Лечение острой боли у детей (обзор международных исследований и клинических рекомендаций)

Зайцева О.В. Лечение острой боли у детей (обзор международных исследований и клинических рекомендаций). Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 3: 61–68.
DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.3.190624

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Zaitseva O.V. Treatment of acute pain in children (review of international studies and clinical guidelines). Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 3: 61–68. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2019.3.190624

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Аннотация

С проблемой терапии острой боли врач-педиатр встречается достаточно часто. Боль у детей нередко возникает при остром отите, ангине, фарингите, острых респираторных инфекциях и других заболеваниях. Однако лечению острой боли умеренной интенсивности у детей порою уделяется недостаточно внимания. Необходимо подчеркнуть главную роль этиотропного и патогенетического подхода в лечении заболеваний, сопровождающихся болью. Но успешней результат терапии будет в том случае, если наряду с патогенетическими методами лечения болезни применяется обезболивание. В отличие от лихорадки, которая часто подвергается чрезмерному лечению, особенно у детей, боль в детском возрасте недооценивают и лечат недостаточно. Фармакологические препараты, зарегистрированные для лечения боли у этих пациентов, с учетом недавнего ограничения применения кодеина у детей младше 12 лет немногочисленны. Наиболее часто для этой цели используют парацетамол и нестероидный противовоспалительный препарат ибупрофен. Целью данной статьи стал обзор клинических исследований, как отечественных, так и зарубежных, посвященных терапевтической целесообразности использования ибупрофена у детей на основе его фармакологических свойств. Приводятся данные литературы последних 15 лет об эффективности и безопасности ибупрофена, а также нежелательных явлениях, связанных с его применением в качестве анальгетика у пациентов детского возраста. Ибупрофен оказался эффективным при некоторых болевых состояниях у детей, таких как скелетно-мышечная боль, боль в ушах и острый отит среднего уха, зубная боль и воспалительные заболевания полости рта и глотки. Препарат является разумной и эффективной альтернативой при послеоперационных болях, включая удаление миндалин и аденоидов. Он остается препаратом выбора для лечения боли при хронических воспалительных заболеваниях, таких как артрит. Связанные с ибупрофеном побочное действие и нежелательные явления слабо выражены. Ибупрофен имеет самую низкую желудочно-кишечную токсичность по сравнению с другими нестероидными противовоспалительными препаратами. Его воздействие на почки минимально, но поскольку в возникновении повреждения почек важную роль играет дегидратация, то ибупрофен не следует назначать пациентам с рвотой и диареей. Ибупрофен продемонстрировал удовлетворительный профиль безопасности, и имеются доказательства его эффективности у детей при легкой и умеренной боли различного происхождения. В случае лихорадки или боли в клинической ситуации с воспалительным патогенезом необходимо останавливать выбор на ибупрофене.
Ключевые слова: боль, дети, ибупрофен.

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A pediatrician is often faced with the problem of acute pain therapy. Pain in children often occurs with acute otitis media, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute respiratory infections and other diseases. However, insufficient attention is paid to the treatment of moderate-intensity acute pain in children. It is necessary to emphasize the key role of the etiotropic and pathogenetic approach for the treatment of diseases accompanied by pain. However, the result of therapy will be more successful if, along with pathogenetic methods of treating the disease, pain relief treatment is used. Unlike fever, which is often over-treated, especially in children, pediatric pain is underestimated and not sufficiently treated. Given the recent restrictions on the use of codeine in children under 12 years, marketed drug for the treatment of pain in these patients are few. Most often, paracetamol and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen are used for this purpose. The aim of this article was to review both Russian and foreign clinical studies of the therapeutic rationale of usage of ibuprofen in children based on its pharmacological properties. It provides literature over the last 15 years on the efficacy and safety of ibuprofen, as well as on adverse events associated with its usage as an analgesic in pediatric patients. Ibuprofen has been shown to be effective in certain pain conditions in children, such as musculoskeletal pain, ear pain and acute otitis media, toothache, and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and pharynx. The drug is a reasonable and effective alternative for postoperative pain, including post-tonsillectomy and post-adenoidectomy pain. It remains the drug of choice for the treatment of pain in chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Side effects and adverse events associated with ibuprofen are mild. Ibuprofen has the lowest gastrointestinal toxicity compared to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Its effect on the kidneys is minimal, however, given that dehydration plays an important role in kidney lesions, ibuprofen should not be prescribed to patients with vomiting and diarrhea. Ibuprofen has shown a satisfactory safety profile and there is evidence of its efficacy in children with mild to moderate pain of different origin. In clinical cases of fever or pain of inflammatory pathogenesis it is necessary to opt for ibuprofen.
Key words: pain, children, ibuprofen.

