarized with the intention to propose a practical approach and management of GER and GERD for health care providers and to standardize and improve quality of care in infants and children. For this purpose, two algorithms were developed, one for infants <12 months of age and the other for older children.
Results. Evidence is limited mainly because none of the symptoms and signs are specific and because there is no gold standard diagnostic technique. Nutritional management is recommended as a first line approach in infants while in children a diagnostic trial with anti-acid medication is advised early in the management.
Conclusion. These practical recommendations intend to optimize the management of GER in infants and older children and reduce the number of investigations and inappropriate use of medication.
Key words: gastro-esophageal reflux, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, endoscopy, impedance, proton pump inhibitor, pH-metry.
Методы. Современные руководства, а также публикации, доступные в базах Embase, MEDLINE и Cochrane Database, проанализированы для определения практического подхода к ведению пациентов с ГЭР/ГЭРБ и улучшения качества жизни младенцев и детей грудного возраста. Разработаны 2 алгоритма: один – для детей младше 12 мес, другой – для детей старшего возраста.
Результаты. Доказательная база в отношении обсуждаемой проблемы довольно ограниченна, что обусловлено недостаточной специфичностью симптомов заболевания и отсутствием «золотого стандарта» диагностики. Диетотерапия рекомендована в качестве терапии 1-й линии у младенцев, в то время как у детей более старшего возраста целесообразно использование препаратов, снижающих кислотность желудочного сока.
Заключение. Настоящие практические рекомендации нацелены на оптимизацию ведения детей грудного и раннего возраста с ГЭР, ограничение объема обследований и нерационального использования лекарственных препаратов.
Ключевые слова: гастроэзофагеальный рефлюкс, гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь, эзофагит, эндоскопия, импеданс, ингибиторы протонной помпы, pH-метрия.
________________________________________________
Methods. Published guidelines and position papers, along with Embase, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database were reviewed and summarized with the intention to propose a practical approach and management of GER and GERD for health care providers and to standardize and improve quality of care in infants and children. For this purpose, two algorithms were developed, one for infants <12 months of age and the other for older children.
Results. Evidence is limited mainly because none of the symptoms and signs are specific and because there is no gold standard diagnostic technique. Nutritional management is recommended as a first line approach in infants while in children a diagnostic trial with anti-acid medication is advised early in the management.
Conclusion. These practical recommendations intend to optimize the management of GER in infants and older children and reduce the number of investigations and inappropriate use of medication.
Key words: gastro-esophageal reflux, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, esophagitis, endoscopy, impedance, proton pump inhibitor, pH-metry.
Список литературы
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2. Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M et al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66: 516–54.
3. Gupta SK, Hassall E, Chiu YL et al. Presenting symptoms of nonerosive and erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 858–63.
4. Martigne L, Delaage PH, Thomas-Delecourt F et al. Prevalence and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional observational study. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 1767–73.
5. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1527–37.
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7. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW et al. Reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in children with gastroesophageal reflux: experience with 130 patients. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 315–21.
8. Schneider A, Gottrand F, Sfeir R et al. Postoperative lower esophageal dilation in children following the performance of Nissen fundoplication. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012; 22: 399–403.
9. Westra SJ, Wolf BH, Staalman CR. Ultrasound diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia in infants and young children. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 477–85.
10. Jang HS, Lee JS, Lim GY et al. Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound 2001; 29: 212–7.
11. Patra S, Singh V, Chandra J et al. Diagnostic modalities for gastro-esophageal reflux in infantile wheezers. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57: 99–103.
12. Ravelli AM, Panarotto MB, Verdoni L et al. Pulmonary aspiration shown by scintigraphy in gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease. Chest 2006; 130: 1520–6.
13. Ravelli AM, Villanacci V, Ruzzenenti N et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a major morphological feature of esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 510–5.
14. Cucchiara S, Minella R, D'Armiento F et al. Histologic grading of reflux oesophagitis and its relationship with intra-oesophageal and intragastric pH variables. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 621–6.
15. Arasu TS, Wyllie R, Fitzgerald JF et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children comparative accuracy of diagnostic methods. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 798–803.
