Современные представления о взаимосвязи ожирения и эректильной дисфункции у больных артериальной гипертонией

1. Клинические рекомендации, разработанные экспертами РМОАГ, по диагностике и лечению артериальной гипертонии, 2013. / Klinicheskie rekomendatsii, razrabotannye ekspertami RMOAG, po diagnostike i lecheniiu arterial'noi gipertonii, 2013. [in Russian]
2. Литвин А.Ю., Чазова И.Е. Синдром обструктивного апноэ во время сна: механизмы развития, клиническое значение, связь с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, принципы лечения. Кардиологический вестн. 2009; 4 (2): 89–103. / Litvin A.Iu., Chazova I.E. Sindrom obstruktivnogo apnoe vo vremia sna: mekhanizmy razvitiia, klinicheskoe znachenie, sviaz' s serdechno-sosudistymi zabolevaniiami, printsipy lecheniia. Kardiologicheskii vestn. 2009; 4 (2): 89–103. [in Russian]
3. Roth A, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kerbis Y et al. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes, hypertension, or both diseases: a community survey among 1412 Israeli men. Clin Cardiol 2003; 26 (1): 25–30.
4. Kirby M, Jackson G, Betteridge J, Friedli K. Is erectile dysfunction a marker for cardiovascular disease? Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55 (9): 614–8.
5. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 724–31.
6. Mokdad AH et al. Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001.
7. Colten HR et al. A study of the link between partial sleep deprivation and obesity. Honors College Theses 2001; Paper 112.
8. Xu H et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (12): 1821–30.
9. Hotta K et al. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001; 50 (5): 1126–33.
10. Kyle TK, Dhurandhar EJ, Allison DB. Regarding obesity as a disease: evolving policies and their implications. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45: 511–20.
11. Allison DB, Downey M, Atkinson RL et al. Obesity as a disease: a white paper on evidence and arguments commissioned by the Council of the Obesity Society. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1161–77.
12. Kuczmarski RJ. What is obesity? Definitions matter. In: Kumanyika S, Brownson RC, eds. Handbook of Obesity Prevention: A Resource for Health Professionals. New York, NY: Springer; 2007: p. 25–44.
13. Kragelund C, Omland T. A farewell to body-mass index? Lancet 2005; 366: 1589–91.
14. Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J et al. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 959–66.
15. Burwell CS, Robin ED, Whaley RD, Bicklemann AG. Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation; a Pickwickian syndrome. Am J Med 1956; 21 (5): 811–8. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(56)90094-8
16. Schneider HJ, Glaesmer H, Klotsche J et al. Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 589–94.
17. Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 275–86.
18. Ho-Pham LT, Campbell LV, Nguyen TV. More on body fat cutoff points. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86: 584–5.
19. Snitker S, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Use of body fatness cutoff points. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 1057–8.
20. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91: 549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.020813
21. Ogden CL et al. Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States. JAMA 2014.
22. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2015; published online Dec 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(15)01225-8
23. Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В., Ощепкова Е.В. и др. Распространенность факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в Российской популяции больных артериальной гипертензией. Кардиология. 2014; 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2014.10.4-12 / Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Iu.V., Oshchepkova E.V. i dr. Rasprostranennost' faktorov riska serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii v Rossiiskoi populiatsii bol'nykh arterial'noi gipertenziei. Kardiologiia. 2014; 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2014.10.4-12 [in Russian]
24. The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 13–27. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
25. Irlbeck T, Massaro JM, Bamberg F et al. Association between single-slice measurements of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with volumetric measurements: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34 (4): 781–7.
26. Fernando F, Ribeiro-Filho, Alessandra N et al. Methods of Estimation of Visceral Fat: Advantages of Ultrasonography First published: December 2003. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.199
27. Klopfenstein BJ, Kim MS, Krisky CM et al. Comparison of 3 T MRI and CT for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans Br J Radiol 2012; 85 (1018): e826–e830. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/57987644
28. Després JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ et al. Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 497–511.
29. Messier V, Karelis AD, Prud'homme D et al. Identifying metabolically healthy but obese individuals in sedentary postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18: 911–7.
30. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1617–24.
