1. Mclnnes GT. Lowering blood pressure for cardiovascularrisk reduction. J Hypertens Suppl 2005; 23: 3–8.
2. Manrique CM, Lastra G, Palmer J et al. Hypertension – a treatable component of the cardiometabolic syndrome: Challenges for the primary care physician. J Clin Hypertens 2006; 8 (Suppl. 1): 12–20.
3. O'Shaughnessy IM, Kotchen TA. Epidemiologic, physiologic,and clinical implications of hypertension and insulinresistance. Curt Opin Cardiol 1993; 8: 757–64.
4. Krauss RM. Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1496–504.
5. Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J et al. for the Bruneck Study. Carotid atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in themetabolic syndrome: Prospective data from the Bruneckstudy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1251–7.
6. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. for theDiabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reductionin the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle interventionor metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.
7. Montani JP, Antic V, Yang Z, Dulloo A. Pathways fromobesity to hypertension: From the perspective of a vicioustriangle. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26 (Suppl. 2): 28–538.
8. Ernsberger P, Koletsky RJ, Friedman JE. Contribution ofsympathetic nervous system overactivity to cardiovascularand metabolic disease. Rev Contemp Pharmacother. 1998; 9: 411–28.
9. American Diabetes Association. Screening for diabetes(Position Statement). Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (Suppl. 1): 21–4.
10. Guidelines Subcommittee. World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for theManagement of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151–183.
11. Mogensen CE, KeaneWF, Bennett PH et al. Prevention ofdiabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria. Lancet 1995; 346: 1080–4.
12. Steiness I. Vibratory perception in diabetics during arrestedblood flow to the limb. Acta Med Scand 1959; 163: 195–205.
13. Ban kowski Z, ed. International Ethical Guidelines for BiomedicalResearch Involving Human Subjects. Geneva, Switzerland:Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, 1993.
14. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendationsand principles for people with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (Suppl. 1): 544–47.
15. European Diabetes PolicyGroup 1999. A desktop guide toType 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1999;16:716–730.
16. Heding LG. Determination of total serum insulin (IRI) ininsulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1972; 8: 260–6.
17. Bunn HF, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM. The glycosylation ofhemoglobin: Relevance to diabetes mellitus. Science 1978; 200: 21–7.
18. Borner K, Klose S. Enzymatic determinationof total cholesterol withthe Greiner Selective Analyzer (GSA II). J Clin Ckem Clin Biockem 1978; 15: 121–30.
19. Wahlefeld AW. Triglycerides: Determinationafter enzymatic hydrolysis. Ed. H.U.Bermeyer HU. Methods ofEnzymatic Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, Academic Press, 1974: 18–31.
20. Havel RJ, Eder HA, Bragdon JH. Thedistribution and chemical compositionof ultracentrifugally separatedlipoproteins in human serum. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 1345–53.
21. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentrationof low-density lipoprotein cholesterolin plasma, without use of thepreparative ultracentrifuge. Cin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
22. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS et al. Homeostasis model assessment:Insulin resistance andbeta-cell function from fasting plasmaglucose and insulin concentrationsin man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412–9.
23. Winer BJ. Statistical Principles inExperimental Design. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
24. Messerli F. Moxonidine: A new andversatile antihypertensive. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35 (Suppl. 4): 53–6.
25. Schachter M. Metabolic effects ofmoxonidine and other centrally actingantihypertensives. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999; 1: 317–22.
26. Ernsberger P, IshizukaT, Liu S et al.Mechanisms of antihyperglycemiceffects of moxonidine in the obesespontaneously hypertensive Koletskyrat (SHROB). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288: 139–47.
27. Yakubu-Madus FE, Johnson WT, Zimmerman KM et al. Metabolicand hemodynamic effects of moxonidinein the Zucker diabetic fattyrat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999; 48: 1093–100.
28. Ernsberger P, Koletsky RJ, CollinsLA, Bedol D. Sympathetic nervoussystem in salt-sensitive and obesehypertension: Amelioration of multipleabnormalities by a centralsympatholytic agent. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl. 1): 275–82.
29. Henriksen EJ, Jacob S, Fogt DL et al. Antihypertensive agent moxonidineenhances muscle glucose transportin insulin-resistant rats. Hypertension 1997; 30: 1560–65.
30. Haenni A, Lithell H. Moxonidine improvesinsulin sensitivity in insulinresistanthypertensives. J Hypertens Suppl 1999; 17: 29–35.
31. Lumb PJ, McMahon Z, Chik G, Wierzbicki AS. Effect of moxonidineon lipid subfractions in patientswith hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 465–68.
32. Almazov V, Shlyakhto E, Yv B et al. Insulin resistance and arterial hypertension.The influence of moxonidineand metformin therapy. J Hypertens 2000; 18 (Suppl 2): 12. Abstr 28.6.
33. Chazova I, Almazov VA, Shlyakhto E. Moxonidine improves glycaemiccontrol in mildly hypertensive, overweightpatients: A comparison withmetformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8: 456–65.
34. Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R et al. Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockersinduce peroxisome proliferatoractivatedreceptor-gamma activity. Circulation 2004; 109: 2054–57.
35. Derosa G, Cicero AF, Gaddi A et al.Effects of doxazosin and irbesartanon blood pressure and metaboliccontrol in patients with type 2 diabetesand hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pkarmacol 2005; 45: 599–604.
36. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation,and Treatment of High BloodCholesterol in Adults. Executive summaryof the Third Report of the NationalCholesterol Education Program(NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (AdultTreatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–97.
37. American Diabetes Association.Standards of medical care in diabetes-2006. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 (Suppl 1): 4–42.
38. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ et al, for the British HypertensionSociety. Guidelines for managementof hypertension: Report of theFourth Working Party of the BritishHypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 139–85.

________________________________________________

1. Mclnnes GT. Lowering blood pressure for cardiovascularrisk reduction. J Hypertens Suppl 2005; 23: 3–8.
2. Manrique CM, Lastra G, Palmer J et al. Hypertension – a treatable component of the cardiometabolic syndrome: Challenges for the primary care physician. J Clin Hypertens 2006; 8 (Suppl. 1): 12–20.
3. O'Shaughnessy IM, Kotchen TA. Epidemiologic, physiologic,and clinical implications of hypertension and insulinresistance. Curt Opin Cardiol 1993; 8: 757–64.
4. Krauss RM. Lipids and lipoproteins in patients with type2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1496–504.
5. Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J et al. for the Bruneck Study. Carotid atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in themetabolic syndrome: Prospective data from the Bruneckstudy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1251–7.
6. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. for theDiabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reductionin the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle interventionor metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.
7. Montani JP, Antic V, Yang Z, Dulloo A. Pathways fromobesity to hypertension: From the perspective of a vicioustriangle. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26 (Suppl. 2): 28–538.
8. Ernsberger P, Koletsky RJ, Friedman JE. Contribution ofsympathetic nervous system overactivity to cardiovascularand metabolic disease. Rev Contemp Pharmacother. 1998; 9: 411–28.
9. American Diabetes Association. Screening for diabetes(Position Statement). Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (Suppl. 1): 21–4.
10. Guidelines Subcommittee. World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for theManagement of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151–183.
11. Mogensen CE, KeaneWF, Bennett PH et al. Prevention ofdiabetic renal disease with special reference to microalbuminuria. Lancet 1995; 346: 1080–4.
12. Steiness I. Vibratory perception in diabetics during arrestedblood flow to the limb. Acta Med Scand 1959; 163: 195–205.
13. Ban kowski Z, ed. International Ethical Guidelines for BiomedicalResearch Involving Human Subjects. Geneva, Switzerland:Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, 1993.
14. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendationsand principles for people with diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (Suppl. 1): 544–47.
15. European Diabetes PolicyGroup 1999. A desktop guide toType 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1999;16:716–730.
16. Heding LG. Determination of total serum insulin (IRI) ininsulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabetologia 1972; 8: 260–6.
17. Bunn HF, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM. The glycosylation ofhemoglobin: Relevance to diabetes mellitus. Science 1978; 200: 21–7.
18. Borner K, Klose S. Enzymatic determinationof total cholesterol withthe Greiner Selective Analyzer (GSA II). J Clin Ckem Clin Biockem 1978; 15: 121–30.
19. Wahlefeld AW. Triglycerides: Determinationafter enzymatic hydrolysis. Ed. H.U.Bermeyer HU. Methods ofEnzymatic Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, Academic Press, 1974: 18–31.
20. Havel RJ, Eder HA, Bragdon JH. Thedistribution and chemical compositionof ultracentrifugally separatedlipoproteins in human serum. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 1345–53.
21. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentrationof low-density lipoprotein cholesterolin plasma, without use of thepreparative ultracentrifuge. Cin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
22. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS et al. Homeostasis model assessment:Insulin resistance andbeta-cell function from fasting plasmaglucose and insulin concentrationsin man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412–9.
23. Winer BJ. Statistical Principles inExperimental Design. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
24. Messerli F. Moxonidine: A new andversatile antihypertensive. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35 (Suppl. 4): 53–6.
25. Schachter M. Metabolic effects ofmoxonidine and other centrally actingantihypertensives. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999; 1: 317–22.
26. Ernsberger P, IshizukaT, Liu S et al.Mechanisms of antihyperglycemiceffects of moxonidine in the obesespontaneously hypertensive Koletskyrat (SHROB). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288: 139–47.
27. Yakubu-Madus FE, Johnson WT, Zimmerman KM et al. Metabolicand hemodynamic effects of moxonidinein the Zucker diabetic fattyrat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999; 48: 1093–100.
28. Ernsberger P, Koletsky RJ, CollinsLA, Bedol D. Sympathetic nervoussystem in salt-sensitive and obesehypertension: Amelioration of multipleabnormalities by a centralsympatholytic agent. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1996; 10 (Suppl. 1): 275–82.
29. Henriksen EJ, Jacob S, Fogt DL et al. Antihypertensive agent moxonidineenhances muscle glucose transportin insulin-resistant rats. Hypertension 1997; 30: 1560–65.
30. Haenni A, Lithell H. Moxonidine improvesinsulin sensitivity in insulinresistanthypertensives. J Hypertens Suppl 1999; 17: 29–35.
31. Lumb PJ, McMahon Z, Chik G, Wierzbicki AS. Effect of moxonidineon lipid subfractions in patientswith hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 465–68.
32. Almazov V, Shlyakhto E, Yv B et al. Insulin resistance and arterial hypertension.The influence of moxonidineand metformin therapy. J Hypertens 2000; 18 (Suppl 2): 12. Abstr 28.6.
33. Chazova I, Almazov VA, Shlyakhto E. Moxonidine improves glycaemiccontrol in mildly hypertensive, overweightpatients: A comparison withmetformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8: 456–65.
34. Schupp M, Janke J, Clasen R et al. Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockersinduce peroxisome proliferatoractivatedreceptor-gamma activity. Circulation 2004; 109: 2054–57.
35. Derosa G, Cicero AF, Gaddi A et al.Effects of doxazosin and irbesartanon blood pressure and metaboliccontrol in patients with type 2 diabetesand hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pkarmacol 2005; 45: 599–604.
36. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation,and Treatment of High BloodCholesterol in Adults. Executive summaryof the Third Report of the NationalCholesterol Education Program(NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (AdultTreatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–97.
37. American Diabetes Association.Standards of medical care in diabetes-2006. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29 (Suppl 1): 4–42.
38. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ et al, for the British HypertensionSociety. Guidelines for managementof hypertension: Report of theFourth Working Party of the BritishHypertension Society, 2004-BHS IV. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 139–85.

Giuseppe Derosa1, Arrigo F.G. Cicero2, Angela D'Angelo1, Elena Fogari1, Sibilla Salvadeo1, Alessia Gravina1, Ilaria Ferrari1, Raffaella Fassi1, Roberto Fogari1

1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy;
2 "G. Descovich" Atherosclerosis Study Center, "D. Campanacci" Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotecknology Department, University of Bologna, Italy Clin Ther 2007; 29: 602–10

________________________________________________

Giuseppe Derosa1, Arrigo F.G. Cicero2, Angela D'Angelo1, Elena Fogari1, Sibilla Salvadeo1, Alessia Gravina1, Ilaria Ferrari1, Raffaella Fassi1, Roberto Fogari1

1 Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy;
2 "G. Descovich" Atherosclerosis Study Center, "D. Campanacci" Clinical Medicine and Applied Biotecknology Department, University of Bologna, Italy Clin Ther 2007; 29: 602–10