16. Vandenplas Y, Franckx-Goossens A, Pipeleers-Marichal M et al. Area under pH 4: advantages of a new parameter in the interpretation of esophageal pH monitoring data in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 34–9.
17. Farhath S, He Z, Saslow J et al. Detection of pepsin in mouth swab: correlation with clinical gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 819–24.
18. Rosen R, Johnston N, Hart K et al. The presence of pepsin in the lung and its relationship to pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24: 129–33, e84–5.
19. Farrell S, McMaster C, Gibson D et al. Pepsin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a specific and sensitive method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux-related pulmonary aspiration. J Pedi Surg 2006; 41: 289–93.
20. Krishnan U, Mitchell JD, Messina I et al. Assay of tracheal pepsin as a marker of reflux aspiration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35: 303–8.
21. Dy F, Amirault J, Mitchell PD, Rosen R. Salivary pepsin lacks sensitivity as a diagnostic tool to evaluate extraesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 53–8.
22. Fortunato JE, D'Agostino RB, Lively MO. Pepsin in saliva as a biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux compared with 24-hour esophageal impedance/pH monitoring in pediatric patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12936
23. O'Reilly RC, He Z, Bloedon E et al. The role of extraesophageal reflux in otitis media in infants and children. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 1–9.
24. Kelly EA, Parakininkas DE, Werlin SL et al. Prevalence of pediatric aspiration-associated extraesophageal reflux disease. JAMA 2013; 139: 996–1001.
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26. Tucker E, Knowles K, Wright J, Fox MR. Rumination variations: aetiology and classification of abnormal behavioural responses to digestive symptoms based on high-resolution manometry studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 263–74.
27. Kessing BF, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ. Objective manometric criteria for the rumination syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 52–9.
28. Van der Pol RJ, Smits MJ, van Wijk MP et al. Efficacy of proton-pump inhibitors in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 925–35.
29. Haddad I, Kierkus J, Tron E et al. Efficacy and safety of rabeprazole in children (1–11 years) with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 798–807.
30. Fiedorek S, Tolia V, Gold BD et al. Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in adolescents with symptomatic erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 319–27.
31. Baker R, Tsou VM, Tung J et al. Clinical results from a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pantoprazole in children aged 1 through 5 years with symptomatic histologic or erosive esophagitis. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49: 852–65.
32. Tolia V, Ferry G, Gunasekaran T et al. Efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35 (Suppl. 4): S308–18.
33. Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF, Molleston JP et al. Accuracy and tolerability of the Bravo catheter-free pH capsule in patients between the ages of 4 and 18 years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45: 559–63.
34. Rao NM, Campbell DI, Rao P. Two years' experience of using the Bravo wireless oesophageal pH monitoring system at a single UK tertiary centre. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106: 312–5.
35. Cabrera J, Davis M, Horn D et al. Esophageal pH monitoring with the BRAVO capsule: experience in a single tertiary medical center. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 404–8.
36. Moon RY. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 1030–9.
37. Salvatore S, Savino F, Singendonk M et al. Thickened infant formula: What to know. Nutrition 2018; 49: 51–6.
38. Koebnick C, Getahun D, Smith N et al. Extreme childhood obesity is associated with increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in a large population-based study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: e257–63.
39. Pashankar DS, Corbin Z, Shah SK, Caprio S. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in obese children evaluated in an academic medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 410–3.
40. Ummarino D, Miele E, Martinelli M et al. Effect of magnesium alginate plus simethicone on gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60: 230–5.
41. Miller S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 1999; 15 (3): 160–8.
42. Salvatore S, Ripepi A, Huysentruyt K et al. The Effect of alginate in gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Paediatr Drugs 2018; 20: 575–83.
43. Davies I, Burman-Roy S, Murphy MS. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children: NICE guidance. BMJ 2015; 350: g7703.
44. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 514–20.
45. Yadlapati R, Kahrilas PJ. The "dangers" of chronic proton pump inhibitor use. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 79–81
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2. Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M et al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66: 516–54.
3. Gupta SK, Hassall E, Chiu YL et al. Presenting symptoms of nonerosive and erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 858–63.
4. Martigne L, Delaage PH, Thomas-Delecourt F et al. Prevalence and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional observational study. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 1767–73.
5. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1527–37.
6. Hyman PE, Milla PJ, Benninga MA et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1519–26.
7. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW et al. Reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in children with gastroesophageal reflux: experience with 130 patients. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 315–21.
8. Schneider A, Gottrand F, Sfeir R et al. Postoperative lower esophageal dilation in children following the performance of Nissen fundoplication. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012; 22: 399–403.
9. Westra SJ, Wolf BH, Staalman CR. Ultrasound diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia in infants and young children. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 477–85.
10. Jang HS, Lee JS, Lim GY et al. Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound 2001; 29: 212–7.
11. Patra S, Singh V, Chandra J et al. Diagnostic modalities for gastro-esophageal reflux in infantile wheezers. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57: 99–103.
12. Ravelli AM, Panarotto MB, Verdoni L et al. Pulmonary aspiration shown by scintigraphy in gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease. Chest 2006; 130: 1520–6.
13. Ravelli AM, Villanacci V, Ruzzenenti N et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a major morphological feature of esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 510–5.
14. Cucchiara S, Minella R, D'Armiento F et al. Histologic grading of reflux oesophagitis and its relationship with intra-oesophageal and intragastric pH variables. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 621–6.
15. Arasu TS, Wyllie R, Fitzgerald JF et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children comparative accuracy of diagnostic methods. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 798–803.
16. Vandenplas Y, Franckx-Goossens A, Pipeleers-Marichal M et al. Area under pH 4: advantages of a new parameter in the interpretation of esophageal pH monitoring data in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 34–9.
17. Farhath S, He Z, Saslow J et al. Detection of pepsin in mouth swab: correlation with clinical gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 819–24.
18. Rosen R, Johnston N, Hart K et al. The presence of pepsin in the lung and its relationship to pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24: 129–33, e84–5.
19. Farrell S, McMaster C, Gibson D et al. Pepsin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a specific and sensitive method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux-related pulmonary aspiration. J Pedi Surg 2006; 41: 289–93.
20. Krishnan U, Mitchell JD, Messina I et al. Assay of tracheal pepsin as a marker of reflux aspiration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35: 303–8.
21. Dy F, Amirault J, Mitchell PD, Rosen R. Salivary pepsin lacks sensitivity as a diagnostic tool to evaluate extraesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 53–8.
22. Fortunato JE, D'Agostino RB, Lively MO. Pepsin in saliva as a biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux compared with 24-hour esophageal impedance/pH monitoring in pediatric patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12936
23. O'Reilly RC, He Z, Bloedon E et al. The role of extraesophageal reflux in otitis media in infants and children. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 1–9.
24. Kelly EA, Parakininkas DE, Werlin SL et al. Prevalence of pediatric aspiration-associated extraesophageal reflux disease. JAMA 2013; 139: 996–1001.
25. Rosen R, Fritz J, Nurko A et al. Lipid-laden macrophage index is not an indicator of gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease in children. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e879–84.
26. Tucker E, Knowles K, Wright J, Fox MR. Rumination variations: aetiology and classification of abnormal behavioural responses to digestive symptoms based on high-resolution manometry studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 263–74.
27. Kessing BF, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ. Objective manometric criteria for the rumination syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 52–9.
28. Van der Pol RJ, Smits MJ, van Wijk MP et al. Efficacy of proton-pump inhibitors in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 925–35.
29. Haddad I, Kierkus J, Tron E et al. Efficacy and safety of rabeprazole in children (1–11 years) with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 798–807.
30. Fiedorek S, Tolia V, Gold BD et al. Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in adolescents with symptomatic erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 319–27.
31. Baker R, Tsou VM, Tung J et al. Clinical results from a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pantoprazole in children aged 1 through 5 years with symptomatic histologic or erosive esophagitis. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49: 852–65.
32. Tolia V, Ferry G, Gunasekaran T et al. Efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35 (Suppl. 4): S308–18.
33. Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF, Molleston JP et al. Accuracy and tolerability of the Bravo catheter-free pH capsule in patients between the ages of 4 and 18 years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45: 559–63.
34. Rao NM, Campbell DI, Rao P. Two years' experience of using the Bravo wireless oesophageal pH monitoring system at a single UK tertiary centre. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106: 312–5.