31. Haiyan Xu, Glenn Barnes T, Qing Yang et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulinresistance. 2003 Published December 15, 2003 Citation Information: J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (12): 1821–30. DOI: 10.1172/JCI19451
32. Kikuko Hotta, Tohru Funahashi, Noni Bodkin L et al. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001; 50 (5): 1126–33. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1126
33. Wei-Shiung Yang, Wei-Jei Lee, Tohru Funahashi et al. Weight Reduction Increases Plasma Levels of an Adipose-Derived Anti-Inflammatory Protein, Adiponectin J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87 (4): 1626.
34. Gema Frühbeck Intracellular signalling pathways activated by leptin. Biochemic J 2006; 393 (1): 7–20. DOI: 10.1042/BJ20051578
35. Henry Feldman A, Irwin Goldstein, Dimitrios Hatzichristou G et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study J Urology 1994; 151: 54–61.
36. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual Dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and Predictors. J Am Med Associat 1999; 281: 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.6.537
37. Budweiser S, Enderlein S, Jörres RA et al. Sleep apnea is an independent correlate of erectile and sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2009; 6 (11): 3147–57. Epub 2009 Jun 29.
38. Pittaras F et al. Erectile Dysfunction in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. Guid Clin J Hypertens 2011; 29: 403–7.
39. Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ, Lawrence SJ et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 352–8.
40. Hatzimouratidis K (Chair), Giuliano F, Moncada I et al. EAU Guidelines on Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, Penile Curvature and Priapism European Association of Urology 2016.
41. Gratzke C et al. Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2010; 7: 445.
42. Nehra A, Azadzoi KM, Moreland RB et al. Cavernosal expandability is an erectile tissue mechanical property which predicts trabecular histology in an animal model of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. J Urol 1998; 159: 2229.
43. Okabe H, Hale TM, Kumon H et al. The penis is not protected – in hypertension there are vascular changes in the penis which are similar to those in other vascular beds. Int J Impot Res 1999; 11: 133.
44. Iacono F, Barra S, De Rosa G et al. Microstructural disorders of tunica albuginea in patients affected by Peyronie’s disease with or without erection dysfunction. J Urol 1993; 150: 1806.
45. Sachs B, Meisel RL. The physiology of male sexual behavior. In: The Physiology of Reproduction. Edited by E.Knobil, J.Neill, L.Ewing. New York: Raven Press, 1988; p. 1393–423.
46. Rosen RC et al. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 1997; 49: 822–30.
47. Abdelrahman Elnashara Amr M, Gadallaha Alaa Abdelaala A. Can the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) be used as a diagnostic tool to the severity of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction? Middle East Fertil Soc J 2012; 17 (2): 101–4.
48. Kassouf W, Carrier S. A comparison of the International Index of Erectile Function and erectile dysfunction studies BJU Int 2003; 91 (7): 667–9.
49. Samir Elhanbly, Ayman Elkholy. Nocturnal Penile Erections. The Role of RigiScan in the Diagnosis of Vascular Erectile Dysfunction. First published: 11 October 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02954.x
50. Пушкарь Д.Ю. Эректильная дисфункция – современные методы диагностики и лечения. Справочник поликлинического врача. 2004; 2. / Pushkar' D.Iu. Erektil'naia disfunktsiia – sovremennye metody diagnostiki i lecheniia. Handbook for Practitioners Doctors.  2004; 2. [in Russian]
51. Mokdad AH et al. Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001.
52. Colten HR et al. A study of the link between partial sleep deprivation and obesity. Honors College Theses 2001; Paper 112.
53. Silva Rebeca Cipriano Braga, Silva Diego Augusto da, Bastos João Luiz Dornelles et al. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35 (1): 39–46.
54. Seven Ekima, Husemoen Lise LN, Wachtell Kristiana et al. Five-year weight changes associate with blood pressure alterations independent of changes in serum insulin. J Hypertens 2014; 32 (11): 2231–7.
