Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, Berezhnaya IV, Dmitrieva YuA, Maykova ID, Dmitrieva DK, Goncharova LV, Scorobogatova EV, Radchenko ER. Are pediatricians aware of the mysterious FPIES? Current diagnostic and treatment options. Case report. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2024;2:120–129.
DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2024.2.202963
Знают ли педиатры о загадочном FPIES? Современные возможности диагностики и лечения
Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Бережная И.В., Дмитриева Ю.А., Майкова И.Д., Дмитриева Д.К., Гончарова Л.В., Скоробогатова Е.В., Радченко Е.Р. Знают ли педиатры о загадочном FPIES? Современные возможности диагностики и лечения. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2024;2:120–129.
DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2024.2.202963
Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, Berezhnaya IV, Dmitrieva YuA, Maykova ID, Dmitrieva DK, Goncharova LV, Scorobogatova EV, Radchenko ER. Are pediatricians aware of the mysterious FPIES? Current diagnostic and treatment options. Case report. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2024;2:120–129.
DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2024.2.202963
Распространенность пищевой аллергии продолжает неуклонно расти, и за счет определенных трудностей в диагностике аллергий, не ассоциированных с иммуноглобулином Е, некоторые состояния являются малоизвестными. К таким сложным в диагностике заболеваниям относится синдром энтероколита, вызванного пищевыми белками (Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome – FPIES). FPIES – относительно малораспространенное заболевание, чаще всего встречающееся в популяции детей раннего возраста, но в некоторых случаях затрагивающее и взрослых. Патогенез FPIES достоверно не изучен. FPIES ассоциирован с повышенным уровнем сывороточной триптазы и выбросом провоспалительных цитокинов, включая интерлейкин-17. Характерным симптомом FPIES является неукротимая рвота, которая, вероятно, провоцируется выделяемым энтерохромаффинными клетками серотонином, активирующим блуждающий нерв и рвотный рефлекс, что обусловливает хороший ответ в виде подавления рвоты на введение ондансетрона, антагониста рецепторов серотонина. При FPIES также регистрировались изменения состава микробиоты кишечника. FPIES может приводить к таким грозным осложнениям, как гиповолемический шок, за счет быстрого прогрессирования симптомов и стремительной дегидратации, что часто требует обращения в стационар у пациентов с острым FPIES. К провоцирующим факторам обычно относят продукты из «золотой девятки» аллергенов: коровье молоко, яйца, глютен, сою, орехи, арахис, рыбу, морепродукты и кунжут. FPIES может проявляться в острой или хронической форме, проявления несколько различаются в зависимости от формы заболевания. Лабораторная диагностика затруднена за счет отсутствия достоверных биомаркеров, и диагноз устанавливается клинически с подтверждением в виде пероральной провокации в динамике. Ключевым методом лечения FPIES является исключение белка-триггера из рациона. В зависимости от степени тяжести заболевания некоторым пациентам может быть позволено употребление термически обработанного аллергена. Прогноз FPIES благоприятный: толерантность к продукту-триггеру в большинстве случаев формируется в течение 2 лет. Требуются дальнейшие исследования, посвященные уточнению патогенеза, распространенности и методам лечения, с проспективным наблюдением за пациентами с FPIES в анамнезе, а также анализом сопутствующих и последующих заболеваний, в том числе аллергических. В статье представлены два клинических случая детей с диагностированным FPIES.
