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Значение выбора гипотензивной терапии в коррекции поражений головного мозга: от легких когнитивных нарушений до деменции
Значение выбора гипотензивной терапии в коррекции поражений головного мозга: от легких когнитивных нарушений до деменции
Шишкова В.Н. Значение выбора гипотензивной терапии в коррекции поражений головного мозга: от легких когнитивных нарушений до деменции. Системные гипертензии. 2015; 1: 58–64.
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Аннотация
Нарушения и болезни нервной системы занимают сегодня первое место среди причин инвалидности. Доля их в общей заболеваемости и инвалидизации растет, что вызвано глобальным ростом сосудистых заболеваний мозга – острых и хронических нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Клиническая картина хронических нарушений мозгового кровообращения, формируясь постепенно, включает в том числе и развитие когнитивных нарушений, вплоть до деменции. Плацдармом для их развития могут служить длительно существующие сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ). Проблема формирования когнитивных нарушений у пациентов с ССЗ, особенно артериальной гипертензией (АГ), является актуальной, с учетом постоянного роста распространенности данной патологии в популяции. Возможность повлиять на состояние когнитивных функций у пациентов с АГ, используя традиционные антигипертензивные препараты – сартаны, в процессе достижения целевых значений артериального давления существует. Однако описаны дополнительные преимущества отдельных препаратов данной группы, таких как Микардис и Твинста, в коррекции развития нарушений когнитивных функций.
Ключевые слова: когнитивные нарушения, артериальная гипертензия, телмисартан, амлодипин.
Key words: cognitive impairment, arterial hypertension, telmisartan, amlodipine.
Ключевые слова: когнитивные нарушения, артериальная гипертензия, телмисартан, амлодипин.
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Key words: cognitive impairment, arterial hypertension, telmisartan, amlodipine.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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20. Boutitie F, Oprisiu R, Achard JM et al. Does the change in angiotensin II formation caused by antihypertensive drugs affect the risk of stroke? A meta-analysis of trials according to treatment with potentially different effects on angiotensin II. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1543–53.
21. Braszko J. The contribution of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors to its cognitive effects. Acta Neirobiol Exp 1996; 56: 49–54.
22. Wright, JW, Harding JW. The angiotensin AT4 receptor subtype as a target for the treatment of memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimers disease. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Systems 2008; 9: 226–37.
23. Hanon O, Pequignot R. Relationship between antihypertensive drug therapy and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients with memory complaints. J Hypertens 2006; 24 (10): 2101–7.
24. Hernandez RH, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Velasco M. Calcium antagonists and atherosclerosis protection in hypertension. Am J Ther 2003; 10 (6): 409–14.
25. Mancini GB, Miller ME, Ward R (for the PREVENT Investigators). Effect of Amlodipine on the Progression of Atherosclerosis and the Occurrence of Clinical Events. Circulation 2000; 102: 1503–10.
26. Coca A. Hypertension and vascular dementia in the elderly: the potential role of anti-hypertensive agents. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29 (9): 1045–54.
27. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
28. Billecke Scott S, Marcovitz PA. Long-term safety and efficacy of telmisartan/amlodipine single pill combination in the treatment of hypertension. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2013; p. 95–104
29. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
30. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
31. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
32. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
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34. Mogi M, Li JM, Tsukuda K et al. Telmisartan prevented cognitive decline partly due to PPAR-gamma activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375: 446–9.
35. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa K. Telmisartan protects against cognitive decline via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B in hippocampus of hypertensive rats. J Cardiol 2012; 60: 489–94.
36. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa К. Telmisartan improves cognitive function through the increase in neurotrophic factor and inhibition of apoptosis in hippocampus of rats with metabolic syndrome. FASEB J 2010 April (24) Meeting Abstract Suppl.: 978.26.
37. Washida K, Ihara M, Nishio K, Fujita Y. Nonhypotensive dose of telmisartan attenuates cognitive impairment partially due to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 2010; 41 (8): 1798–806.
38. Chao-Liang Chou, Hung-I Yeh. The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Amyloid Metabolism of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Cardiol Sin 2014; 30: 114–8.
39. Kazumasa K, Haruo H, Hirofumi S. Effects of telmisartan on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 207–14.
40. Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, Lazzar P. Effect of telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide vs lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide combination on ambulatory blood pressure and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2006, 20: 177–85.
2. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D`Agostino RB et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely reated to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138 (6): 353–64.
3. Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P et al. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. EVA Study Group. Epidemiology of Vascular Aging. Neurology 1999; 53 (9): 1948–52.
4. Ruitenberg A, Skoog I, Ott A et al. Blood pressure and risk of dementia: results from the Rotterdam study and the Gothenburg H-70 Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12 (1): 33–9.
5. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H et al. The association between midlife blood pressure level and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA 1995; 274 (23): 1846–51.
6. Gusev E.I., Skvortsova V.I. Ishemiia golovnogo mozga. M.: Meditsina, 2001. [in Russian]
7. Levin O.S. Diagnostika i lechenie dementsii v klinicheskoi praktike. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2010. [in Russian]
8. Gusev E.I, Bogolepova A.N. Kognitivnye narusheniia pri tserebrovaskuliarnykh zabolevaniiakh. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2013. [in Russian]
9. Petersen RS, Smith GE, Waring SC et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 303–8.
10. Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Int Med 2004; 256: 183–94.
11. Damulin I.V. Legkie kognitivnye narusheniia. Consilium Medicum. 2004; 2: 138–41. [in Russian]
12. Preobrazhenskaia I.S. Legkie i umerennye kognitivnye narusheniia – klinicheskie proiavleniia, etiologiia, patogenez, vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniia nootropnoi terapii. Farmateka. Psikhiatriia/Nevrologiia (Spetsvypusk). 2013; s. 14–8. [in Russian]
13. Suslina Z.A., Varakin Iu.Ia., Vereshchagin N.V. Sosudistye zabolevaniia golovnogo mozga: Epidemiologiia. Osnovy profilaktiki. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009. [in Russian]
14. Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ 1996; 312 (7034): 801–5.
15. Forette F, Seux ML. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the systolic hypertension in europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (18): 2046–52.
16. Danlof B, Devereux RB, Kieldsen SE et al. For the LIFE study group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003.
17. Hanon O. Effects of Antihypertensive Therapy on Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1333–41.
18. Brown MJ, Brown J. Does angiotensin-II protect against strokes? Lancet 1986; 2 (8504): 427–9.
19. Fournier A et al. Prevention of dementia by antihypertensive drugs: how AT1-receptor-blockers and dihydropyridines better prevent dementia in hypertensive patients than thiazides and ACE-inhibitors. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9 (9): 1413–31.
20. Boutitie F, Oprisiu R, Achard JM et al. Does the change in angiotensin II formation caused by antihypertensive drugs affect the risk of stroke? A meta-analysis of trials according to treatment with potentially different effects on angiotensin II. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1543–53.
21. Braszko J. The contribution of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors to its cognitive effects. Acta Neirobiol Exp 1996; 56: 49–54.
22. Wright, JW, Harding JW. The angiotensin AT4 receptor subtype as a target for the treatment of memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimers disease. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Systems 2008; 9: 226–37.
23. Hanon O, Pequignot R. Relationship between antihypertensive drug therapy and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients with memory complaints. J Hypertens 2006; 24 (10): 2101–7.
24. Hernandez RH, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Velasco M. Calcium antagonists and atherosclerosis protection in hypertension. Am J Ther 2003; 10 (6): 409–14.
25. Mancini GB, Miller ME, Ward R (for the PREVENT Investigators). Effect of Amlodipine on the Progression of Atherosclerosis and the Occurrence of Clinical Events. Circulation 2000; 102: 1503–10.
26. Coca A. Hypertension and vascular dementia in the elderly: the potential role of anti-hypertensive agents. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29 (9): 1045–54.
27. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
28. Billecke Scott S, Marcovitz PA. Long-term safety and efficacy of telmisartan/amlodipine single pill combination in the treatment of hypertension. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2013; p. 95–104
29. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
30. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
31. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
32. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
33. Shishkova V.N. The mechanisms of developmentcardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: the role of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hypoadiponektinemia. Treatment and management. Systemic Hypertension. 2014; 2: 48–53. [in Russian]
34. Mogi M, Li JM, Tsukuda K et al. Telmisartan prevented cognitive decline partly due to PPAR-gamma activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375: 446–9.
35. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa K. Telmisartan protects against cognitive decline via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B in hippocampus of hypertensive rats. J Cardiol 2012; 60: 489–94.
36. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa К. Telmisartan improves cognitive function through the increase in neurotrophic factor and inhibition of apoptosis in hippocampus of rats with metabolic syndrome. FASEB J 2010 April (24) Meeting Abstract Suppl.: 978.26.
37. Washida K, Ihara M, Nishio K, Fujita Y. Nonhypotensive dose of telmisartan attenuates cognitive impairment partially due to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 2010; 41 (8): 1798–806.
38. Chao-Liang Chou, Hung-I Yeh. The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Amyloid Metabolism of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Cardiol Sin 2014; 30: 114–8.
39. Kazumasa K, Haruo H, Hirofumi S. Effects of telmisartan on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 207–14.
40. Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, Lazzar P. Effect of telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide vs lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide combination on ambulatory blood pressure and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2006, 20: 177–85.
2. Elias MF, Wolf PA, D`Agostino RB et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely reated to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138 (6): 353–64.
3. Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P et al. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. EVA Study Group. Epidemiology of Vascular Aging. Neurology 1999; 53 (9): 1948–52.
4. Ruitenberg A, Skoog I, Ott A et al. Blood pressure and risk of dementia: results from the Rotterdam study and the Gothenburg H-70 Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2001; 12 (1): 33–9.
5. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H et al. The association between midlife blood pressure level and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. JAMA 1995; 274 (23): 1846–51.
6. Гусев Е.И., Скворцова В.И. Ишемия головного мозга. М.: Медицина, 2001. / Gusev E.I., Skvortsova V.I. Ishemiia golovnogo mozga. M.: Meditsina, 2001. [in Russian]
7. Левин О.С. Диагностика и лечение деменции в клинической практике. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2010. / Levin O.S. Diagnostika i lechenie dementsii v klinicheskoi praktike. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2010. [in Russian]
8. Гусев Е.И, Боголепова А.Н. Когнитивные нарушения при цереброваскулярных заболеваниях. М.: МЕДпреcс-информ, 2013. / Gusev E.I, Bogolepova A.N. Kognitivnye narusheniia pri tserebrovaskuliarnykh zabolevaniiakh. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2013. [in Russian]
9. Petersen RS, Smith GE, Waring SC et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999; 56: 303–8.
10. Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Int Med 2004; 256: 183–94.
11. Дамулин И.В. Легкие когнитивные нарушения. Consilium Medicum. 2004; 2: 138–41. / Damulin I.V. Legkie kognitivnye narusheniia. Consilium Medicum. 2004; 2: 138–41. [in Russian]
12. Преображенская И.С. Легкие и умеренные когнитивные нарушения – клинические проявления, этиология, патогенез, возможности использования ноотропной терапии. Фарматека. Психиатрия/Неврология (Спецвыпуск). 2013; с. 14–8. / Preobrazhenskaia I.S. Legkie i umerennye kognitivnye narusheniia – klinicheskie proiavleniia, etiologiia, patogenez, vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniia nootropnoi terapii. Farmateka. Psikhiatriia/Nevrologiia (Spetsvypusk). 2013; s. 14–8. [in Russian]
13. Суслина З.А., Варакин Ю.Я., Верещагин Н.В. Сосудистые заболевания головного мозга: Эпидемиология. Основы профилактики. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2009. / Suslina Z.A., Varakin Iu.Ia., Vereshchagin N.V. Sosudistye zabolevaniia golovnogo mozga: Epidemiologiia. Osnovy profilaktiki. M.: MEDpress-inform, 2009. [in Russian]
14. Prince MJ, Bird AS, Blizard RA. Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's trial of hypertension in older adults. BMJ 1996; 312 (7034): 801–5.
15. Forette F, Seux ML. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: new evidence from the systolic hypertension in europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (18): 2046–52.
16. Danlof B, Devereux RB, Kieldsen SE et al. For the LIFE study group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003.
17. Hanon O. Effects of Antihypertensive Therapy on Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1333–41.
18. Brown MJ, Brown J. Does angiotensin-II protect against strokes? Lancet 1986; 2 (8504): 427–9.
19. Fournier A et al. Prevention of dementia by antihypertensive drugs: how AT1-receptor-blockers and dihydropyridines better prevent dementia in hypertensive patients than thiazides and ACE-inhibitors. Expert Rev Neurother 2009; 9 (9): 1413–31.
20. Boutitie F, Oprisiu R, Achard JM et al. Does the change in angiotensin II formation caused by antihypertensive drugs affect the risk of stroke? A meta-analysis of trials according to treatment with potentially different effects on angiotensin II. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1543–53.
21. Braszko J. The contribution of AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors to its cognitive effects. Acta Neirobiol Exp 1996; 56: 49–54.
22. Wright, JW, Harding JW. The angiotensin AT4 receptor subtype as a target for the treatment of memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimers disease. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Systems 2008; 9: 226–37.
23. Hanon O, Pequignot R. Relationship between antihypertensive drug therapy and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients with memory complaints. J Hypertens 2006; 24 (10): 2101–7.
24. Hernandez RH, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Velasco M. Calcium antagonists and atherosclerosis protection in hypertension. Am J Ther 2003; 10 (6): 409–14.
25. Mancini GB, Miller ME, Ward R (for the PREVENT Investigators). Effect of Amlodipine on the Progression of Atherosclerosis and the Occurrence of Clinical Events. Circulation 2000; 102: 1503–10.
26. Coca A. Hypertension and vascular dementia in the elderly: the potential role of anti-hypertensive agents. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29 (9): 1045–54.
27. Rinaldi B, Di Fillipo C, Capuano A et al. Adiponectin elevation by telmisartan ameliorates ischaemic myocardium in Zucker diabetic fatty rats with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 (4): 320–8.
28. Billecke Scott S, Marcovitz PA. Long-term safety and efficacy of telmisartan/amlodipine single pill combination in the treatment of hypertension. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2013; p. 95–104
29. Benndorf RA, Appel D, Maas R et al. Telmisartan improves endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50 (4): 367–71.
30. Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Prasit T. Systematic review of the effect of telmisartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with insulin resistance or diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther 2012; 37 (3): 319–27.
31. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
32. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
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36. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa К. Telmisartan improves cognitive function through the increase in neurotrophic factor and inhibition of apoptosis in hippocampus of rats with metabolic syndrome. FASEB J 2010 April (24) Meeting Abstract Suppl.: 978.26.
37. Washida K, Ihara M, Nishio K, Fujita Y. Nonhypotensive dose of telmisartan attenuates cognitive impairment partially due to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 2010; 41 (8): 1798–806.
38. Chao-Liang Chou, Hung-I Yeh. The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Amyloid Metabolism of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Cardiol Sin 2014; 30: 114–8.
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40. Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, Lazzar P. Effect of telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide vs lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide combination on ambulatory blood pressure and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2006, 20: 177–85.
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31. Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Yamamoto H et al. Effects of telmisartan therapy on interleukin-6 tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertens Res 2013; 36 (4): 368–73.
32. Goyal SN, Bharti S, Bhatia J et al. Telmisartan, a dual ARB/partial PPAR-g agonist, protects myocardium from ischaemic reperfusion injury in experimental diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13 (6): 533–41.
33. Shishkova V.N. The mechanisms of developmentcardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: the role of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and hypoadiponektinemia. Treatment and management. Systemic Hypertension. 2014; 2: 48–53. [in Russian]
34. Mogi M, Li JM, Tsukuda K et al. Telmisartan prevented cognitive decline partly due to PPAR-gamma activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375: 446–9.
35. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa K. Telmisartan protects against cognitive decline via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B in hippocampus of hypertensive rats. J Cardiol 2012; 60: 489–94.
36. Kishi T, Hirooka Y, Sunagawa К. Telmisartan improves cognitive function through the increase in neurotrophic factor and inhibition of apoptosis in hippocampus of rats with metabolic syndrome. FASEB J 2010 April (24) Meeting Abstract Suppl.: 978.26.
37. Washida K, Ihara M, Nishio K, Fujita Y. Nonhypotensive dose of telmisartan attenuates cognitive impairment partially due to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation in mice with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Stroke 2010; 41 (8): 1798–806.
38. Chao-Liang Chou, Hung-I Yeh. The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Amyloid Metabolism of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Cardiol Sin 2014; 30: 114–8.
39. Kazumasa K, Haruo H, Hirofumi S. Effects of telmisartan on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 207–14.
40. Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, Lazzar P. Effect of telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide vs lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide combination on ambulatory blood pressure and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2006, 20: 177–85.
Авторы
В.Н.Шишкова
ГБУЗ Центр патологии речи и нейрореабилитации. 109240, Россия, Москва, ул. Николоямская, д. 20
veronika-1306@mail.ru
Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation. 109240, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Nikoloyamskaya, d. 20
veronika-1306@mail.ru
ГБУЗ Центр патологии речи и нейрореабилитации. 109240, Россия, Москва, ул. Николоямская, д. 20
veronika-1306@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Center for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation. 109240, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Nikoloyamskaya, d. 20
veronika-1306@mail.ru
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