55. Беленков Ю.Н., Чазова И.Е., Мычка В.Б. Многоцентровое рандомизированное открытое исследование по изучению эффективности изменения образа жизни и терапии ингибитором АПФ (квинаприлом) у больных ожирением и артериальной гипертонией (ЭКО). Артер. гипертенз. 2003; 11 (6): 196–9. / Belenkov Iu.N., Chazova I.E., Mychka V.B. Mnogotsentrovoe randomizirovannoe otkrytoe issledovanie po izucheniiu effektivnosti izmeneniia obraza zhizni i terapii ingibitorom APF (kvinaprilom) u bol'nykh ozhireniem i arterial'noi gipertoniei (EKO). Arter. gipertenz. 2003; 11 (6): 196–9. [in Russian]
56. Young T et al. Interactions Between Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Chest 2010; 137 (3): 711–9.
57. Mortimore IL, Marshall I, Wraith PK et al. Neck and total body fat deposition in nonobese and obese patients withsleep apnea compared with that in control subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 280–3.
58. Davies RJ, Ali NJ, Stradling JR. Neck circumference and other clinical features in the diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Thorax 1992; 47: 101–5.
59. Saini J, Krieger J, Bradenberger G et al. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Effects on growth hormone, insulin and glucose profiles in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Horm Metab Res 1993; 25 (7): 375–81.
60. Lonn L, Johansson G, Sjostrom L et al. Body composition and tissue distributions in growth hormone deficient adults before and after growth hormone treatment. Obes Res 1996; 4: 45–54.
61. Takahashi Y, Kipnis DM, Daughaday WH. Growth hormone secretion during sleep. J Clin Invest 1968; 47 (9): 2079–90. DOI: 10.1172/JCI105893
62. Van Cauter E, Copinschi G. Interrelationships between growth hormone and sleep. Growth Horm IGF Res 2000; 10: 57–62.
63. Esposito K, Giugliano F, Di Palo C et al. Effect of lifestyle changes on erectile dysfunction in obese men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291 (23): 2978–84.
64. Schipilliti M, Caretta N, Palego P et al. Metabolic syndrome and erectile dysfunction: the ultrasound evaluation of cavernosal atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 (8): 1875–7.
65. Roth A, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kerbis Y et al. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes, hypertension, or both diseases: a community survey among 1412 Israeli men. Clin Cardiol 2003; 26 (1): 25–30.
66. Mulvany MJ. Small artery remodeling in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2002; 4: 49.
67. Gundle MJ, Reeves BRJr et al. Psychosocial outcome after coronary artery surgery. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137: 1591–4.
68. Wabrek AJ et al. Male sexual dysfunction associated with coronary heart disease. Arch Sex Behav 1980; 9: 69–77.
69. Jackson G, Betteridge J, Dean J et al. A systematic approach to erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular patient: a consensus statement. Int J Clin Pract 1999; 53: 445–1.
70. Montorsi P, Ravagnani PM, Galli S et al. The artery size hypothesis: a macrovascular link between erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96 (26): 19-23.
71. Jackson G et al. Presented at: 10th World Congress of the International Society for Sexual and Impotence Research; September 22–26, 2002; Montréal, Québec, Canada.
72. Hodges LD, Kirby M, Solanki J et al. The temporal relationship between erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Int J Clin Prac. 2007; 61: 2019–25.
73. Inman BA, St. Sauver JL, Jacobson DJ et al. A population-based longitudinal study of erectile dysfunction and future coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84 (2): 108–13.
74. Гамидов С.И., Тажетдинов О.Х., Павловичев А.А. и др. Особенности патогенеза, диагностики и лечения эректильной дисфункции у больных с гипогонадизмом. Проблемы эндокринол. 2010; 5: 33–42. / Gamidov S.I., Tazhetdinov O.Kh., Pavlovichev A.A. i dr. Osobennosti patogeneza, diagnostiki i lecheniia erektil'noi disfunktsii u bol'nykh s gipogonadizmom. Problemy endokrinol. 2010; 5: 33–42. [in Russian]
75. Tivesten A, Vandenput L, Labrie F et al. Low serum testosterone and estradiol predict mortality in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2009.
76. Haring R, Völzke H, Steveling A et al. Low testosterone levels are associated with increased risk of mortality in a population-based cohort of men aged 20–79. Eur Heart J 2010; 31:1436–7.
77. Kay-Tee Khaw, Mitch Dowsett, Elizabeth Folkerd et al. Endogenous Testosterone and Mortality Due to All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer in Men. European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.719005 Circulation. 2007; Originally published November 26, 2007.
78. Oh JY, Barrett-Connor E, Wedick NM, Wingard DL. Endogenous sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (1). [PubMed]
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1. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii, razrabotannye ekspertami RMOAG, po diagnostike i lecheniiu arterial'noi gipertonii, 2013. [in Russian]
2. Litvin A.Iu., Chazova I.E. Sindrom obstruktivnogo apnoe vo vremia sna: mekhanizmy razvitiia, klinicheskoe znachenie, sviaz' s serdechno-sosudistymi zabolevaniiami, printsipy lecheniia. Kardiologicheskii vestn. 2009; 4 (2): 89–103. [in Russian]
3. Roth A, Kalter-Leibovici O, Kerbis Y et al. Prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes, hypertension, or both diseases: a community survey among 1412 Israeli men. Clin Cardiol 2003; 26 (1): 25–30.
4. Kirby M, Jackson G, Betteridge J, Friedli K. Is erectile dysfunction a marker for cardiovascular disease? Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55 (9): 614–8.
5. Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 724–31.
6. Mokdad AH et al. Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001.
7. Colten HR et al. A study of the link between partial sleep deprivation and obesity. Honors College Theses 2001; Paper 112.
8. Xu H et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (12): 1821–30.
9. Hotta K et al. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001; 50 (5): 1126–33.
10. Kyle TK, Dhurandhar EJ, Allison DB. Regarding obesity as a disease: evolving policies and their implications. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45: 511–20.
11. Allison DB, Downey M, Atkinson RL et al. Obesity as a disease: a white paper on evidence and arguments commissioned by the Council of the Obesity Society. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16: 1161–77.
12. Kuczmarski RJ. What is obesity? Definitions matter. In: Kumanyika S, Brownson RC, eds. Handbook of Obesity Prevention: A Resource for Health Professionals. New York, NY: Springer; 2007: p. 25–44.
13. Kragelund C, Omland T. A farewell to body-mass index? Lancet 2005; 366: 1589–91.
14. Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J et al. Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32: 959–66.
15. Burwell CS, Robin ED, Whaley RD, Bicklemann AG. Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation; a Pickwickian syndrome. Am J Med 1956; 21 (5): 811–8. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(56)90094-8
16. Schneider HJ, Glaesmer H, Klotsche J et al. Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to predict cardiovascular risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 589–94.
17. Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2012; 13: 275–86.
18. Ho-Pham LT, Campbell LV, Nguyen TV. More on body fat cutoff points. Mayo Clin Proc 2011; 86: 584–5.
19. Snitker S, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. Use of body fatness cutoff points. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 1057–8.
20. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91: 549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.020813
21. Ogden CL et al. Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States. JAMA 2014.
22. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2015; published online Dec 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(15)01225-8
23. Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Iu.V., Oshchepkova E.V. i dr. Rasprostranennost' faktorov riska serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii v Rossiiskoi populiatsii bol'nykh arterial'noi gipertenziei. Kardiologiia. 2014; 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2014.10.4-12 [in Russian]
24. The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 13–27. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
25. Irlbeck T, Massaro JM, Bamberg F et al. Association between single-slice measurements of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with volumetric measurements: the Framingham Heart Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34 (4): 781–7.
26. Fernando F, Ribeiro-Filho, Alessandra N et al. Methods of Estimation of Visceral Fat: Advantages of Ultrasonography First published: December 2003. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.199
27. Klopfenstein BJ, Kim MS, Krisky CM et al. Comparison of 3 T MRI and CT for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans Br J Radiol 2012; 85 (1018): e826–e830. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/57987644
28. Després JP, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ et al. Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 497–511.
29. Messier V, Karelis AD, Prud'homme D et al. Identifying metabolically healthy but obese individuals in sedentary postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18: 911–7.
30. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 1617–24.
