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История изучения состава и свойств мочи человека
Захарова И.Н., Чурилова В.Д. История изучения состава и свойств мочи человека. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2025;1:8–14. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2025.1.203216
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2025 г.
________________________________________________
Zakharova IN, Churilova VD. History of the study of the composition and properties of human urine. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2025;1:8–14. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2025.1.203216
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Аннотация
История исследования мочи уходит глубоко корнями в архаичность. Представители древних цивилизаций овладели искусством анализа мочи по ее внешнему виду, и в дальнейшем данный анализ прочно укоренился в качестве неотъемлемого диагностического метода, о чем свидетельствуют многочисленные исторические документы. Древние знания, систематизированные и переданные через письменные источники, до сих пор служат основой для диагностики и лечебной практики. Уроскопия, будучи изначально визуально-описательным методом, усовершенствовалась с помощью современных технологий. К настоящему моменту открыты новые возможности для исследования мочи, что коренным образом изменило клиническую практику. В статье представлена квинтэссенция истории изучения состава и свойств мочи, также она дает представление о перспективах применения диагностического метода.
Ключевые слова: исторический обзор, анализ мочи, микроскопия, мочевой осадок, уроскопия
Ключевые слова: исторический обзор, анализ мочи, микроскопия, мочевой осадок, уроскопия
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The history of urine testing is deeply rooted in ancient times. Ancient civilizations mastered the art of urine testing by its appearance, and later, this test was deeply seated as an integral diagnostic method, as evidenced by numerous historical documents. Ancient knowledge, systematized and communicated through written sources, remains the basis for diagnosis and medical practice. Uroscopy, initially a visual-descriptive method, has been improved using modern technologies. To date, new opportunities for urine testing have become available, which has drastically changed clinical practice. The article presents the key takeaways of the history of studying the composition and properties of urine and also prospects for this diagnostic method.
Keywords: historical review, urine analysis, microscopy, urinary sediment, uroscopy
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Utsch B, Klaus G. Urinalysis in children and adolescents. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014;111(37):617-25.
2. Bush RB. Urine is an harlot, or a lier. JAMA. 1969;208(1):131-4.
3. Суботялов М.А., Сорокина Т.С., Дружинин В.Ю. Этапы развития аюрведической медицины. Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 2013;2 [Subotialov MA, Sorokina TS, Druzhinin VYu. Stages of development of Ayurvedic medicine. Problems of Social Hygiene, Health Care and History of Medicine. 2013;2 (in Russian)].
4. Симонян Е.Э., Макулин А.В. Ведическая медицина. Научные исследования. 2016;10(11):96-100 [Simonian EE, Makulin A. Vedicheskaia meditsina. Nauchnye issledovaniia. 2016;10(11):96-100 (in Russian)].
5. A booklet to accompany an exhibition presented by the IBMS Historical Section Committee at the IBMS Biomedical Science Congress. History of Biomedical Science. From Matula to Mass Spectrometry. A History of Urine Tests in the Investigation of Human Disease. September 26-282005:1-44.
6. Sharma H, Chandola HM. Prameha in ayurveda: correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 1 – etiology, classification, and pathogenesis. J Alternative Complement Med. 2011;17(6):491-6.
7. Das S. Urology in ancient India. Indian J Urol. 2007;23(1):2-5.
8. Wellcome HS. The evolution of urine analysis: An historical sketch of the clinical examination of urine. Burroughs Wellcome. 1911.
9. Sanders LJ. From Thebes to Toronto and the 21st century: an incredible journey. Diabetes Spectrum. 2002;15(1):56.
10. Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. A brief history of urine examination – From ancient uroscopy to 21st century urinomics. Adv Biomarker Sci Technol. 2024;6:83-90.
11. Lines JG. A chronicle of the development of clinical chemistry. IFCC Newsletter. 1977;18: 3-9.
12. Dimopoulos C, Gialas A, Likourinas M, et al. Hippocrates: founder and pioneer of urology. Brit J Urol. 1980;52(2):73-4.