35. Cabrera J, Davis M, Horn D et al. Esophageal pH monitoring with the BRAVO capsule: experience in a single tertiary medical center. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 404–8.
36. Moon RY. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 1030–9.
37. Salvatore S, Savino F, Singendonk M et al. Thickened infant formula: What to know. Nutrition 2018; 49: 51–6.
38. Koebnick C, Getahun D, Smith N et al. Extreme childhood obesity is associated with increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in a large population-based study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: e257–63.
39. Pashankar DS, Corbin Z, Shah SK, Caprio S. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in obese children evaluated in an academic medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 410–3.
40. Ummarino D, Miele E, Martinelli M et al. Effect of magnesium alginate plus simethicone on gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60: 230–5.
41. Miller S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 1999; 15 (3): 160–8.
42. Salvatore S, Ripepi A, Huysentruyt K et al. The Effect of alginate in gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Paediatr Drugs 2018; 20: 575–83.
43. Davies I, Burman-Roy S, Murphy MS. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children: NICE guidance. BMJ 2015; 350: g7703.
44. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 514–20.
45. Yadlapati R, Kahrilas PJ. The "dangers" of chronic proton pump inhibitor use. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 79–81
46. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 308–28.
47. Rosen R, Amirault J, Liu H et al. Changes in gastric and lung microflora with acid suppression: acid suppression and bacterial growth. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 932–7.
48. Trikha A, Baillargeon JG, Kuo YF et al. Development of food allergies in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with gastric acid suppressive medications. Pediatr All Immunol 2013; 24: 582–8.
49. Khoshoo V, Dhume P. Clinical response to 2 dosing regimens of lansoprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46: 352–4.
50. Omari TI, Benninga MA, Sansom L et al. Effect of baclofen on esophagogastric motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006; 149: 468–74.
51. Li S, Shi S, Chen F, Lin J. The effects of baclofen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 307805.
52. De Loore I, Van Ravensteyn H, Ameryckx L. Domperidone drops in the symptomatic treatment of chronic paediatric vomiting and regurgitation. A comparison with metoclopramide. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55 (Suppl. 1): 40–2.
53. Carroccio A, Iacono G, Montalto G et al. Domperidone plus magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide: a valid therapy in children with gastroesophageal reflux. A double-blind randomized study versus placebo. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 300–4.
54. Lau Moon Lin M, Robinson PD, Flank J et al. The Safety of metoclopramide in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2016; 39: 675–87.
55. Morris AD, Chen J, Lau E, Poh J. Domperidone-associated QT interval prolongation in non-oncologic pediatric patients: a review of the literature. Can J Hosp Pharm 2016; 69: 224–30.
56. Levi P, Marmo F, Saluzzo C et al. Bethanechol versus antiacids in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Helv Paediatr Acta 1985; 40: 349–59.
57. Euler AR. Use of bethanechol for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 321–4.
58. Rohof WO, Bennink RJ, de Ruigh AA et al. Effect of azithromycin on acid reflux, hiatus hernia and proximal acid pocket in the postprandial period. Gut 2012; 61: 1670–7.
59. Rothenberg SS. Two decades of experience with laparoscopic nissen fundoplication in infants and children: a critical evaluation of indications, technique, and results. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 2013; 23: 791–4.
60. Hambraeus M, Arnbjornsson E, Anderberg M. A literature review of the outcomes after robot-assisted laparoscopic and conventional laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastro-esophageal reflux disease in children. Int J Med Robot 2013; 9: 428–32.
2. Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M et al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66: 516–54.
3. Gupta SK, Hassall E, Chiu YL et al. Presenting symptoms of nonerosive and erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 858–63.
4. Martigne L, Delaage PH, Thomas-Delecourt F et al. Prevalence and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional observational study. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 1767–73.
5. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1527–37.
6. Hyman PE, Milla PJ, Benninga MA et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1519–26.
7. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW et al. Reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in children with gastroesophageal reflux: experience with 130 patients. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 315–21.
8. Schneider A, Gottrand F, Sfeir R et al. Postoperative lower esophageal dilation in children following the performance of Nissen fundoplication. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012; 22: 399–403.