The prevalence of food allergies continues to grow steadily, and due to certain difficulties in diagnosing allergies not associated with immunoglobulin E, some conditions are little known. Such diagnosis-challenging diseases include food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), a relatively low-prevalence disease most commonly occurring in early childhood but, in some cases, affecting adults as well. The pathogenesis of FPIES has not been reliably studied. FPIES is associated with elevated serum tryptase and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-17. A characteristic symptom of FPIES is uncontrollable vomiting, which is probably triggered by the serotonin secreted by enterochromaffin cells, which activates the vagus nerve and the vomiting reflex, determining a good response of vomiting relief with ondansetron, a serotonin receptor antagonist. Changes in gut microbiota composition were also reported in FPIES. FPIES can lead to severe complications such as hypovolemic shock due to the rapid progression of symptoms and rapid dehydration, which often requires hospitalization of patients with acute FPIES. The provoking factors usually include products from the "big nine" allergens: cow's milk, eggs, gluten, soy, nuts, peanuts, fish, seafood, and sesame. FPIES can be acute or chronic; the manifestations slightly differ depending on the disease form. Laboratory diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of reliable biomarkers, and the diagnosis is established clinically and confirmed with an oral provocation test. The key treatment for FPIES is to eliminate the trigger protein from the diet, and depending on the severity of the disease, some patients may be allowed to consume a heat-treated allergen. The prognosis of FPIES is favorable: tolerance to the trigger product in most cases is developed within two years. Further studies are required to clarify the pathogenesis, prevalence, and treatment methods, with prospective follow-up of patients with a history of FPIES and the analysis of concurrent and subsequent diseases, including allergic conditions. The article presents two clinical cases of children diagnosed with FPIES.
1. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Berin MC, Mehr S. Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(1):24-35. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.020
2. Powell GK. Milk- and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy: Clinical features and standardization of challenge. J Pediatr. 1978;93(4):553-60. DOI:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80887-7. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347678808877. Accessed: 25.05.2024.
3. Stiefel G, Alviani C, Afzal NA, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the British Isles. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107:123-7.
4. Xepapadaki P, Kitsioulis NA, Manousakis E, et al. Remis-sione patterns of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in a Greek pediatric population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2019;180:113-9.
5. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Warren CM, Brown-Whitehorn T, et al. Food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome in the US population–based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2019;144(4):1128-30. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.032
6. Agyemang A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;57(2):261-71.
DOI:10.1007/s12016-018-8722-z
7. Goswami R, Blazquez AB, Kosoy R, et al. Systemic innate immune activation in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2017;139(6):1885-6.e9. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.971
8. Mehr S, Lee E, Hsu P, et al. Innate immune activation occurs in acute food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144:600-2.e2.
9. Mori F, Barni S, Cianferoni A, et al. Cytokine expression in CD3+ cells in an infant with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES): case report. Clin Dev Immunol. 2009;2009:679381. DOI:10.1155/2009/679381
10. Chung HL, Hwang JB, Park JJ, Kim SG. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1, transforming growth factor type I and II receptors, and TNF-alpha in the mucosa of the small intestine in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(1):150-4. DOI:10.1067/mai.2002.120562
11. Berin MC. Immunopathophysiology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1108-13. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1948
12. Berin MC, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Agashe C, et al. Acute FPIES reactions are associated with an IL-17 inflammatory signature. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2021;148(3):895-901.e6. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.012
13. Akashi M, Kaburagi S, Kajita N, Morita H. Heterogeneity of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Allergology Int. 2024;73(2):196-205. DOI:10.1016/j.alit.2024.02.001
14. Wada T, Toma T, Muraoka M, et al. Elevation of fecal eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014;25(6):617-9. DOI:10.1111/pai.12254
15. Morita H, Suzuki H, Orihara K, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndromes with and without bloody stool have distinct clinicopathologic features. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(6):1718-21.e6. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.002
16. Ráki M, Fallang LE, Brottveit M, et al. Tetramer visualization of gut-homing gluten-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of celiac disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(8):2831-6. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0608610104
17. Caubet JC, Bencharitiwong R, Ross A, et al. Humoral and cellular responses to casein in patients with food protein-induced enterocolitis to cow’s milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(2):572-83. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.047
18. Holbrook T, Keet CA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Wood RA. Use of ondansetron for food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1219-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.021
19. Xiong J, Ma YJ, Liao XS, et al. Gut microbiota in infants with food protein enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 2024. DOI:10.1038/s41390-024-03424-9
20. Su KW, Cetinbas M, Martin VM, et al. Early infancy dysbiosis in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: A prospective cohort study. Allergy.