Список литературы

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21. Kauffman RE, Nelson MV. Effect of age on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and antipyretic response. J Pediatr 1992; 121: 969–73.
22. Rainsford KD, Bjarnason I. NSAIDs: take with food or after fasting? J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64: 465–9.
23. Jacqz-Aigrain E, Anderson BJ. Pain control: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006; 11: 251–9.
24. García-Martín E, Martínez C, Tabarés B et al. Interindividual variability in ibuprofen pharmacokinetics is related to interaction of cytochrome P450 2C8 and 2C9 amino acid polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 76: 119–27.
25. Ziesenitz VC, Zutter A, Erb TO, van den Anker JN. Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen in infants aged between 3 and 6 months. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19: 277–90.
26. Bosek V, Migner R. Year Book of Pain 1995; p. 144–7.
27. Argentieri J, Morrone K, Pollack Y. Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen overdosage. Pediatr Rev 2012; 33: 188–9.
28. Moore NE, Van Ganse et al. Clin Drug Investig 1999; 18 (2): 88–98.
29. Linee Guida della Società Italiana di Pediatria. Otite Media Acuta: dalla diagnosi alla prevenzione; 2010 [Internet]. http://sip.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/linee-guida-otite.pdf
30. Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e964–99.
31. Fischer T, Singer AJ, Chale S. Observation option for acute otitis media in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2009; 25: 575–8.
32. Spiro DM, Tay KY, Arnold DH et al. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 1235–41.
33. Sjoukes A, Venekamp RP, van de Pol AC et al. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 12: CD011534.
34. Chiappini E, Principi N, Mansi N et al.; Italian Panel on the Management of Pharyngitis in Children. Management of acute pharyngitis in children: summary of the Italian National Institute of Health guidelines. Clin Ther 2012; 34: 1442–58.e2.
35. Schachtel BP, Thoden WR. A placebo-controlled model for assaying systemic analgesics in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 593–601.
36. Bertin L, Pons G, d’Athis P et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen(paracetamol) and placebo for treatment of symptoms of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children. J Pediatr 1991; 119: 811–4.
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39. Hamaleinen ML et al. Neurology 1997; 48: 103–7.
40. Hay AD, Costelloe C, Redmond NM et al. Paracetamol plus ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in children (PITCH): randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008; 337: a1302.
41. Narayan K, Cooper S, Morphet J, Innes K. Effectiveness of paracetamol versus ibuprofen administration in febrile children: A systematic literature review. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53: 800–7.
42. McGaw T, Raborn W, Grace M. J Dent Child 2007; 54: 106–9.
43. Moore PA, Acs G, Hargreaves JA. Postextraction pain relief in children: a clinical trial of liquid analgesics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1985; 23: 573–7.
44. Bradley RL, Ellis PE, Thomas P et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the control of orthodontic pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132: 511–7.
45. Clark E, Plint AC, Correll R et al. A randomized, controlled trial of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine for acute pain relief in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 460–7.
46. DePeter KC, Blumberg SM, Becker SD, Meltzer JA. Does the use of ibuprofen in children with extremity fractures increase their risk for bone healing complications? J Emerg Med 2017; 52: 426–32.
47. Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children’s pain or fever: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 521–6.
48. Rainsford KD. Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17: 275–342.
49. García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S. Relative risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 570–6.
50. Henry D, Lim LL, García Rodríguez LA et al. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis. BMJ 1996; 312: 1563–6.
51. de Martino M, Chiarugi A, Boner A et al. Working towards an appropriate use of ibuprofen in children: an evidence-based appraisal. Drugs 2017; 77: 1295–311.
52. Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I et al. Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 7563–8.