9. Westra SJ, Wolf BH, Staalman CR. Ultrasound diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia in infants and young children. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 477–85.
10. Jang HS, Lee JS, Lim GY et al. Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound 2001; 29: 212–7.
11. Patra S, Singh V, Chandra J et al. Diagnostic modalities for gastro-esophageal reflux in infantile wheezers. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57: 99–103.
12. Ravelli AM, Panarotto MB, Verdoni L et al. Pulmonary aspiration shown by scintigraphy in gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease. Chest 2006; 130: 1520–6.
13. Ravelli AM, Villanacci V, Ruzzenenti N et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a major morphological feature of esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 510–5.
14. Cucchiara S, Minella R, D'Armiento F et al. Histologic grading of reflux oesophagitis and its relationship with intra-oesophageal and intragastric pH variables. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 621–6.
15. Arasu TS, Wyllie R, Fitzgerald JF et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children comparative accuracy of diagnostic methods. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 798–803.
16. Vandenplas Y, Franckx-Goossens A, Pipeleers-Marichal M et al. Area under pH 4: advantages of a new parameter in the interpretation of esophageal pH monitoring data in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 34–9.
17. Farhath S, He Z, Saslow J et al. Detection of pepsin in mouth swab: correlation with clinical gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 819–24.
18. Rosen R, Johnston N, Hart K et al. The presence of pepsin in the lung and its relationship to pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24: 129–33, e84–5.
19. Farrell S, McMaster C, Gibson D et al. Pepsin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a specific and sensitive method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux-related pulmonary aspiration. J Pedi Surg 2006; 41: 289–93.
20. Krishnan U, Mitchell JD, Messina I et al. Assay of tracheal pepsin as a marker of reflux aspiration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35: 303–8.
21. Dy F, Amirault J, Mitchell PD, Rosen R. Salivary pepsin lacks sensitivity as a diagnostic tool to evaluate extraesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 53–8.
22. Fortunato JE, D'Agostino RB, Lively MO. Pepsin in saliva as a biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux compared with 24-hour esophageal impedance/pH monitoring in pediatric patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12936
23. O'Reilly RC, He Z, Bloedon E et al. The role of extraesophageal reflux in otitis media in infants and children. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 1–9.
24. Kelly EA, Parakininkas DE, Werlin SL et al. Prevalence of pediatric aspiration-associated extraesophageal reflux disease. JAMA 2013; 139: 996–1001.
25. Rosen R, Fritz J, Nurko A et al. Lipid-laden macrophage index is not an indicator of gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease in children. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e879–84.
26. Tucker E, Knowles K, Wright J, Fox MR. Rumination variations: aetiology and classification of abnormal behavioural responses to digestive symptoms based on high-resolution manometry studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 263–74.
27. Kessing BF, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ. Objective manometric criteria for the rumination syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 52–9.
28. Van der Pol RJ, Smits MJ, van Wijk MP et al. Efficacy of proton-pump inhibitors in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 925–35.
29. Haddad I, Kierkus J, Tron E et al. Efficacy and safety of rabeprazole in children (1–11 years) with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 798–807.
30. Fiedorek S, Tolia V, Gold BD et al. Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in adolescents with symptomatic erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 319–27.
31. Baker R, Tsou VM, Tung J et al. Clinical results from a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pantoprazole in children aged 1 through 5 years with symptomatic histologic or erosive esophagitis. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49: 852–65.
32. Tolia V, Ferry G, Gunasekaran T et al. Efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35 (Suppl. 4): S308–18.
33. Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF, Molleston JP et al. Accuracy and tolerability of the Bravo catheter-free pH capsule in patients between the ages of 4 and 18 years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45: 559–63.
34. Rao NM, Campbell DI, Rao P. Two years' experience of using the Bravo wireless oesophageal pH monitoring system at a single UK tertiary centre. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106: 312–5.
35. Cabrera J, Davis M, Horn D et al. Esophageal pH monitoring with the BRAVO capsule: experience in a single tertiary medical center. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 404–8.
36. Moon RY. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 1030–9.
37. Salvatore S, Savino F, Singendonk M et al. Thickened infant formula: What to know. Nutrition 2018; 49: 51–6.
38. Koebnick C, Getahun D, Smith N et al. Extreme childhood obesity is associated with increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in a large population-based study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: e257–63.