31. Haiyan Xu, Glenn Barnes T, Qing Yang et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulinresistance. 2003 Published December 15, 2003 Citation Information: J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (12): 1821–30. DOI: 10.1172/JCI19451
32. Kikuko Hotta, Tohru Funahashi, Noni Bodkin L et al. Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 2001; 50 (5): 1126–33. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1126
33. Wei-Shiung Yang, Wei-Jei Lee, Tohru Funahashi et al. Weight Reduction Increases Plasma Levels of an Adipose-Derived Anti-Inflammatory Protein, Adiponectin J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87 (4): 1626.
34. Gema Frühbeck Intracellular signalling pathways activated by leptin. Biochemic J 2006; 393 (1): 7–20. DOI: 10.1042/BJ20051578
35. Henry Feldman A, Irwin Goldstein, Dimitrios Hatzichristou G et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study J Urology 1994; 151: 54–61.
36. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual Dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and Predictors. J Am Med Associat 1999; 281: 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.6.537
37. Budweiser S, Enderlein S, Jörres RA et al. Sleep apnea is an independent correlate of erectile and sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2009; 6 (11): 3147–57. Epub 2009 Jun 29.
38. Pittaras F et al. Erectile Dysfunction in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. Guid Clin J Hypertens 2011; 29: 403–7.
39. Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ, Lawrence SJ et al. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in sleep apnea: reversal by continuous positive airways pressure therapy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 352–8.
40. Hatzimouratidis K (Chair), Giuliano F, Moncada I et al. EAU Guidelines on Erectile Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, Penile Curvature and Priapism European Association of Urology 2016.
41. Gratzke C et al. Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2010; 7: 445.
42. Nehra A, Azadzoi KM, Moreland RB et al. Cavernosal expandability is an erectile tissue mechanical property which predicts trabecular histology in an animal model of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. J Urol 1998; 159: 2229.
43. Okabe H, Hale TM, Kumon H et al. The penis is not protected – in hypertension there are vascular changes in the penis which are similar to those in other vascular beds. Int J Impot Res 1999; 11: 133.
44. Iacono F, Barra S, De Rosa G et al. Microstructural disorders of tunica albuginea in patients affected by Peyronie’s disease with or without erection dysfunction. J Urol 1993; 150: 1806.
45. Sachs B, Meisel RL. The physiology of male sexual behavior. In: The Physiology of Reproduction. Edited by E.Knobil, J.Neill, L.Ewing. New York: Raven Press, 1988; p. 1393–423.
46. Rosen RC et al. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology 1997; 49: 822–30.
47. Abdelrahman Elnashara Amr M, Gadallaha Alaa Abdelaala A. Can the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) be used as a diagnostic tool to the severity of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction? Middle East Fertil Soc J 2012; 17 (2): 101–4.
48. Kassouf W, Carrier S. A comparison of the International Index of Erectile Function and erectile dysfunction studies BJU Int 2003; 91 (7): 667–9.
49. Samir Elhanbly, Ayman Elkholy. Nocturnal Penile Erections. The Role of RigiScan in the Diagnosis of Vascular Erectile Dysfunction. First published: 11 October 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02954.x
50. Pushkar' D.Iu. Erektil'naia disfunktsiia – sovremennye metody diagnostiki i lecheniia. Handbook for Practitioners Doctors.  2004; 2. [in Russian]
51. Mokdad AH et al. Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001.
52. Colten HR et al. A study of the link between partial sleep deprivation and obesity. Honors College Theses 2001; Paper 112.
53. Silva Rebeca Cipriano Braga, Silva Diego Augusto da, Bastos João Luiz Dornelles et al. Anthropometric measures change and incidence of high blood pressure levels among adults: a population-based prospective study in Southern Brazil. J Hypertens 2017; 35 (1): 39–46.
54. Seven Ekima, Husemoen Lise LN, Wachtell Kristiana et al. Five-year weight changes associate with blood pressure alterations independent of changes in serum insulin. J Hypertens 2014; 32 (11): 2231–7.
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Т.А.Алексеева, А.Ю.Литвин*

ФГБУ «Научный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России. 121552, Россия, Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а
*alelitvin@yandex.ru

________________________________________________

T.A.Alekseeva, A.Y.Litvin*

National Medical Research Center of Cardiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 121552, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. 3-ia Cherepkovskaia, d. 15a
*alelitvin@yandex.ru