53. Kanabar DJ. A clinical and safety review of paracetamol and ibuprofen in children. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25: 1–9.
54. Rainsford KD. Pharmacology and toxicology of ibuprofen. In: Rainsford KD, ed. Ibuprofen. A critical bibliographic review. London: Taylor & Francis. 1999; p. 145–27.
55. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet 2005; 365: 417–30.
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1. Poonai N, Bhullar G, Lin K et al. Oral administration of morphine versus ibuprofen to manage postfracture pain in children: a randomized trial. CMAJ 2014; 186: 1358–63.
2. Poddighe D, Brambilla I, Licari A, Marseglia GL. Ibuprofen for pain control in children new value for an old molecule. Pediatr Emer Care 2018. [Epub ahead of print]
3. Milani GP, Benini F, Dell’Era L et al.; PIERRE GROUP STUDY. Acute pain management: acetaminophen and ibuprofen are often underdosed. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176: 979–82.
4. Lebedeva R.N., Nikoda V.V. Pharmacotherapy of acute pain. Moscow: AIR-ART, 1998 (in Russian).
5. Benini F, Barbi E, Gangemi M et al. Il dolore nel bambino: strumenti pratici di valutazione e terapia. Ministero della Salute; 2014 [Internet]. https://www.salute.gov.it/
imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_2077_allegato.pdf
6. Shepherd M, Aickin R. Paracetamol versus ibuprofen: a randomized controlled trial of outpatient analgesia efficacy for paediatric acute limb fractures. Emerg Med Australas 2009; 21: 484–90.
7. Geppe N.A., Zaitseva O.V. Predstavleniia o mekhanizmakh likhoradki u detei i printsipakh zharoponizhaiushchei terapii. Rus. med. zhurn. 2003; 11 (1): 31–7 (in Russian).
8.Gosudarstvennyi reestr lekarstvennykh sredstv. Moscow: MZ RF, 2008 (in Russian).
9. Korovina N.A., Zaplatnikov A.L. et al. Fever in children. Rational choice of antipyretic drugs. Guide for doctors. Moscow, 2007 (in Russian).
10.Rational pharmacotherapy of rheumatic diseases. Guide ed. V.A.Nasonova, E.L.Nasonov. Moscow, 2003 (in Russian).
11. Nikoda V.V., Maiachkin R.B. Primenenie anal'getika na osnove ibuprofena i kodeina ("Nurofen plius") v posleoperatsionnom periode. Rus. med. zhurn. 2002; 10 (21) (in Russian).
12. Bertin L, Pons G et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenler, controlled Trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen (paracetamol) and placebo for treatment of symptoms of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children. J Pediatr 1999; 119 (5): 811–4.
13. Henretig FM. Clinical safety of OTC analgesics – 2006. Special Report; p. 68–74.
14. MacPherson RD. New directions in pain management. Drags Today 2002; 3 (2): 135–45.
15. McQuay HJ, Moore RA. An evidence-based resource for pain relief. Oxford University Press 1998; p. 264.
16. McCormack K, Twycross R. Are COX-2 selective Inhibitors effective analgesics? Pain Reviews, 2001; 8: 13–26.
17. Wong T, Stang AS, Ganshorn H et al. Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10: CD009572.
18. Bushra R, Aslam N. An overview of clinical pharmacology of Ibuprofen. Oman Med J 2010; 25: 155–1661.
19. Kelley MT, Walson PD, Edge JH et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ibuprofen isomers and acetaminophen in febrile children. Сlin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52: 181–9.
20. Nahata Mc, Durrell DE, Powell DA, Gupta N. Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in febrile children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 40: 427–8.
21. Kauffman RE, Nelson MV. Effect of age on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics and antipyretic response. J Pediatr 1992; 121: 969–73.
22. Rainsford KD, Bjarnason I. NSAIDs: take with food or after fasting? J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64: 465–9.
23. Jacqz-Aigrain E, Anderson BJ. Pain control: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006; 11: 251–9.
24. García-Martín E, Martínez C, Tabarés B et al. Interindividual variability in ibuprofen pharmacokinetics is related to interaction of cytochrome P450 2C8 and 2C9 amino acid polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 76: 119–27.
25. Ziesenitz VC, Zutter A, Erb TO, van den Anker JN. Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen in infants aged between 3 and 6 months. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19: 277–90.
26. Bosek V, Migner R. Year Book of Pain 1995; p. 144–7.
27. Argentieri J, Morrone K, Pollack Y. Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen overdosage. Pediatr Rev 2012; 33: 188–9.
28. Moore NE, Van Ganse et al. Clin Drug Investig 1999; 18 (2): 88–98.
29. Linee Guida della Società Italiana di Pediatria. Otite Media Acuta: dalla diagnosi alla prevenzione; 2010 [Internet]. http://sip.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/linee-guida-otite.pdf
30. Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics 2013; 131: e964–99.
31. Fischer T, Singer AJ, Chale S. Observation option for acute otitis media in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2009; 25: 575–8.
32. Spiro DM, Tay KY, Arnold DH et al. Wait-and-see prescription for the treatment of acute otitis media: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 1235–41.
33. Sjoukes A, Venekamp RP, van de Pol AC et al. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 12: CD011534.
34. Chiappini E, Principi N, Mansi N et al.; Italian Panel on the Management of Pharyngitis in Children. Management of acute pharyngitis in children: summary of the Italian National Institute of Health guidelines. Clin Ther 2012; 34: 1442–58.e2.
35. Schachtel BP, Thoden WR. A placebo-controlled model for assaying systemic analgesics in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 53: 593–601.
36. Bertin L, Pons G, d’Athis P et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen(paracetamol) and placebo for treatment of symptoms of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children. J Pediatr 1991; 119: 811–4.
37. Acute respiratory diseases in children: treatment and prevention. Scientific and practical program. Moscow, 2002 (in Russian).
38. Chiappini E, Venturini E, Remaschi G et al.; Italian Pediatric Society Panel for the Management of Fever in Children. 2016 Update of the Italian Pediatric Society Guidelines for Management of Fever in Children. J Pediatr 2017; 180: 177–83.e1.
39. Hamaleinen ML et al. Neurology 1997; 48: 103–7.
40. Hay AD, Costelloe C, Redmond NM et al. Paracetamol plus ibuprofen for the treatment of fever in children (PITCH): randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008; 337: a1302.
41. Narayan K, Cooper S, Morphet J, Innes K. Effectiveness of paracetamol versus ibuprofen administration in febrile children: A systematic literature review. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53: 800–7.
42. McGaw T, Raborn W, Grace M. J Dent Child 2007; 54: 106–9.
43. Moore PA, Acs G, Hargreaves JA. Postextraction pain relief in children: a clinical trial of liquid analgesics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1985; 23: 573–7.
44. Bradley RL, Ellis PE, Thomas P et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of ibuprofen and paracetamol in the control of orthodontic pain. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 132: 511–7.
45. Clark E, Plint AC, Correll R et al. A randomized, controlled trial of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and codeine for acute pain relief in children with musculoskeletal trauma. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 460–7.
46. DePeter KC, Blumberg SM, Becker SD, Meltzer JA. Does the use of ibuprofen in children with extremity fractures increase their risk for bone healing complications? J Emerg Med 2017; 52: 426–32.
47. Perrott DA, Piira T, Goodenough B, Champion GD. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for treating children’s pain or fever: a meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 521–6.
48. Rainsford KD. Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17: 275–342.
49. García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S. Relative risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 570–6.
50. Henry D, Lim LL, García Rodríguez LA et al. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis. BMJ 1996; 312: 1563–6.
51. de Martino M, Chiarugi A, Boner A et al. Working towards an appropriate use of ibuprofen in children: an evidence-based appraisal. Drugs 2017; 77: 1295–311.
52. Warner TD, Giuliano F, Vojnovic I et al. Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: a full in vitro analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 7563–8.
53. Kanabar DJ. A clinical and safety review of paracetamol and ibuprofen in children. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25: 1–9.
54. Rainsford KD. Pharmacology and toxicology of ibuprofen. In: Rainsford KD, ed. Ibuprofen. A critical bibliographic review. London: Taylor & Francis. 1999; p. 145–27.
55. Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Acute renal failure. Lancet 2005; 365: 417–30.
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Авторы

О.В. Зайцева*

ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*olga6505963@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

Olga V. Zaitseva*

Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
*olga6505963@yandex.ru

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