2023;78(6):1595-604. DOI:10.1111/all.15644
21. Boyer J, Scuderi V. Comparison of the gut microbiome between food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) infants and allergy-free infants. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119:e3.
22. Boyer J, Sgambelluri L, Yuan Q. Association of Antibiotic Usage with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Development from a Caregiver’s Survey. JPGN Rep. 2021;2(4):e132. DOI:10.1097/pg9.0000000000000132
23. Caparrós E, Cenit MC, Muriel J, et al. Intestinal microbiota is modified in pediatric food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob. 2022;1(4):217-24. DOI:10.1016/j.jacig.2022.07.005
24. Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Chehade M, Groetch ME, et al. International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary-Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(4):1111-26.e4. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.966
25. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Wood RA, Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt. 1):829-35. DOI:10.1542/peds.111.4.829
26. Hartono S, Zidan E, Sitaula P, Brooks JP. Pearls and pitfalls in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Allergy Asthma Proc. 2023;44(5):368-73. DOI:10.2500/aap.2023.44.230047
27. Alonso SB, Ezquiaga JG, Berzal PT, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Increased prevalence of this great unknown-results of the PREVALE study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(1):430-3. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.045
28. Ludman S, Harmon M, Whiting D, du Toit G. Clinical presentation and referral characteristics of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the United Kingdom. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(3):290-4. DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.020
29. Ruffner MA, Wang KY, Dudley JW, et al. Elevated Atopic Comorbidity in Patients with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract.
2020;8(3):1039-46. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.047
30. Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Katz Y, Mehr SS, Koletzko S. Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1114-24. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025
31. Caubet JC, Ford LS, Sickles L, et al. Clinical features and resolution of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: 10-year experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(2):382-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.008
32. Crespo J, Pérez-Pallise ME, Skrabski F, et al. The Natural Course of Adult-Onset Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(11):2986-92. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.013
33. González-Delgado P, Muriel J, Jiménez T, et al. Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome in Adulthood: Clinical Characteristics, Prognosis, and Risk Factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(9):2397-403. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.05.006
34. Захарова И.Н., Дмитриева Ю.А. Синдром энтероколита, индуцированного пищевыми белками (FpIEs): современные принципы диагностики и лечения на основании анализа положений международного консенсуса. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2018;1:15-22 [Zakharova IN, Dmitrieva YuA. The syndrome of enterocolitis, induced by dietary proteins (FPIES): modern principles of diagnosis and treatment based on an analysis of the provisions of international consensus. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2018;1:15-22 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.26442/2413-8460_2018.1.15-22
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________________________________________________
1. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Berin MC, Mehr S. Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(1):24-35. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.020
2. Powell GK. Milk- and soy-induced enterocolitis of infancy: Clinical features and standardization of challenge. J Pediatr. 1978;93(4):553-60. DOI:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80887-7. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347678808877. Accessed: 25.05.2024.
3. Stiefel G, Alviani C, Afzal NA, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the British Isles. Arch Dis Child. 2022;107:123-7.
4. Xepapadaki P, Kitsioulis NA, Manousakis E, et al. Remis-sione patterns of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in a Greek pediatric population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2019;180:113-9.
5. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Warren CM, Brown-Whitehorn T, et al. Food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome in the US population–based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2019;144(4):1128-30. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.032
6. Agyemang A, Nowak-Wegrzyn A. Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;57(2):261-71.
DOI:10.1007/s12016-018-8722-z
7. Goswami R, Blazquez AB, Kosoy R, et al. Systemic innate immune activation in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2017;139(6):1885-6.e9. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.971
8. Mehr S, Lee E, Hsu P, et al. Innate immune activation occurs in acute food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144:600-2.e2.
9. Mori F, Barni S, Cianferoni A, et al. Cytokine expression in CD3+ cells in an infant with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES): case report. Clin Dev Immunol. 2009;2009:679381. DOI:10.1155/2009/679381
10. Chung HL, Hwang JB, Park JJ, Kim SG. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1, transforming growth factor type I and II receptors, and TNF-alpha in the mucosa of the small intestine in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(1):150-4. DOI:10.1067/mai.2002.120562
11. Berin MC. Immunopathophysiology of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1108-13. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1948
12. Berin MC, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Agashe C, et al. Acute FPIES reactions are associated with an IL-17 inflammatory signature. J Allergy Clin Immunol.
2021;148(3):895-901.e6. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.012
13. Akashi M, Kaburagi S, Kajita N, Morita H. Heterogeneity of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Allergology Int. 2024;73(2):196-205. DOI:10.1016/j.alit.2024.02.001
14. Wada T, Toma T, Muraoka M, et al. Elevation of fecal eosinophil-derived neurotoxin in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2014;25(6):617-9. DOI:10.1111/pai.12254
15. Morita H, Suzuki H, Orihara K, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndromes with and without bloody stool have distinct clinicopathologic features. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(6):1718-21.e6. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.002
16. Ráki M, Fallang LE, Brottveit M, et al. Tetramer visualization of gut-homing gluten-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of celiac disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(8):2831-6. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0608610104
17. Caubet JC, Bencharitiwong R, Ross A, et al. Humoral and cellular responses to casein in patients with food protein-induced enterocolitis to cow’s milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(2):572-83. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.047
18. Holbrook T, Keet CA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Wood RA. Use of ondansetron for food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(5):1219-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.021
19. Xiong J, Ma YJ, Liao XS, et al. Gut microbiota in infants with food protein enterocolitis. Pediatr Res. 2024. DOI:10.1038/s41390-024-03424-9
20. Su KW, Cetinbas M, Martin VM, et al. Early infancy dysbiosis in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: A prospective cohort study. Allergy.
2023;78(6):1595-604. DOI:10.1111/all.15644
21. Boyer J, Scuderi V. Comparison of the gut microbiome between food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) infants and allergy-free infants. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119:e3.
22. Boyer J, Sgambelluri L, Yuan Q. Association of Antibiotic Usage with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Development from a Caregiver’s Survey. JPGN Rep. 2021;2(4):e132. DOI:10.1097/pg9.0000000000000132
23. Caparrós E, Cenit MC, Muriel J, et al. Intestinal microbiota is modified in pediatric food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob. 2022;1(4):217-24. DOI:10.1016/j.jacig.2022.07.005
24. Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Chehade M, Groetch ME, et al. International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary-Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(4):1111-26.e4. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.966
25. Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sampson HA, Wood RA, Sicherer SH. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by solid food proteins. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt. 1):829-35. DOI:10.1542/peds.111.4.829
26. Hartono S, Zidan E, Sitaula P, Brooks JP. Pearls and pitfalls in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Allergy Asthma Proc. 2023;44(5):368-73. DOI:10.2500/aap.2023.44.230047
27. Alonso SB, Ezquiaga JG, Berzal PT, et al. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Increased prevalence of this great unknown-results of the PREVALE study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(1):430-3. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.045
28. Ludman S, Harmon M, Whiting D, du Toit G. Clinical presentation and referral characteristics of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the United Kingdom. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(3):290-4. DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.020
29. Ruffner MA, Wang KY, Dudley JW, et al. Elevated Atopic Comorbidity in Patients with Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract.
2020;8(3):1039-46. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.10.047
30. Nowak-Węgrzyn A, Katz Y, Mehr SS, Koletzko S. Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(5):1114-24. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.025
31. Caubet JC, Ford LS, Sickles L, et al. Clinical features and resolution of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: 10-year experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(2):382-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.008
32. Crespo J, Pérez-Pallise ME, Skrabski F, et al. The Natural Course of Adult-Onset Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(11):2986-92. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.013
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1ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия; 2ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы, Москва, Россия; 3ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
Irina N. Zakharova*1, Ismail M. Osmanov2,3, Irina V. Berezhnaya1, Yulia A. Dmitrieva1,2, Irina D. Maykova2, Diana K. Dmitrieva1,2, Ludmila V. Goncharova2, Ekaterina V. Scorobogatova1,2, Elena R. Radchenko2
1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; 2Bashlyaeva Children`s City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia; 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru