1. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertension 2013; 31: 1281–357.
2. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертонии: клинические рекомендации. Кардиол. вестн. 2015; 1: 3–30. / Diagnostika i lechenie arterial'noi gipertonii: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Kardiol. vestn. 2015; 1: 3–30. [in Russian]
3. Бойцов С.А., Баланова Ю.А., Шальнова С.А. и др. Артериальная гипертония среди лиц 25–64 лет: распространенность, осведомленность, лечение и контроль. По материалам исследования ЭССЕ. Кардиоваск. терапия и профилактика. 2014; 13 (4): 4–14. / Boitsov S.A., Balanova Iu.A., Shal'nova S.A. i dr. Arterial'naia gipertoniia sredi lits 25–64 let: rasprostranennost', osvedomlennost', lechenie i kontrol'. Po materialam issledovaniia ESSE. Kardiovask. terapiia i profilaktika. 2014; 13 (4): 4–14. [in Russian]
4. Барышникова Г.А., Аверин Е.Е. Альдостерон при артериальной гипертензии: новые терапевтические возможности. Consilium Medicum. 2013; 15 (10): 18–23. / Baryshnikova G.A., Averin E.E. Al'dosteron pri arterial'noi gipertenzii: novye terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti. Consilium Medicum 2013; 15 (10): 18–23. [in Russian]
5. Achhammer I, Metz P. Low dose loop diuretics in essential hypertension. Experience with torasemide. Drugs 1991; 41 (Suppl. 3): 80–91.
6. Baumgart P, Walger P, von Eiff M, Achhammer I. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of torasemide in hypertension. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990; 8: 169–81.
7. Baumgart P. Torasemide in comparison with thiazides in the treatment of hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993; 7 (Suppl. 1): 63–8.
8. Spannbrucker N, Achhammer I, Metz P, Glocke M. Comparative study on the hypertensive efficacy of torasemide and indapamide in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung 1988; 38 (1A): 190–3.
9. Reyes AJ, Chiesa PD, Santucci MR et al. Hydrochlorothiazide versus a non-diuretic dose of torasemide as oncedaily antihypertensive monopharmacotherapy in elderly patients. A randomized and double-blind study. Progress Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990; 8 (1): 183–209.
10. Achhammer I, Eberhard R. Comparison of serum potassium levels during long-term treatment of hypertensive patients with 2.5 mg torasemide/day or 50 mg triamterene/25 mg hydrochlorothiazide/day. Progress Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990; 8 (Issue 1): 211–20.
11. Goodfriend TL, Ball DL, Oelkers W, Bahr V. Torаsemide inhibits aldosterone secretion in vitro. Life Sci 1998; 63 (3): 45–50.
12. Harada K, Izawa H, Nishizawa T et al. Beneficial effects of torasemide on systolic wall stress and sympathetic nervous activity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with heart failure: comparison with azosemide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53 (6): 468–73.
13. Kannel WB. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 1992; 13 (Suppl. D): 82–8.
14. Gonzalez A, Lopez B, Diez J. Fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease role of the angiotensin-aldosterone system. Med Clin N Am 2004; 88: 83–97.
15. Ciulla MM, Paliotti R, Hess DB et al. Echocardiographic patterns of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients: endomyocardial biopsy versus ultrasonic tissue characterization. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 657–64.
16. Weber KT, Brilla CG, Janicki JS. Myocardial fibrosis: functional significance and regulatory factors. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 341–8.
17. Остроумова О.Д., Кочетков А.И., Лопухина М.В. и др. Алгоритм выбора антигипертензивной терапии при поражении сердца как органа-мишени артериальной гипертонии. Фарматека. 2017; 9: 21–6. / Ostroumova O.D., Kochetkov A.I., Lopukhina M.V. i dr. Algoritm vybora antigipertenzivnoi terapii pri porazhenii serdtsa kak organa-misheni arterial'noi gipertonii. Farmateka. 2017; 9: 21–6. [in Russian]
18. Аверин Е.Е. Влияние торасемида на гипертрофию миокарда левого желудочка. Сердечная недостаточность. 2012; 13 (3): 158–61. / Averin E.E. Vliianie torasemida na gipertrofiiu miokarda levogo zheludochka. Serdechnaia nedostatochnost'. 2012; 13 (3): 158–61. [in Russian]
19. Lopez B, Querejeta R, Gonzales A et al. Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collage type I turnover in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (11): 2028–35.
20. Born-Frontsberg E, Reincke M, Rump LC et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities of hypokalemic and normokalemic primary aldosteronism: results of the German Conn's Registry. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94 (4): 1125–30.
21. Van Sloten TT, Stehouwer CD. Carotid Stiffness: A Novel Cerebrovascular Disease Risk Factor. Pulse (Basel) 2016; 4 (1): 24–7.
22. Mitchell GF. Effects of central arterial aging on the structure and function of the peripheral vasculature: implications for end-organ damage. J Appl Physiol 2008; 105: 1652–60.
23. O’Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension 2005; 46: 200–4.
