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Механизмы развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и сахарного диабета типа 2: роль инсулинорезистентности, гиперинсулинемии и гипоадипонектинемии. Вопросы коррекции
Механизмы развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и сахарного диабета типа 2: роль инсулинорезистентности, гиперинсулинемии и гипоадипонектинемии. Вопросы коррекции
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Аннотация
Согласно современным представлениям первичная инсулинорезистентность играет важную роль в развитии не только сахарного диабета, но и его сердечно-сосудистых осложнений, таких как артериальная гипертензия, атеросклероз, сердечная недостаточность, фибрилляция предсердий. Защитный механизм, противостоящий развитию данных заболеваний, включает секрецию адипонектина клетками жировой ткани. Возможности современного антигипертензивного препарата из группы блокаторов рецептора ангиотензина – телмисартана в противодействии прогрессии инсулинорезистентности и значимом увеличении секреции адипонектина делают его применение патогенетически обоснованным у большинства пациентов с артериальной гипертензией.
Ключевые слова: инсулинорезистентность, адипонектин, телмисартан.
Key words: insulin resistance, adiponectin, telmisartan.
Ключевые слова: инсулинорезистентность, адипонектин, телмисартан.
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Key words: insulin resistance, adiponectin, telmisartan.
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14 (3): 173–94.
2. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640–5.
3. Rosenzweig JL, Ferrannini E, Grundy SM et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in patients at metabolic risk: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3671–89.
4. Rosamond W, Chambless L, Heiss G et al. Twenty-two year trends in incidence of myocardial infarction, CHD mortality, and case-fatality in four US communities, 1987 to 2008. Circulation 2012; 125: 1848–57.
5. McNeill AM, Rosamon WD. The Metabolic Syndrome and 11-Year Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 385–90.
6. Brands JW., Obesity and Hypertension: Roles of Hyperinsulinemia, Sympathetic Nervous System and Intrarenal Mechanisms. Nutr 1995; p. 1725–31S.
7. Nigro J, Osman N, Dart A et al. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Endocr Rev 2006; 27 (3): 242–59.
8. Kadowaki T1, Yamauchi T, Kubota N. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116 (7): 1784–92.
9. Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol 2008; 214 (2): 149–60.
10. Шишкова В., Ременник А. Уровень адипонектина у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом, перенесших ОНМК. Врач. 2012; 4: 92–3.
11. Amirhossein Sahebkar. Metabolic improvement by telmisartan beyond angiotensin receptor blockade: role of adipokines. Arq Bras Endocrinal Metab 2011; 55 (5): 353–4.
12. Delles C, Raff U, Mimran A et al. Effects of telmisartan and ramipril on adiponectin and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2008; 21 (12): 1330–6.
13. Zhixin Guo, Rong Zhang, Jiawei Li et al. Effect of telmisartan on the expression of adiponectin receptors and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the heart and aorta in type 2 diabetic rats. Cardiovascular Diabetol 2011; 11: 94–101.
14. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
15. Roland E. Schmieder, Christian Delles, Albert Mimran, Jean P. Fauvel. Impact of Telmisartan Versus Ramipril on Renal Endothelial Function in Patients With Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (6): 1351–6.
16. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
17. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
18. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
19. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
20. Neutel J, Littlejohn T, Chrysant S et al. Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide in comparison with losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide in managing patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Hypertension Res 2005; 28: 555–63.
21. Bichu P, Nistala R, Khan A et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers for the reduction of proteinuria in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: results from the AMADEO study. Vascular Health Risk Management 2009; 5: 129–40.
22. White WB et al. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blockers telmisartan versus valsartan on the circadian variation of blood pressure. Impact on the early morning period. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 347–53.
23. Ragot S, Ezzaher A, Meunier A et al. Comparison of trough effect of telmisartan vs perindopril using self blood pressure measurement: EVERESTE study. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16 (12): 865–73.
24. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (15): 1547–59.
25. TRANSCEND investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized controlled study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1174–83.
26. Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI et al. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 2004; 43 (5): 993–1002.
27. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2013; 31 (7): 1281–357.
28. Littlejohn TW. Results of Treatment With Telmisartan-Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11 (4): 207–13.
29. Neutel J et al. Single-pill combination of telmisartan 80 mg/amlodipine 10 mg provides superior blood-pressure reductions in patients with severe hypertension: TEAMSTA severe HTN study. J Clin Hypertens 2010; 12 (7): 537.
30. Littlejohn et al. Telmisartan plus amlodipine in patients with moderate or severe hypertension: results from a subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 4 x 4 factorial study. Postgrad Med 2009; 121: 5–14.
31. Колбин А.С., Курылев А.А., Проскурин М.А. Фармакоэкономический анализ применения телмисартана/амлодипина (Твинста®) у пациентов с артериальной гипертонией 1 и 2 степени при неэффективности монотерапии амлодипином. Клинич. фармакология и терапия. 2014; 1: 87–92.
32. White et al. Effects of telmisartan and amlodipine in combination on ambulatory blood pressure in stages 1–2 hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15 (4): 205–12.
2. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640–5.
3. Rosenzweig JL, Ferrannini E, Grundy SM et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in patients at metabolic risk: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3671–89.
4. Rosamond W, Chambless L, Heiss G et al. Twenty-two year trends in incidence of myocardial infarction, CHD mortality, and case-fatality in four US communities, 1987 to 2008. Circulation 2012; 125: 1848–57.
5. McNeill AM, Rosamon WD. The Metabolic Syndrome and 11-Year Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 385–90.
6. Brands JW., Obesity and Hypertension: Roles of Hyperinsulinemia, Sympathetic Nervous System and Intrarenal Mechanisms. Nutr 1995; p. 1725–31S.
7. Nigro J, Osman N, Dart A et al. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Endocr Rev 2006; 27 (3): 242–59.
8. Kadowaki T1, Yamauchi T, Kubota N. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116 (7): 1784–92.
9. Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol 2008; 214 (2): 149–60.
10. Шишкова В., Ременник А. Уровень адипонектина у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом, перенесших ОНМК. Врач. 2012; 4: 92–3.
11. Amirhossein Sahebkar. Metabolic improvement by telmisartan beyond angiotensin receptor blockade: role of adipokines. Arq Bras Endocrinal Metab 2011; 55 (5): 353–4.
12. Delles C, Raff U, Mimran A et al. Effects of telmisartan and ramipril on adiponectin and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2008; 21 (12): 1330–6.
13. Zhixin Guo, Rong Zhang, Jiawei Li et al. Effect of telmisartan on the expression of adiponectin receptors and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the heart and aorta in type 2 diabetic rats. Cardiovascular Diabetol 2011; 11: 94–101.
14. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
15. Roland E. Schmieder, Christian Delles, Albert Mimran, Jean P. Fauvel. Impact of Telmisartan Versus Ramipril on Renal Endothelial Function in Patients With Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (6): 1351–6.
16. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
17. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
18. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
19. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
20. Neutel J, Littlejohn T, Chrysant S et al. Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide in comparison with losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide in managing patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Hypertension Res 2005; 28: 555–63.
21. Bichu P, Nistala R, Khan A et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers for the reduction of proteinuria in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: results from the AMADEO study. Vascular Health Risk Management 2009; 5: 129–40.
22. White WB et al. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blockers telmisartan versus valsartan on the circadian variation of blood pressure. Impact on the early morning period. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 347–53.
23. Ragot S, Ezzaher A, Meunier A et al. Comparison of trough effect of telmisartan vs perindopril using self blood pressure measurement: EVERESTE study. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16 (12): 865–73.
24. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (15): 1547–59.
25. TRANSCEND investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized controlled study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1174–83.
26. Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI et al. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 2004; 43 (5): 993–1002.
27. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2013; 31 (7): 1281–357.
28. Littlejohn TW. Results of Treatment With Telmisartan-Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11 (4): 207–13.
29. Neutel J et al. Single-pill combination of telmisartan 80 mg/amlodipine 10 mg provides superior blood-pressure reductions in patients with severe hypertension: TEAMSTA severe HTN study. J Clin Hypertens 2010; 12 (7): 537.
30. Littlejohn et al. Telmisartan plus amlodipine in patients with moderate or severe hypertension: results from a subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 4 x 4 factorial study. Postgrad Med 2009; 121: 5–14.
31. Колбин А.С., Курылев А.А., Проскурин М.А. Фармакоэкономический анализ применения телмисартана/амлодипина (Твинста®) у пациентов с артериальной гипертонией 1 и 2 степени при неэффективности монотерапии амлодипином. Клинич. фармакология и терапия. 2014; 1: 87–92.
32. White et al. Effects of telmisartan and amlodipine in combination on ambulatory blood pressure in stages 1–2 hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15 (4): 205–12.
2. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640–5.
3. Rosenzweig JL, Ferrannini E, Grundy SM et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in patients at metabolic risk: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3671–89.
4. Rosamond W, Chambless L, Heiss G et al. Twenty-two year trends in incidence of myocardial infarction, CHD mortality, and case-fatality in four US communities, 1987 to 2008. Circulation 2012; 125: 1848–57.
5. McNeill AM, Rosamon WD. The Metabolic Syndrome and 11-Year Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 385–90.
6. Brands JW., Obesity and Hypertension: Roles of Hyperinsulinemia, Sympathetic Nervous System and Intrarenal Mechanisms. Nutr 1995; p. 1725–31S.
7. Nigro J, Osman N, Dart A et al. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Endocr Rev 2006; 27 (3): 242–59.
8. Kadowaki T1, Yamauchi T, Kubota N. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116 (7): 1784–92.
9. Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol 2008; 214 (2): 149–60.
10. Шишкова В., Ременник А. Уровень адипонектина у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом, перенесших ОНМК. Врач. 2012; 4: 92–3.
11. Amirhossein Sahebkar. Metabolic improvement by telmisartan beyond angiotensin receptor blockade: role of adipokines. Arq Bras Endocrinal Metab 2011; 55 (5): 353–4.
12. Delles C, Raff U, Mimran A et al. Effects of telmisartan and ramipril on adiponectin and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2008; 21 (12): 1330–6.
13. Zhixin Guo, Rong Zhang, Jiawei Li et al. Effect of telmisartan on the expression of adiponectin receptors and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the heart and aorta in type 2 diabetic rats. Cardiovascular Diabetol 2011; 11: 94–101.
14. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
15. Roland E. Schmieder, Christian Delles, Albert Mimran, Jean P. Fauvel. Impact of Telmisartan Versus Ramipril on Renal Endothelial Function in Patients With Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (6): 1351–6.
16. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
17. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
18. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
19. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
20. Neutel J, Littlejohn T, Chrysant S et al. Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide in comparison with losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide in managing patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Hypertension Res 2005; 28: 555–63.
21. Bichu P, Nistala R, Khan A et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers for the reduction of proteinuria in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: results from the AMADEO study. Vascular Health Risk Management 2009; 5: 129–40.
22. White WB et al. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blockers telmisartan versus valsartan on the circadian variation of blood pressure. Impact on the early morning period. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 347–53.
23. Ragot S, Ezzaher A, Meunier A et al. Comparison of trough effect of telmisartan vs perindopril using self blood pressure measurement: EVERESTE study. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16 (12): 865–73.
24. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (15): 1547–59.
25. TRANSCEND investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized controlled study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1174–83.
26. Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI et al. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 2004; 43 (5): 993–1002.
27. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2013; 31 (7): 1281–357.
28. Littlejohn TW. Results of Treatment With Telmisartan-Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11 (4): 207–13.
29. Neutel J et al. Single-pill combination of telmisartan 80 mg/amlodipine 10 mg provides superior blood-pressure reductions in patients with severe hypertension: TEAMSTA severe HTN study. J Clin Hypertens 2010; 12 (7): 537.
30. Littlejohn et al. Telmisartan plus amlodipine in patients with moderate or severe hypertension: results from a subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 4 x 4 factorial study. Postgrad Med 2009; 121: 5–14.
31. Колбин А.С., Курылев А.А., Проскурин М.А. Фармакоэкономический анализ применения телмисартана/амлодипина (Твинста®) у пациентов с артериальной гипертонией 1 и 2 степени при неэффективности монотерапии амлодипином. Клинич. фармакология и терапия. 2014; 1: 87–92.
32. White et al. Effects of telmisartan and amlodipine in combination on ambulatory blood pressure in stages 1–2 hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15 (4): 205–12.
________________________________________________
2. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640–5.
3. Rosenzweig JL, Ferrannini E, Grundy SM et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in patients at metabolic risk: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 3671–89.
4. Rosamond W, Chambless L, Heiss G et al. Twenty-two year trends in incidence of myocardial infarction, CHD mortality, and case-fatality in four US communities, 1987 to 2008. Circulation 2012; 125: 1848–57.
5. McNeill AM, Rosamon WD. The Metabolic Syndrome and 11-Year Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 385–90.
6. Brands JW., Obesity and Hypertension: Roles of Hyperinsulinemia, Sympathetic Nervous System and Intrarenal Mechanisms. Nutr 1995; p. 1725–31S.
7. Nigro J, Osman N, Dart A et al. Insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Endocr Rev 2006; 27 (3): 242–59.
8. Kadowaki T1, Yamauchi T, Kubota N. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2006; 116 (7): 1784–92.
9. Bradley JR. TNF-mediated inflammatory disease. J Pathol 2008; 214 (2): 149–60.
10. Шишкова В., Ременник А. Уровень адипонектина у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом, перенесших ОНМК. Врач. 2012; 4: 92–3.
11. Amirhossein Sahebkar. Metabolic improvement by telmisartan beyond angiotensin receptor blockade: role of adipokines. Arq Bras Endocrinal Metab 2011; 55 (5): 353–4.
12. Delles C, Raff U, Mimran A et al. Effects of telmisartan and ramipril on adiponectin and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2008; 21 (12): 1330–6.
13. Zhixin Guo, Rong Zhang, Jiawei Li et al. Effect of telmisartan on the expression of adiponectin receptors and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in the heart and aorta in type 2 diabetic rats. Cardiovascular Diabetol 2011; 11: 94–101.
14. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
15. Roland E. Schmieder, Christian Delles, Albert Mimran, Jean P. Fauvel. Impact of Telmisartan Versus Ramipril on Renal Endothelial Function in Patients With Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (6): 1351–6.
16. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
17. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
18. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
19. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
20. Neutel J, Littlejohn T, Chrysant S et al. Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide in comparison with losartan/ hydrochlorothiazide in managing patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Hypertension Res 2005; 28: 555–63.
21. Bichu P, Nistala R, Khan A et al. Angiotensin receptor blockers for the reduction of proteinuria in diabetic patients with overt nephropathy: results from the AMADEO study. Vascular Health Risk Management 2009; 5: 129–40.
22. White WB et al. Effects of the angiotensin II receptor blockers telmisartan versus valsartan on the circadian variation of blood pressure. Impact on the early morning period. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17: 347–53.
23. Ragot S, Ezzaher A, Meunier A et al. Comparison of trough effect of telmisartan vs perindopril using self blood pressure measurement: EVERESTE study. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16 (12): 865–73.
24. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (15): 1547–59.
25. TRANSCEND investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized controlled study. Lancet 2008; 372: 1174–83.
26. Benson SC, Pershadsingh HA, Ho CI et al. Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity. Hypertension 2004; 43 (5): 993–1002.
27. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2013; 31 (7): 1281–357.
28. Littlejohn TW. Results of Treatment With Telmisartan-Amlodipine in Hypertensive Patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11 (4): 207–13.
29. Neutel J et al. Single-pill combination of telmisartan 80 mg/amlodipine 10 mg provides superior blood-pressure reductions in patients with severe hypertension: TEAMSTA severe HTN study. J Clin Hypertens 2010; 12 (7): 537.
30. Littlejohn et al. Telmisartan plus amlodipine in patients with moderate or severe hypertension: results from a subgroup analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 4 x 4 factorial study. Postgrad Med 2009; 121: 5–14.
31. Колбин А.С., Курылев А.А., Проскурин М.А. Фармакоэкономический анализ применения телмисартана/амлодипина (Твинста®) у пациентов с артериальной гипертонией 1 и 2 степени при неэффективности монотерапии амлодипином. Клинич. фармакология и терапия. 2014; 1: 87–92.
32. White et al. Effects of telmisartan and amlodipine in combination on ambulatory blood pressure in stages 1–2 hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15 (4): 205–12.
Авторы
В.Н.Шишкова
ГУЗ Центр патологии речи и нейрореабилитации, Москва
ГУЗ Центр патологии речи и нейрореабилитации, Москва
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