13. Eknoyan G. Looking at the urine: the renaissance of an unbroken tradition. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(6):865-72.
14. Foster WD. Chemical pathology. In: A short history of clinical pathology. London: E and S Livingstone Ltd., 1961; p. 34-51.
15. Diskin ChJ. Surface tension, proteinuria, and the urine bubbles of Hippocrates. Lancet. 2000;355(9207):901-2.
16. Eknoyan G. The origins of nephrology–Galen, the founding father of experimental renal physiology. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(1):66-82.
17. Armstrong JA. Urinalysis in Western culture: a brief history. Kidney Int. 2007;71(5):384-7.
18. Marketos SG, Diamandopoulos AA, Voyiatzakis E. Limits in the studies of the art of uroscopy: the Byzantine example. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14(3):239-45.
19. Kouba E, Wallen EM, Pruthi RS. Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: prognosis versus diagnosis. J Urol. 2007;177(1):50-2.
20. Hanafy HM, Saad SM, El-Rifaie M, Al-Ghorab MM. Early arabian medicine Contribution to urology. Urology. 1976;8(1):63-7.
21. Angeletti LR, Gazzaniga V. Theophilus’ Auctoritas: the role of De urinis in the medi- cal curriculum of the 12th–13th centuries. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19(2):165-71.
22. Pardalidis N. Uroscopy in Byzantium (330–1453 AD). J Urol. 2008;179(4):1271-6.
23. Connor H. Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords – part 1: uroscopy. Clin Med. 2001;1(6):507-9.
24. Eknoyan G. On the contributions of Paracelsus to nephrology. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(7):1388-94.
25. Keele KD. The quest for significant physical signs. In: The evolution of clinical methods in medicine. Part II. London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961; p. 21-49.
26. Slater EA. Bright and Bright’s Disease. Res Medica. 1960;2(2).
27. Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Мачнева Е.Б., и др. Клинический анализ мочи: историческое значение для развития медицины. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019;1:83-8 [Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, Machneva EB, et al. Clinical analysis of urine: historical significance for the development of medicine. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019;1:83-8 (in Russian)].
28. Fogazzi GB, Cameron JS. Urinary microscopy from the seventeenth century to the present day. Kidney Int. 1996;50(3):1058-68.
29. Johnson G. On the inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Med Chir Trans. 1847;30:164.2-191
30. Addis T. Glomerular Nephritis, Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, MacMillan, 1948; p. 2.
31. Cameron JS. A history of urine microscopy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53 (Suppl. 2):s1453-64.
2. Bush RB. Urine is an harlot, or a lier. JAMA. 1969;208(1):131-4.
3. Суботялов М.А., Сорокина Т.С., Дружинин В.Ю. Этапы развития аюрведической медицины. Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 2013;2 [Subotialov MA, Sorokina TS, Druzhinin VYu. Stages of development of Ayurvedic medicine. Problems of Social Hygiene, Health Care and History of Medicine. 2013;2 (in Russian)].
4. Симонян Е.Э., Макулин А.В. Ведическая медицина. Научные исследования. 2016;10(11):96-100 [Simonian EE, Makulin A. Vedicheskaia meditsina. Nauchnye issledovaniia. 2016;10(11):96-100 (in Russian)].
5. A booklet to accompany an exhibition presented by the IBMS Historical Section Committee at the IBMS Biomedical Science Congress. History of Biomedical Science. From Matula to Mass Spectrometry. A History of Urine Tests in the Investigation of Human Disease. September 26-282005:1-44.
6. Sharma H, Chandola HM. Prameha in ayurveda: correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 1 – etiology, classification, and pathogenesis. J Alternative Complement Med. 2011;17(6):491-6.
7. Das S. Urology in ancient India. Indian J Urol. 2007;23(1):2-5.
8. Wellcome HS. The evolution of urine analysis: An historical sketch of the clinical examination of urine. Burroughs Wellcome. 1911.
9. Sanders LJ. From Thebes to Toronto and the 21st century: an incredible journey. Diabetes Spectrum. 2002;15(1):56.
10. Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. A brief history of urine examination – From ancient uroscopy to 21st century urinomics. Adv Biomarker Sci Technol. 2024;6:83-90.
11. Lines JG. A chronicle of the development of clinical chemistry. IFCC Newsletter. 1977;18: 3-9.
12. Dimopoulos C, Gialas A, Likourinas M, et al. Hippocrates: founder and pioneer of urology. Brit J Urol. 1980;52(2):73-4.
13. Eknoyan G. Looking at the urine: the renaissance of an unbroken tradition. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(6):865-72.
14. Foster WD. Chemical pathology. In: A short history of clinical pathology. London: E and S Livingstone Ltd., 1961; p. 34-51.
15. Diskin ChJ. Surface tension, proteinuria, and the urine bubbles of Hippocrates. Lancet. 2000;355(9207):901-2.
16. Eknoyan G. The origins of nephrology–Galen, the founding father of experimental renal physiology. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(1):66-82.
17. Armstrong JA. Urinalysis in Western culture: a brief history. Kidney Int. 2007;71(5):384-7.
18. Marketos SG, Diamandopoulos AA, Voyiatzakis E. Limits in the studies of the art of uroscopy: the Byzantine example. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14(3):239-45.
19. Kouba E, Wallen EM, Pruthi RS. Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: prognosis versus diagnosis. J Urol. 2007;177(1):50-2.
20. Hanafy HM, Saad SM, El-Rifaie M, Al-Ghorab MM. Early arabian medicine Contribution to urology. Urology. 1976;8(1):63-7.
21. Angeletti LR, Gazzaniga V. Theophilus’ Auctoritas: the role of De urinis in the medi- cal curriculum of the 12th–13th centuries. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19(2):165-71.
22. Pardalidis N. Uroscopy in Byzantium (330–1453 AD). J Urol. 2008;179(4):1271-6.
23. Connor H. Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords – part 1: uroscopy. Clin Med. 2001;1(6):507-9.
24. Eknoyan G. On the contributions of Paracelsus to nephrology. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(7):1388-94.
25. Keele KD. The quest for significant physical signs. In: The evolution of clinical methods in medicine. Part II. London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961; p. 21-49.
26. Slater EA. Bright and Bright’s Disease. Res Medica. 1960;2(2).
27. Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., Мачнева Е.Б., и др. Клинический анализ мочи: историческое значение для развития медицины. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019;1:83-8 [Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, Machneva EB, et al. Clinical analysis of urine: historical significance for the development of medicine. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019;1:83-8 (in Russian)].
28. Fogazzi GB, Cameron JS. Urinary microscopy from the seventeenth century to the present day. Kidney Int. 1996;50(3):1058-68.
29. Johnson G. On the inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Med Chir Trans. 1847;30:164.2-191
30. Addis T. Glomerular Nephritis, Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, MacMillan, 1948; p. 2.
31. Cameron JS. A history of urine microscopy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53 (Suppl. 2):s1453-64.
________________________________________________
1. Utsch B, Klaus G. Urinalysis in children and adolescents. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014;111(37):617-25.
2. Bush RB. Urine is an harlot, or a lier. JAMA. 1969;208(1):131-4.
3. Subotialov MA, Sorokina TS, Druzhinin VYu. Stages of development of Ayurvedic medicine. Problems of Social Hygiene, Health Care and History of Medicine. 2013;2 (in Russian).
4. Simonian EE, Makulin A. Vedicheskaia meditsina. Nauchnye issledovaniia. 2016;10(11):96-100 (in Russian).
5. A booklet to accompany an exhibition presented by the IBMS Historical Section Committee at the IBMS Biomedical Science Congress. History of Biomedical Science. From Matula to Mass Spectrometry. A History of Urine Tests in the Investigation of Human Disease. September 26-282005:1-44.
6. Sharma H, Chandola HM. Prameha in ayurveda: correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 1 – etiology, classification, and pathogenesis. J Alternative Complement Med. 2011;17(6):491-6.
7. Das S. Urology in ancient India. Indian J Urol. 2007;23(1):2-5.
8. Wellcome HS. The evolution of urine analysis: An historical sketch of the clinical examination of urine. Burroughs Wellcome. 1911.
9. Sanders LJ. From Thebes to Toronto and the 21st century: an incredible journey. Diabetes Spectrum. 2002;15(1):56.
10. Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. A brief history of urine examination – From ancient uroscopy to 21st century urinomics. Adv Biomarker Sci Technol. 2024;6:83-90.
11. Lines JG. A chronicle of the development of clinical chemistry. IFCC Newsletter. 1977;18: 3-9.
12. Dimopoulos C, Gialas A, Likourinas M, et al. Hippocrates: founder and pioneer of urology. Brit J Urol. 1980;52(2):73-4.
13. Eknoyan G. Looking at the urine: the renaissance of an unbroken tradition. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(6):865-72.
14. Foster WD. Chemical pathology. In: A short history of clinical pathology. London: E and S Livingstone Ltd., 1961; p. 34-51.
15. Diskin ChJ. Surface tension, proteinuria, and the urine bubbles of Hippocrates. Lancet. 2000;355(9207):901-2.
16. Eknoyan G. The origins of nephrology–Galen, the founding father of experimental renal physiology. Am J Nephrol. 1989;9(1):66-82.
17. Armstrong JA. Urinalysis in Western culture: a brief history. Kidney Int. 2007;71(5):384-7.
18. Marketos SG, Diamandopoulos AA, Voyiatzakis E. Limits in the studies of the art of uroscopy: the Byzantine example. Am J Nephrol. 1994;14(3):239-45.
19. Kouba E, Wallen EM, Pruthi RS. Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: prognosis versus diagnosis. J Urol. 2007;177(1):50-2.
20. Hanafy HM, Saad SM, El-Rifaie M, Al-Ghorab MM. Early arabian medicine Contribution to urology. Urology. 1976;8(1):63-7.
21. Angeletti LR, Gazzaniga V. Theophilus’ Auctoritas: the role of De urinis in the medi- cal curriculum of the 12th–13th centuries. Am J Nephrol. 1999;19(2):165-71.
22. Pardalidis N. Uroscopy in Byzantium (330–1453 AD). J Urol. 2008;179(4):1271-6.
23. Connor H. Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords – part 1: uroscopy. Clin Med. 2001;1(6):507-9.
24. Eknoyan G. On the contributions of Paracelsus to nephrology. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1996;11(7):1388-94.
25. Keele KD. The quest for significant physical signs. In: The evolution of clinical methods in medicine. Part II. London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961; p. 21-49.
26. Slater EA. Bright and Bright’s Disease. Res Medica. 1960;2(2).
27. Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, Machneva EB, et al. Clinical analysis of urine: historical significance for the development of medicine. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019;1:83-8 (in Russian).
28. Fogazzi GB, Cameron JS. Urinary microscopy from the seventeenth century to the present day. Kidney Int. 1996;50(3):1058-68.
29. Johnson G. On the inflammatory diseases of the kidney. Med Chir Trans. 1847;30:164.2-191
30. Addis T. Glomerular Nephritis, Diagnosis and Treatment. New York, MacMillan, 1948; p. 2.
31. Cameron JS. A history of urine microscopy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53 (Suppl. 2):s1453-64.
Авторы
И.Н. Захарова*, В.Д. Чурилова
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
________________________________________________
Irina N. Zakharova*, Viktoriya D. Churilova
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
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