24. Tzourio C, Laurent S, Debette S. Is hypertension associated with an accelerated aging of the brain? Hypertension 2014; 63: 894–903.
25. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Ambulatory pulse pressure: a potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Hypertension 1998; 32 (6): 983–8.
26. Benetos A, Safar M, Rudnichi A et al. Pulse pressure: a predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a French male population. Hypertension 1997; 30 (6): 1410–5.
27. Coca A. Effect of torasemide in monotherapy or associated to other antihypertensive drugs on pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15 (113–114а): 231.
28. Ткачева О.Н., Рунихина Н.К., Шарашкина Н.В. Торасемид: дополнительные преимущества применения при артериальной гипертензии у женщин в постменопаузе. Системные гипертензии. 2013; 10 (2): 9–13. / Tkacheva O.N., Runikhina N.K., Sharashkina N.V. Torasemide: additional benefits for postmenopausal women with arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2013; 10 (2): 9–13. [in Russian]
29. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL et al. End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men. 16-year MRFIT findings. JAMA 1997; 277: 1293–8.
30. Young MJ, Lam EY, Rickard AJ. Mineralocorticoid receprtor activator and cardiac fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond.) 2007; 112 (9): 467–75.
31. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively designed overviews ofrandomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527–35.
32. Yamato M, Sasaki T, Honda K et al. Effects of Torasemide on Left Ventricular Function and Neurohumoral Factors in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Circ J 2003; 67: 384–90.
33. Cosin J, Diez J. Torasemide in chronic heart failure results of the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4 (4): 507–13.
34. Murray MD, Deer MM, Ferguson JA et al. Open-label randomized trial of torasemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure. Am J Med 2001; 111 (7): 513–20.
35. Spannheimer A, Muller K, Falkenstein P et al. Long-term diuretic treatment in heart failure: are there differences between furosemide and torasemide? Praxis (Bern 1994) 2002; 91 (37): 1467–75.
36. Fagard RH. Resistant hypertension. Heart 2012; 98: 254–61.
37. De la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011; 57: 171–4.
38. Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2012; 125: 1635–42.
39. Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003–2008. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1076–80.
40. Yakovlevitch M, Black HR. Resistant hypertension in a tertiary care clinic. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 1786–92.
41. Zannad F. Aldosterone antagonist therapy in resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 747–50.
42. Lane DA, Shah S, Beevers DG. Low-dose spironolactone in the management of resistant hypertension: a surveillance study. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 891–4.
43. Vaclavik J, Sedlak R, Plachy M et al. Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1069–75.
44. Chapman N, Chang CL, Dahlof B et al. Effect of doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system as third-line antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure and lipids in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Circulation 2008; 118: 42–8.
45. Bobrie G, Frank M, Azizi M et al. Sequential nephron blockade vs. sequential renin-angiotensin system blockade in resistant hypertension: a prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint study. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 1656–64.
46. Gaddam KK, Nishizaka MK, Pratt-Ubunama MN et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Arch Int Med 2008; 168: 1159–64.
47. Lijnen P, Staessen J, Fagard R, Amery A. Increase in plasma aldosterone during prolonged captopril treatment. Am J Cardiol 1982; 49: 1561–3.
48. Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA et al. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40: 892–6.
49. Pratt-Ubunama MN, Nishizaka MK, Boedefeld RL et al. Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension. Chest 2007; 131 (2): 453–9.
50. Jeunemaitre X, Chatellier G, Kreft-Jais C et al. Efficacy and tolerance of spironolactone in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 820–5.
51. Strauch B, Zelinka T, Hampf M et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in moderate to severe hypertension in the Central Europe region. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 349–52.
52. Jessup M. Aldosterone blockade and heart failure. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1380–2.
53. Gaddam KK, Nishizaka MK, Pratt-Ubunama MN et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone, and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Arch Int Med 2008; 168: 1159–64.
54. Knauf H, Mutschler E, Velazquez H, Giebisch G. Torasemide significantly reduces thiazide-induced porassium and magnesium loss despite supraadditive natriuresis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65 (5): 465–72.

________________________________________________

1. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertension 2013; 31: 1281–357.
2. Diagnostika i lechenie arterial'noi gipertonii: klinicheskie rekomendatsii. Kardiol. vestn. 2015; 1: 3–30. [in Russian]
3. Boitsov S.A., Balanova Iu.A., Shal'nova S.A. i dr. Arterial'naia gipertoniia sredi lits 25–64 let: rasprostranennost', osvedomlennost', lechenie i kontrol'. Po materialam issledovaniia ESSE. Kardiovask. terapiia i profilaktika. 2014; 13 (4): 4–14. [in Russian]
4. Baryshnikova G.A., Averin E.E. Al'dosteron pri arterial'noi gipertenzii: novye terapevticheskie vozmozhnosti. Consilium Medicum 2013; 15 (10): 18–23. [in Russian]
5. Achhammer I, Metz P. Low dose loop diuretics in essential hypertension. Experience with torasemide. Drugs 1991; 41 (Suppl. 3): 80–91.
6. Baumgart P, Walger P, von Eiff M, Achhammer I. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of torasemide in hypertension. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990; 8: 169–81.
7. Baumgart P. Torasemide in comparison with thiazides in the treatment of hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993; 7 (Suppl. 1): 63–8.
8. Spannbrucker N, Achhammer I, Metz P, Glocke M. Comparative study on the hypertensive efficacy of torasemide and indapamide in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung 1988; 38 (1A): 190–3.
9. Reyes AJ, Chiesa PD, Santucci MR et al. Hydrochlorothiazide versus a non-diuretic dose of torasemide as oncedaily antihypertensive monopharmacotherapy in elderly patients. A randomized and double-blind study. Progress Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990; 8 (1): 183–209.
10. Achhammer I, Eberhard R. Comparison of serum potassium levels during long-term treatment of hypertensive patients with 2.5 mg torasemide/day or 50 mg triamterene/25 mg hydrochlorothiazide/day. Progress Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990; 8 (Issue 1): 211–20.
11. Goodfriend TL, Ball DL, Oelkers W, Bahr V. Torаsemide inhibits aldosterone secretion in vitro. Life Sci 1998; 63 (3): 45–50.
12. Harada K, Izawa H, Nishizawa T et al. Beneficial effects of torasemide on systolic wall stress and sympathetic nervous activity in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with heart failure: comparison with azosemide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53 (6): 468–73.
13. Kannel WB. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 1992; 13 (Suppl. D): 82–8.
14. Gonzalez A, Lopez B, Diez J. Fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease role of the angiotensin-aldosterone system. Med Clin N Am 2004; 88: 83–97.
15. Ciulla MM, Paliotti R, Hess DB et al. Echocardiographic patterns of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients: endomyocardial biopsy versus ultrasonic tissue characterization. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 657–64.
16. Weber KT, Brilla CG, Janicki JS. Myocardial fibrosis: functional significance and regulatory factors. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 341–8.
17. Ostroumova O.D., Kochetkov A.I., Lopukhina M.V. i dr. Algoritm vybora antigipertenzivnoi terapii pri porazhenii serdtsa kak organa-misheni arterial'noi gipertonii. Farmateka. 2017; 9: 21–6. [in Russian]
18. Averin E.E. Vliianie torasemida na gipertrofiiu miokarda levogo zheludochka. Serdechnaia nedostatochnost'. 2012; 13 (3): 158–61. [in Russian]
19. Lopez B, Querejeta R, Gonzales A et al. Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collage type I turnover in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (11): 2028–35.
20. Born-Frontsberg E, Reincke M, Rump LC et al. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities of hypokalemic and normokalemic primary aldosteronism: results of the German Conn's Registry. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94 (4): 1125–30.
21. Van Sloten TT, Stehouwer CD. Carotid Stiffness: A Novel Cerebrovascular Disease Risk Factor. Pulse (Basel) 2016; 4 (1): 24–7.
22. Mitchell GF. Effects of central arterial aging on the structure and function of the peripheral vasculature: implications for end-organ damage. J Appl Physiol 2008; 105: 1652–60.
23. O’Rourke MF, Safar ME. Relationship between aortic stiffening and microvascular disease in brain and kidney: cause and logic of therapy. Hypertension 2005; 46: 200–4.
24. Tzourio C, Laurent S, Debette S. Is hypertension associated with an accelerated aging of the brain? Hypertension 2014; 63: 894–903.
25. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Ambulatory pulse pressure: a potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk in hypertension. Hypertension 1998; 32 (6): 983–8.
26. Benetos A, Safar M, Rudnichi A et al. Pulse pressure: a predictor of long-term cardiovascular mortality in a French male population. Hypertension 1997; 30 (6): 1410–5.
27. Coca A. Effect of torasemide in monotherapy or associated to other antihypertensive drugs on pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15 (113–114а): 231.
28. Tkacheva O.N., Runikhina N.K., Sharashkina N.V. Torasemide: additional benefits for postmenopausal women with arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2013; 10 (2): 9–13. [in Russian]
29. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL et al. End-stage renal disease in African-American and white men. 16-year MRFIT findings. JAMA 1997; 277: 1293–8.
30. Young MJ, Lam EY, Rickard AJ. Mineralocorticoid receprtor activator and cardiac fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond.) 2007; 112 (9): 467–75.
31. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively designed overviews ofrandomised trials. Lancet 2003; 362: 1527–35.
32. Yamato M, Sasaki T, Honda K et al. Effects of Torasemide on Left Ventricular Function and Neurohumoral Factors in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Circ J 2003; 67: 384–90.
33. Cosin J, Diez J. Torasemide in chronic heart failure results of the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4 (4): 507–13.
34. Murray MD, Deer MM, Ferguson JA et al. Open-label randomized trial of torasemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure. Am J Med 2001; 111 (7): 513–20.
35. Spannheimer A, Muller K, Falkenstein P et al. Long-term diuretic treatment in heart failure: are there differences between furosemide and torasemide? Praxis (Bern 1994) 2002; 91 (37): 1467–75.
36. Fagard RH. Resistant hypertension. Heart 2012; 98: 254–61.
37. De la Sierra A, Segura J, Banegas JR et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011; 57: 171–4.
38. Daugherty SL, Powers JD, Magid DJ et al. Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients. Circulation 2012; 125: 1635–42.
39. Persell SD. Prevalence of resistant hypertension in the United States, 2003–2008. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1076–80.
40. Yakovlevitch M, Black HR. Resistant hypertension in a tertiary care clinic. Arch Int Med 1991; 151: 1786–92.
41. Zannad F. Aldosterone antagonist therapy in resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 747–50.
42. Lane DA, Shah S, Beevers DG. Low-dose spironolactone in the management of resistant hypertension: a surveillance study. J Hypertens 2007; 25: 891–4.
43. Vaclavik J, Sedlak R, Plachy M et al. Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hypertension 2011; 57: 1069–75.
44. Chapman N, Chang CL, Dahlof B et al. Effect of doxazosin gastrointestinal therapeutic system as third-line antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure and lipids in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial. Circulation 2008; 118: 42–8.
45. Bobrie G, Frank M, Azizi M et al. Sequential nephron blockade vs. sequential renin-angiotensin system blockade in resistant hypertension: a prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint study. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 1656–64.
46. Gaddam KK, Nishizaka MK, Pratt-Ubunama MN et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Arch Int Med 2008; 168: 1159–64.
47. Lijnen P, Staessen J, Fagard R, Amery A. Increase in plasma aldosterone during prolonged captopril treatment. Am J Cardiol 1982; 49: 1561–3.
48. Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA et al. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40: 892–6.
49. Pratt-Ubunama MN, Nishizaka MK, Boedefeld RL et al. Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension. Chest 2007; 131 (2): 453–9.
50. Jeunemaitre X, Chatellier G, Kreft-Jais C et al. Efficacy and tolerance of spironolactone in essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 820–5.
51. Strauch B, Zelinka T, Hampf M et al. Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in moderate to severe hypertension in the Central Europe region. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 349–52.
52. Jessup M. Aldosterone blockade and heart failure. New Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1380–2.
53. Gaddam KK, Nishizaka MK, Pratt-Ubunama MN et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone, and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Arch Int Med 2008; 168: 1159–64.
54. Knauf H, Mutschler E, Velazquez H, Giebisch G. Torasemide significantly reduces thiazide-induced porassium and magnesium loss despite supraadditive natriuresis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65 (5): 465–72.

О.Д.Остроумова*1,2, Г.Ф.Пиксина3, Е.А.Смолярчук2, Е.Е.Павлеева1, О.В.Бондарец1

1 ФГБОУ ВО «Московский медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И.Евдокимова» Минздрава России. 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, д. 20, стр. 1;
2 ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова» Минздрава России. 119991, Россия, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2;
3 ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. Е.О.Мухина» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы. 111399, Россия, Москва, Федеративный пр-т, д. 17
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru

________________________________________________

O.D.Ostroumova*1,2, G.F.Piksina3, E.A.Smolyarchuk2, E.E.Pavleeva1, O.V.Bondarets1

1 A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 127473, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Delegatskaia, d. 20, str. 1;
2 I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 119991, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Trubetskaia, d. 8, str. 2;
3 E.O.Mukhin Сity Clinical Hospital of the Department of Health of Moscow. 111399, Russian Federation, Moscow, Federativnyi pr-t, d. 17
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru