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Положительное влияние дотации ω-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот на когнитивные функции детей и подростков с нарушениями липидного обмена
Положительное влияние дотации ω-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот на когнитивные функции детей и подростков с нарушениями липидного обмена
Захарова И.Н., Корчагина Ю.В., Пшеничникова И.И. Положительное влияние дотации ω-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот на когнитивные функции детей и подростков с нарушениями липидного обмена. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2024;3:260–265. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2024.3.202930
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2024 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2024 г.
________________________________________________
Материалы доступны только для специалистов сферы здравоохранения. Авторизуйтесь или зарегистрируйтесь.
Аннотация
Цель. Изучить влияние ω-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК) на когнитивные функции детей с нарушениями липидного обмена разного возраста.
Материалы и методы. Обследованы 87 детей в возрасте от 6 до 17 лет, ранее не получавших добавок ω-3 ПНЖК. Всем испытуемым дважды с интервалом 6 мес выполнено определение ω-3 эритроцитарного индекса методом газовой хроматографии-масс-спектрометрии, а также проведено исследование устойчивости и концентрации внимания с использованием методики «Корректурная проба» (тест Бурдона). Случайным образом когорта разделена на 2 группы: основную, куда вошли 60 детей, получавших дотацию ω-3, и контрольную, которая включала 27 детей, не получавших никакие пищевые добавки.
Результаты. У детей основной группы после дотации норвежского рыбьего жира NFO® в дозе 1000 мг в течение 6 мес отмечено увеличение ω-3 индекса эритроцитов, в то время как в группе контроля данный показатель существенно не изменился. Получена статистически значимая взаимосвязь между обеспеченностью ω-3 ПНЖК и уровнями концентрации и устойчивости внимания.
Заключение. Результаты проведенного исследования показали эффективность дотации ω-3 ПНЖК в дозе 1000 мг/сут в течение 6 мес, а также подтвердили данные о положительном влиянии ω-3 ПНЖК на состояние когнитивной сферы детей и подростков. Применение качественных пищевых добавок ω-3 ПНЖК в дозе 1000 мг/сут может быть рекомендовано для развития мышления, памяти, концентрации и устойчивости внимания в детском и подростковом возрасте.
Ключевые слова: ω-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты, ω-3 эритроцитарный индекс, когнитивные функции, устойчивость внимания, концентрация внимания, дети, рыбий жир
Materials and methods. The study included 87 children aged 6 to 17 years who had not previously received ω-3 PUFA supplements. All subjects were tested twice, with an interval of 6 months, to determine the ω-3 erythrocyte index by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and to study attention span and focusing using the correction task method (Bourdon test). The cohort was randomly divided into two groups: the main group, which included 60 children who received the ω-3 supplements, and the control group, which included 27 children who did not receive any nutritional supplements.
Results. In children of the main group, after receiving the Norwegian fish oil NFO® at 1000 mg for 6 months, an increase in the erythrocyte ω-3 index was observed, while in the control group, it did not change significantly. A statistically significant correlation was found between the adequacy of ω-3 PUFA and the attention span and focusing.
Conclusion. The results of the study showed the effectiveness of ω-3 PUFA supplementation at 1000 mg/day for 6 months and confirmed the positive effect of ω-3 PUFA on the cognitive sphere of children and adolescents. High-quality food supplements with ω-3 PUFAs at 1000 mg/day can be recommended to develop intellection, memory, and attention span and focus in children and adolescents.
Keywords: ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω-3 erythrocyte index, cognitive function, attention span, attention concentration, children, fish oil
Материалы и методы. Обследованы 87 детей в возрасте от 6 до 17 лет, ранее не получавших добавок ω-3 ПНЖК. Всем испытуемым дважды с интервалом 6 мес выполнено определение ω-3 эритроцитарного индекса методом газовой хроматографии-масс-спектрометрии, а также проведено исследование устойчивости и концентрации внимания с использованием методики «Корректурная проба» (тест Бурдона). Случайным образом когорта разделена на 2 группы: основную, куда вошли 60 детей, получавших дотацию ω-3, и контрольную, которая включала 27 детей, не получавших никакие пищевые добавки.
Результаты. У детей основной группы после дотации норвежского рыбьего жира NFO® в дозе 1000 мг в течение 6 мес отмечено увеличение ω-3 индекса эритроцитов, в то время как в группе контроля данный показатель существенно не изменился. Получена статистически значимая взаимосвязь между обеспеченностью ω-3 ПНЖК и уровнями концентрации и устойчивости внимания.
Заключение. Результаты проведенного исследования показали эффективность дотации ω-3 ПНЖК в дозе 1000 мг/сут в течение 6 мес, а также подтвердили данные о положительном влиянии ω-3 ПНЖК на состояние когнитивной сферы детей и подростков. Применение качественных пищевых добавок ω-3 ПНЖК в дозе 1000 мг/сут может быть рекомендовано для развития мышления, памяти, концентрации и устойчивости внимания в детском и подростковом возрасте.
Ключевые слова: ω-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты, ω-3 эритроцитарный индекс, когнитивные функции, устойчивость внимания, концентрация внимания, дети, рыбий жир
________________________________________________
Materials and methods. The study included 87 children aged 6 to 17 years who had not previously received ω-3 PUFA supplements. All subjects were tested twice, with an interval of 6 months, to determine the ω-3 erythrocyte index by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and to study attention span and focusing using the correction task method (Bourdon test). The cohort was randomly divided into two groups: the main group, which included 60 children who received the ω-3 supplements, and the control group, which included 27 children who did not receive any nutritional supplements.
Results. In children of the main group, after receiving the Norwegian fish oil NFO® at 1000 mg for 6 months, an increase in the erythrocyte ω-3 index was observed, while in the control group, it did not change significantly. A statistically significant correlation was found between the adequacy of ω-3 PUFA and the attention span and focusing.
Conclusion. The results of the study showed the effectiveness of ω-3 PUFA supplementation at 1000 mg/day for 6 months and confirmed the positive effect of ω-3 PUFA on the cognitive sphere of children and adolescents. High-quality food supplements with ω-3 PUFAs at 1000 mg/day can be recommended to develop intellection, memory, and attention span and focus in children and adolescents.
Keywords: ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω-3 erythrocyte index, cognitive function, attention span, attention concentration, children, fish oil
Полный текст
Список литературы
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4. Borasio F, De Cosmi V, D’Oria V, et al. Associations between dietary intake, blood levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and reading abilities in children. Biomolecules. 2023;13(2):368. DOI:10.3390/biom13020368
5. Emery S, Häberling I, Berger G, et al. Omega-3 and its domain-specific effects on cognitive test performance in youths: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;112:420-36. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.016
6. Shahabi B, Hernández-Martínez C, Voltas N, et al. The maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in early pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):687. DOI:10.3390/nu16050687
7. Орлова С.В., Никитина Е.А., Балашова Н.В., Прокопенко Е.В. Еще раз об омеге: влияние омега-3 ПНЖК на состав материнского молока и здоровье детей. Медицинский алфавит. 2022;3:34-8 [Orlova SV, Nikitina EA, Balashova NV, Prokopenko EV. Once again about omega: impact of omega3 PUFAs on composition of mother’s milk and health of children. Medical Alphabet. 2022;3:34-8 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.33667/2078-5631-2022-3-34-38
8. Tahaei H, Gignac F, Pinar A, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy and child neuropsychological development: A multi-centre population-based birth cohort study in Spain. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):518. DOI:10.3390/nu14030518
9. Nevins JEH, Donovan SM, Snetselaar L, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements consumed during pregnancy and lactation and child neurodevelopment: A systematic review. J Nutr. 2021;151(11):3483-94. DOI:10.1093/jn/nxab238
10. Синякин И.А., Дробяскина К.А., Баталова Т.А. Биологические эффекты жирных кислот и их метаболитов в ЦНС. Научное обозрение. Медицинские науки. 2023;3(3.2):73-8 [Sinyakin IA, Drobyaskina KA, Batalova TA. Biological effects of fatty acids and their metabolites in the central nervous system. Scientific Review. Medical Sciences. 2023;3(3.2):73-8 (in Russian)].
11. Николаева С.В., Усенко Д.В., Шушакова Е.К., и др. Значение омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот для детей. РМЖ. 2020;2:28-32 [Nikolaieva SV, Usenko DV, Shushakova EK, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids value for children. RMJ. 2020;2:28–32 (in Russian)].
12. Sasaki N, Jones LE, Carpenter DO. Fish consumption and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from diet are positively associated with cognitive function in older adults even in the presence of exposure to lead, cadmium, selenium, and methylmercury: a cross-sectional study using NHANES 2011–2014 data. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;119(2):283-93. DOI:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.007
13. Karr JE, Alexander JE, Winningham RG. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition throughout the lifespan: A review. Nutr Neurosci.
2011;14(5):216-25. DOI:10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000012
14. Van der Wurff ISM, Meyer BJ, de Groot RHM. Effect of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation on cognition in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review with a focus on n-3 LCPUFA blood values and dose of DHA and EPA. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3115. DOI:10.3390/nu1210311
15. Sherzai D, Moness R, Sherzai S, Sherzai A. A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acid consumption and cognitive outcomes in neurodevelopment. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;17(5):649-85. DOI:10.1177/15598276221116052
16. Gould JF, Roberts RM, Makrides M. The influence of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, on child behavioral functioning: A review of randomized controlled trials of DHA supplementation in pregnancy, the neonatal period and infancy. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):415. DOI:10.3390/nu13020415
17. Sittiprapaporn P, Bumrungpert A, Suyajai P, Stough C. Effectiveness of fish oil-DHA supplementation for cognitive function in thai children: A randomized, doubled-blind, two-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Foods. 2022;11(17):2595. DOI:10.3390/foods11172595
18. Roach LA, Byrne MK, Howard SJ, et al. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on self-regulation in typically developing preschool-aged children: Results of the omega kid pilot study-a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3561. DOI:10.3390/nu13103561
19. Jackson KH, Polreis JM, Tintle NL, et al. Association of reported fish intake and supplementation status with the omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2019;142:4-10. DOI:10.1016/j.plefa.2019.01.002
20. Van der Wurff IS, von Schacky C, Berge K, et al. Association between blood omega-3 index and cognition in typically developing Dutch adolescents. Nutrients. 2016;8(1):13. DOI:10.3390/nu8010013
2. Gillies D, Leach MJ, Algorta GP. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3
3. Yatzkar U, Amir E, Tamir S, Armon-Omer A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews Formerly: Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2024;20(1):48-58. DOI:10.2174/2666082219666230103113402
4. Borasio F, De Cosmi V, D’Oria V, et al. Associations between dietary intake, blood levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and reading abilities in children. Biomolecules. 2023;13(2):368. DOI:10.3390/biom13020368
5. Emery S, Häberling I, Berger G, et al. Omega-3 and its domain-specific effects on cognitive test performance in youths: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;112:420-36. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.016
6. Shahabi B, Hernández-Martínez C, Voltas N, et al. The maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in early pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):687. DOI:10.3390/nu16050687
7. Orlova SV, Nikitina EA, Balashova NV, Prokopenko EV. Once again about omega: impact of omega3 PUFAs on composition of mother’s milk and health of children. Medical Alphabet. 2022;3:34-8 (in Russian). DOI:10.33667/2078-5631-2022-3-34-38
8. Tahaei H, Gignac F, Pinar A, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy and child neuropsychological development: A multi-centre population-based birth cohort study in Spain. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):518. DOI:10.3390/nu14030518
9. Nevins JEH, Donovan SM, Snetselaar L, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements consumed during pregnancy and lactation and child neurodevelopment: A systematic review. J Nutr. 2021;151(11):3483-94. DOI:10.1093/jn/nxab238
10. Sinyakin IA, Drobyaskina KA, Batalova TA. Biological effects of fatty acids and their metabolites in the central nervous system. Scientific Review. Medical Sciences. 2023;3(3.2):73-8 (in Russian).
11. Nikolaieva SV, Usenko DV, Shushakova EK, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids value for children. RMJ. 2020;2:28–32 (in Russian).
12. Sasaki N, Jones LE, Carpenter DO. Fish consumption and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from diet are positively associated with cognitive function in older adults even in the presence of exposure to lead, cadmium, selenium, and methylmercury: a cross-sectional study using NHANES 2011–2014 data. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;119(2):283-93. DOI:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.007
13. Karr JE, Alexander JE, Winningham RG. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition throughout the lifespan: A review. Nutr Neurosci.
2011;14(5):216-25. DOI:10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000012
14. Van der Wurff ISM, Meyer BJ, de Groot RHM. Effect of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation on cognition in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review with a focus on n-3 LCPUFA blood values and dose of DHA and EPA. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3115. DOI:10.3390/nu1210311
15. Sherzai D, Moness R, Sherzai S, Sherzai A. A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acid consumption and cognitive outcomes in neurodevelopment. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;17(5):649-85. DOI:10.1177/15598276221116052
16. Gould JF, Roberts RM, Makrides M. The influence of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, on child behavioral functioning: A review of randomized controlled trials of DHA supplementation in pregnancy, the neonatal period and infancy. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):415. DOI:10.3390/nu13020415
17. Sittiprapaporn P, Bumrungpert A, Suyajai P, Stough C. Effectiveness of fish oil-DHA supplementation for cognitive function in thai children: A randomized, doubled-blind, two-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Foods. 2022;11(17):2595. DOI:10.3390/foods11172595
18. Roach LA, Byrne MK, Howard SJ, et al. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on self-regulation in typically developing preschool-aged children: Results of the omega kid pilot study-a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3561. DOI:10.3390/nu13103561
19. Jackson KH, Polreis JM, Tintle NL, et al. Association of reported fish intake and supplementation status with the omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2019;142:4-10. DOI:10.1016/j.plefa.2019.01.002
20. Van der Wurff IS, von Schacky C, Berge K, et al. Association between blood omega-3 index and cognition in typically developing Dutch adolescents. Nutrients. 2016;8(1):13. DOI:10.3390/nu8010013
2. Gillies D, Leach MJ, Algorta GP. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3
3. Yatzkar U, Amir E, Tamir S, Armon-Omer A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews Formerly: Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2024;20(1):48-58. DOI:10.2174/2666082219666230103113402
4. Borasio F, De Cosmi V, D’Oria V, et al. Associations between dietary intake, blood levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and reading abilities in children. Biomolecules. 2023;13(2):368. DOI:10.3390/biom13020368
5. Emery S, Häberling I, Berger G, et al. Omega-3 and its domain-specific effects on cognitive test performance in youths: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;112:420-36. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.016
6. Shahabi B, Hernández-Martínez C, Voltas N, et al. The maternal omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in early pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study. Nutrients. 2024;16(5):687. DOI:10.3390/nu16050687
7. Орлова С.В., Никитина Е.А., Балашова Н.В., Прокопенко Е.В. Еще раз об омеге: влияние омега-3 ПНЖК на состав материнского молока и здоровье детей. Медицинский алфавит. 2022;3:34-8 [Orlova SV, Nikitina EA, Balashova NV, Prokopenko EV. Once again about omega: impact of omega3 PUFAs on composition of mother’s milk and health of children. Medical Alphabet. 2022;3:34-8 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.33667/2078-5631-2022-3-34-38
8. Tahaei H, Gignac F, Pinar A, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy and child neuropsychological development: A multi-centre population-based birth cohort study in Spain. Nutrients. 2022;14(3):518. DOI:10.3390/nu14030518
9. Nevins JEH, Donovan SM, Snetselaar L, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements consumed during pregnancy and lactation and child neurodevelopment: A systematic review. J Nutr. 2021;151(11):3483-94. DOI:10.1093/jn/nxab238
10. Синякин И.А., Дробяскина К.А., Баталова Т.А. Биологические эффекты жирных кислот и их метаболитов в ЦНС. Научное обозрение. Медицинские науки. 2023;3(3.2):73-8 [Sinyakin IA, Drobyaskina KA, Batalova TA. Biological effects of fatty acids and their metabolites in the central nervous system. Scientific Review. Medical Sciences. 2023;3(3.2):73-8 (in Russian)].
11. Николаева С.В., Усенко Д.В., Шушакова Е.К., и др. Значение омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот для детей. РМЖ. 2020;2:28-32 [Nikolaieva SV, Usenko DV, Shushakova EK, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids value for children. RMJ. 2020;2:28–32 (in Russian)].
12. Sasaki N, Jones LE, Carpenter DO. Fish consumption and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from diet are positively associated with cognitive function in older adults even in the presence of exposure to lead, cadmium, selenium, and methylmercury: a cross-sectional study using NHANES 2011–2014 data. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;119(2):283-93. DOI:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.007
13. Karr JE, Alexander JE, Winningham RG. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognition throughout the lifespan: A review. Nutr Neurosci.
2011;14(5):216-25. DOI:10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000012
14. Van der Wurff ISM, Meyer BJ, de Groot RHM. Effect of Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFA) supplementation on cognition in children and adolescents: A systematic literature review with a focus on n-3 LCPUFA blood values and dose of DHA and EPA. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3115. DOI:10.3390/nu1210311
15. Sherzai D, Moness R, Sherzai S, Sherzai A. A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acid consumption and cognitive outcomes in neurodevelopment. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022;17(5):649-85. DOI:10.1177/15598276221116052
16. Gould JF, Roberts RM, Makrides M. The influence of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, on child behavioral functioning: A review of randomized controlled trials of DHA supplementation in pregnancy, the neonatal period and infancy. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):415. DOI:10.3390/nu13020415
17. Sittiprapaporn P, Bumrungpert A, Suyajai P, Stough C. Effectiveness of fish oil-DHA supplementation for cognitive function in thai children: A randomized, doubled-blind, two-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Foods. 2022;11(17):2595. DOI:10.3390/foods11172595
18. Roach LA, Byrne MK, Howard SJ, et al. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on self-regulation in typically developing preschool-aged children: Results of the omega kid pilot study-a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3561. DOI:10.3390/nu13103561
19. Jackson KH, Polreis JM, Tintle NL, et al. Association of reported fish intake and supplementation status with the omega-3 index. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2019;142:4-10. DOI:10.1016/j.plefa.2019.01.002
20. Van der Wurff IS, von Schacky C, Berge K, et al. Association between blood omega-3 index and cognition in typically developing Dutch adolescents. Nutrients. 2016;8(1):13. DOI:10.3390/nu8010013
________________________________________________
2. Gillies D, Leach MJ, Algorta GP. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;4(4):CD007986. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007986.pub3
3. Yatzkar U, Amir E, Tamir S, Armon-Omer A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews Formerly: Current Psychiatry Reviews. 2024;20(1):48-58. DOI:10.2174/2666082219666230103113402
4. Borasio F, De Cosmi V, D’Oria V, et al. Associations between dietary intake, blood levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and reading abilities in children. Biomolecules. 2023;13(2):368. DOI:10.3390/biom13020368
5. Emery S, Häberling I, Berger G, et al. Omega-3 and its domain-specific effects on cognitive test performance in youths: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;112:420-36. DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.016
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Авторы
И.Н. Захарова, Ю.В. Корчагина, И.И. Пшеничникова*
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*PshenichnikovaII@rmapo.ru
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*PshenichnikovaII@rmapo.ru
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*PshenichnikovaII@rmapo.ru
________________________________________________
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*PshenichnikovaII@rmapo.ru
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