39. Pashankar DS, Corbin Z, Shah SK, Caprio S. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in obese children evaluated in an academic medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 410–3.
40. Ummarino D, Miele E, Martinelli M et al. Effect of magnesium alginate plus simethicone on gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60: 230–5.
41. Miller S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 1999; 15 (3): 160–8.
42. Salvatore S, Ripepi A, Huysentruyt K et al. The Effect of alginate in gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Paediatr Drugs 2018; 20: 575–83.
43. Davies I, Burman-Roy S, Murphy MS. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children: NICE guidance. BMJ 2015; 350: g7703.
44. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 514–20.
45. Yadlapati R, Kahrilas PJ. The "dangers" of chronic proton pump inhibitor use. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 79–81
46. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 308–28.
47. Rosen R, Amirault J, Liu H et al. Changes in gastric and lung microflora with acid suppression: acid suppression and bacterial growth. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 932–7.
48. Trikha A, Baillargeon JG, Kuo YF et al. Development of food allergies in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with gastric acid suppressive medications. Pediatr All Immunol 2013; 24: 582–8.
49. Khoshoo V, Dhume P. Clinical response to 2 dosing regimens of lansoprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46: 352–4.
50. Omari TI, Benninga MA, Sansom L et al. Effect of baclofen on esophagogastric motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006; 149: 468–74.
51. Li S, Shi S, Chen F, Lin J. The effects of baclofen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 307805.
52. De Loore I, Van Ravensteyn H, Ameryckx L. Domperidone drops in the symptomatic treatment of chronic paediatric vomiting and regurgitation. A comparison with metoclopramide. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55 (Suppl. 1): 40–2.
53. Carroccio A, Iacono G, Montalto G et al. Domperidone plus magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide: a valid therapy in children with gastroesophageal reflux. A double-blind randomized study versus placebo. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 300–4.
54. Lau Moon Lin M, Robinson PD, Flank J et al. The Safety of metoclopramide in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2016; 39: 675–87.
55. Morris AD, Chen J, Lau E, Poh J. Domperidone-associated QT interval prolongation in non-oncologic pediatric patients: a review of the literature. Can J Hosp Pharm 2016; 69: 224–30.
56. Levi P, Marmo F, Saluzzo C et al. Bethanechol versus antiacids in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Helv Paediatr Acta 1985; 40: 349–59.
57. Euler AR. Use of bethanechol for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 321–4.
58. Rohof WO, Bennink RJ, de Ruigh AA et al. Effect of azithromycin on acid reflux, hiatus hernia and proximal acid pocket in the postprandial period. Gut 2012; 61: 1670–7.
59. Rothenberg SS. Two decades of experience with laparoscopic nissen fundoplication in infants and children: a critical evaluation of indications, technique, and results. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 2013; 23: 791–4.
60. Hambraeus M, Arnbjornsson E, Anderberg M. A literature review of the outcomes after robot-assisted laparoscopic and conventional laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastro-esophageal reflux disease in children. Int J Med Robot 2013; 9: 428–32.
________________________________________________
2. Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M et al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66: 516–54.
3. Gupta SK, Hassall E, Chiu YL et al. Presenting symptoms of nonerosive and erosive esophagitis in pediatric patients. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 858–63.
4. Martigne L, Delaage PH, Thomas-Delecourt F et al. Prevalence and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional observational study. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171: 1767–73.
5. Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1527–37.
6. Hyman PE, Milla PJ, Benninga MA et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1519–26.
7. Dalla Vecchia LK, Grosfeld JL, West KW et al. Reoperation after Nissen fundoplication in children with gastroesophageal reflux: experience with 130 patients. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 315–21.
8. Schneider A, Gottrand F, Sfeir R et al. Postoperative lower esophageal dilation in children following the performance of Nissen fundoplication. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012; 22: 399–403.
9. Westra SJ, Wolf BH, Staalman CR. Ultrasound diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and hiatal hernia in infants and young children. J Clin Ultrasound 1990; 18: 477–85.
10. Jang HS, Lee JS, Lim GY et al. Correlation of color Doppler sonographic findings with pH measurements in gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Clin Ultrasound 2001; 29: 212–7.
11. Patra S, Singh V, Chandra J et al. Diagnostic modalities for gastro-esophageal reflux in infantile wheezers. J Trop Pediatr 2011; 57: 99–103.
12. Ravelli AM, Panarotto MB, Verdoni L et al. Pulmonary aspiration shown by scintigraphy in gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease. Chest 2006; 130: 1520–6.
13. Ravelli AM, Villanacci V, Ruzzenenti N et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a major morphological feature of esophagitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42: 510–5.
14. Cucchiara S, Minella R, D'Armiento F et al. Histologic grading of reflux oesophagitis and its relationship with intra-oesophageal and intragastric pH variables. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 621–6.
15. Arasu TS, Wyllie R, Fitzgerald JF et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children comparative accuracy of diagnostic methods. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 798–803.
16. Vandenplas Y, Franckx-Goossens A, Pipeleers-Marichal M et al. Area under pH 4: advantages of a new parameter in the interpretation of esophageal pH monitoring data in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 34–9.
17. Farhath S, He Z, Saslow J et al. Detection of pepsin in mouth swab: correlation with clinical gastroesophageal reflux in preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26: 819–24.
18. Rosen R, Johnston N, Hart K et al. The presence of pepsin in the lung and its relationship to pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24: 129–33, e84–5.
19. Farrell S, McMaster C, Gibson D et al. Pepsin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a specific and sensitive method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux-related pulmonary aspiration. J Pedi Surg 2006; 41: 289–93.
20. Krishnan U, Mitchell JD, Messina I et al. Assay of tracheal pepsin as a marker of reflux aspiration. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35: 303–8.
21. Dy F, Amirault J, Mitchell PD, Rosen R. Salivary pepsin lacks sensitivity as a diagnostic tool to evaluate extraesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 53–8.
22. Fortunato JE, D'Agostino RB, Lively MO. Pepsin in saliva as a biomarker for oropharyngeal reflux compared with 24-hour esophageal impedance/pH monitoring in pediatric patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12936
23. O'Reilly RC, He Z, Bloedon E et al. The role of extraesophageal reflux in otitis media in infants and children. Laryngoscope 2008; 118: 1–9.
24. Kelly EA, Parakininkas DE, Werlin SL et al. Prevalence of pediatric aspiration-associated extraesophageal reflux disease. JAMA 2013; 139: 996–1001.
25. Rosen R, Fritz J, Nurko A et al. Lipid-laden macrophage index is not an indicator of gastroesophageal reflux-related respiratory disease in children. Pediatrics 2008; 121: e879–84.
26. Tucker E, Knowles K, Wright J, Fox MR. Rumination variations: aetiology and classification of abnormal behavioural responses to digestive symptoms based on high-resolution manometry studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 263–74.
27. Kessing BF, Bredenoord AJ, Smout AJ. Objective manometric criteria for the rumination syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109: 52–9.
28. Van der Pol RJ, Smits MJ, van Wijk MP et al. Efficacy of proton-pump inhibitors in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2011; 127: 925–35.
29. Haddad I, Kierkus J, Tron E et al. Efficacy and safety of rabeprazole in children (1–11 years) with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57: 798–807.
30. Fiedorek S, Tolia V, Gold BD et al. Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in adolescents with symptomatic erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40: 319–27.
31. Baker R, Tsou VM, Tung J et al. Clinical results from a randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pantoprazole in children aged 1 through 5 years with symptomatic histologic or erosive esophagitis. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49: 852–65.
32. Tolia V, Ferry G, Gunasekaran T et al. Efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35 (Suppl. 4): S308–18.
33. Croffie JM, Fitzgerald JF, Molleston JP et al. Accuracy and tolerability of the Bravo catheter-free pH capsule in patients between the ages of 4 and 18 years. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45: 559–63.
34. Rao NM, Campbell DI, Rao P. Two years' experience of using the Bravo wireless oesophageal pH monitoring system at a single UK tertiary centre. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106: 312–5.
35. Cabrera J, Davis M, Horn D et al. Esophageal pH monitoring with the BRAVO capsule: experience in a single tertiary medical center. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 53: 404–8.
36. Moon RY. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: expansion of recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics 2011; 128: 1030–9.
37. Salvatore S, Savino F, Singendonk M et al. Thickened infant formula: What to know. Nutrition 2018; 49: 51–6.
38. Koebnick C, Getahun D, Smith N et al. Extreme childhood obesity is associated with increased risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in a large population-based study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011; 6: e257–63.
39. Pashankar DS, Corbin Z, Shah SK, Caprio S. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in obese children evaluated in an academic medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 410–3.
40. Ummarino D, Miele E, Martinelli M et al. Effect of magnesium alginate plus simethicone on gastroesophageal reflux in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60: 230–5.
41. Miller S. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a new aluminium-free paediatric alginate preparation and placebo in infants with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 1999; 15 (3): 160–8.
42. Salvatore S, Ripepi A, Huysentruyt K et al. The Effect of alginate in gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Paediatr Drugs 2018; 20: 575–83.
43. Davies I, Burman-Roy S, Murphy MS. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in children: NICE guidance. BMJ 2015; 350: g7703.
44. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W et al. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 514–20.
45. Yadlapati R, Kahrilas PJ. The "dangers" of chronic proton pump inhibitor use. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 79–81
46. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 308–28.
47. Rosen R, Amirault J, Liu H et al. Changes in gastric and lung microflora with acid suppression: acid suppression and bacterial growth. JAMA Pediatr 2014; 168: 932–7.
48. Trikha A, Baillargeon JG, Kuo YF et al. Development of food allergies in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease treated with gastric acid suppressive medications. Pediatr All Immunol 2013; 24: 582–8.
49. Khoshoo V, Dhume P. Clinical response to 2 dosing regimens of lansoprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008; 46: 352–4.
50. Omari TI, Benninga MA, Sansom L et al. Effect of baclofen on esophagogastric motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006; 149: 468–74.
51. Li S, Shi S, Chen F, Lin J. The effects of baclofen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 307805.
52. De Loore I, Van Ravensteyn H, Ameryckx L. Domperidone drops in the symptomatic treatment of chronic paediatric vomiting and regurgitation. A comparison with metoclopramide. Postgrad Med J 1979; 55 (Suppl. 1): 40–2.
53. Carroccio A, Iacono G, Montalto G et al. Domperidone plus magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide: a valid therapy in children with gastroesophageal reflux. A double-blind randomized study versus placebo. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29: 300–4.
54. Lau Moon Lin M, Robinson PD, Flank J et al. The Safety of metoclopramide in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2016; 39: 675–87.
55. Morris AD, Chen J, Lau E, Poh J. Domperidone-associated QT interval prolongation in non-oncologic pediatric patients: a review of the literature. Can J Hosp Pharm 2016; 69: 224–30.
56. Levi P, Marmo F, Saluzzo C et al. Bethanechol versus antiacids in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. Helv Paediatr Acta 1985; 40: 349–59.
57. Euler AR. Use of bethanechol for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 321–4.
58. Rohof WO, Bennink RJ, de Ruigh AA et al. Effect of azithromycin on acid reflux, hiatus hernia and proximal acid pocket in the postprandial period. Gut 2012; 61: 1670–7.
59. Rothenberg SS. Two decades of experience with laparoscopic nissen fundoplication in infants and children: a critical evaluation of indications, technique, and results. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 2013; 23: 791–4.
60. Hambraeus M, Arnbjornsson E, Anderberg M. A literature review of the outcomes after robot-assisted laparoscopic and conventional laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for gastro-esophageal reflux disease in children. Int J Med Robot 2013; 9: 428–32.
Авторы
И. Ванденплас*1, Б. Хаузер1, С. Сальваторе2
1 Университетская клиника Брюсселя, Свободный университет Брюсселя, Брюссель, Бельгия;
2 Университет Инсубриа, Варезе, Италия
*Yvan.Vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
1 KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
*Yvan.Vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
1 Университетская клиника Брюсселя, Свободный университет Брюсселя, Брюссель, Бельгия;
2 Университет Инсубриа, Варезе, Италия
*Yvan.Vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
________________________________________________
1 KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
*Yvan.Vandenplas@uzbrussel.be
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