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Современные представления о диагностике и лечении ортостатической гипотензии
Современные представления о диагностике и лечении ортостатической гипотензии
Аксенова А.В., Гориева Ш.Б., Рогоза А.Н. и др. Современные представления о диагностике и лечении ортостатической гипотензии. Системные гипертензии. 2018; 15 (2): 32–42. DOI: 10.26442/2075-082X_2018.2.32-42
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Аннотация
В настоящем документе продемонстрированы современные представления о состоянии проблемы диагностики и лечения ортостатической гипотензии (ОГ). В нем основное внимание уделяется разработанным алгоритмам диагностики классической ОГ, начальной ОГ и отсроченной ОГ. Описаны необходимые методы для поэтапного проведения дифференциальной диагностики причин ОГ. Проанализированы рекомендации по лечению данного состояния Американской коллегии кардиологов/Американской ассоциации сердца/Общества сердечного ритма и Европейского общества кардиологов. Описаны варианты лечения различных групп пациентов с ОГ.
Ключевые слова: ортостатическая гипотензия, начальная ортостатическая гипотензия, отсроченная ортостатическая гипотензия, лечение ортостатической гипотензии.
Key words: orthostatic hypotension, initial orthostatic hypotension, delayed orthostatic hypotension, treatment of orthostatic hypotension.
Ключевые слова: ортостатическая гипотензия, начальная ортостатическая гипотензия, отсроченная ортостатическая гипотензия, лечение ортостатической гипотензии.
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Key words: orthostatic hypotension, initial orthostatic hypotension, delayed orthostatic hypotension, treatment of orthostatic hypotension.
Полный текст
Список литературы
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2. Gibbons СH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I et al. The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension. J Neurol 2017; 264: 1567–82.
3. Amy C. Arnold, Satish R. Raj. Orthostatic hypotension – a practical approach to investigation and management. Canad J Cardiol 2017.
4. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 1996; 46: 1470.
5. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011; 21: 69–72.
6. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037
7. Benvenuto LJ, Krakoff LR. Morbidity and mortality of orthostatic hypotension: implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 135–44.
8. Low A. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res 2008; 18 (Suppl. 1): 8–13.
9. Masaki KH, Schatz IJ, Burchfiel CM et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 1998; 98: 2290–5.
10. Rutan GH, Hermanson R, Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The cardiovascular health study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension 1992; 19 (6 Pt. 1): 508–19.
11. Kamaruzzaman S, Watt H, Carson C, Ebrahim S. The association between orthostatic hypotension and medication use in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 51–6.
12. Poon IO, Braun U. High prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its correlation with potentially causative medications among elderly veterans. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005; 30: 173–8.
13. Xin W, Mi S, Lin Z et al. Orthostatic hypotension and the risk of incidental cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Preventive Med 2016; 85: 90–7 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.007
14. Ooi WL, Hossain M, Lipsitz LA. The association between orthostatic hypotension and recurrent falls in nursing home residents. Am J Med 2000; 108: 106–11.
15. Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing 2006; 35 (Suppl. 2): ii37–ii41.
16. Jonsson PV, Lipsitz LA, Kelley M, Koestner J. Hypotensive responses to common daily activities in institutionalized elderly. A potential risk for recurrent falls. Arch Int Med 1990; 150: 1518–24.
17. Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among patients presenting with syncope in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 497–501.
18. Atkins D, Hanusa B, Sefcik T, Kapoor W. Syncope and orthostatic hypotension. Am J Med 1991; 91: 179–85.
19. Mussi C, Ungar A, Salvioli G et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a cause of syncope in patients older than 65 years admitted to emergency departments for transient loss of consciousness. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 801–6.
20. World Health Organization. Retrieved November 22, 2016, fr om http://www.who.int/en/
21. Wieling W, Krediet CT, van Dijk N et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112 (3): 157–65.
22. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope, European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Heart Failure Association (HFA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Moya A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009; 30 (21): 2631–71.
23. Stewart JM. Transient orthostatic hypotension is common in adolescents. J Pediatr 2002; 140 (4): 418–24.
24. Ganzeboom KS, Colman N, Reitsma JB et al. Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 1006–8, A1008.
25. Stewart JM, Clarke D. "He's Dizzy when he Stands Up". An Introduction to Initial orthostatic Hypotension. J Pediatr 2011; 158 (3): 499–504.
26. Wieling W, Dambrink JH, Borst C. Cardiovascular effects of arising suddenly. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1189.
27. Tanaka H, Yamaguchi H, Matushima R, Tamai H. Instantaneous orthostatic hypotension in children and adolescents: a new clinical entitiy of orthostatic intolerance. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 691–6.
28. Thomas KN, Cotter JD, Galvin SD et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension is unrelated to orthostatic tolerance in healthy young subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107 (2): 506-17. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91650.2008
29. Kuz'mina Iu.V., Oshchepkova E.V., Rogoza A.N. et al. Different types of initial orthostatic depression reactions in hypertensive patients undergoing active tilt table testing. Ter. Arkh. 2008; 80 (4): 38–42.
30. Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L, Fan CW, Kenny RA. Intolerance to initial orthostasis relates to systolic BP changes in elders. Clin Auton Res 2010; 20 (1): 39–45.
31. Imholz BPM, Dambrink JHA, Karenaker JM, Wieling W. Orthostatic circulatory control in the elderly evaluated by continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990; 79: 73–9.
32. Romero-Ortuno R, Med L, Cogan L. Continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurements and their relationship with orthostatic intolerance, falls and frailty in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 655–65.
33. Streeten DH, Anderson GH. Delayed orthostatic intolerance. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1066–72.
34. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic Hypotension. A 10-year follow-up study. Neurology 2015; 85: 1362–7.
35. Gupta D, Nair MD. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: chasing "the fall". Postgrad Med J 2008; 84 (987): 6–14.
36. Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, Peto R. Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 1971; 29: 424–31.
37. Davy KP, Seals DR, Tanaka H. Augmented cardiopulmonary and integrative sympathetic baroreflexes but attenuated peripheral vasoconstriction with age. Hypertension 1998; 32: 298–304.
38. Maddens M, Lipsitz LA, Wei JY et al. Impaired heart rate responses to cough and deep breathing in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1368–72.
39. Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120: 841–7.
40. Low PA. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care 2015; 21 (Suppl. 13): s248–s257.
41. Pevzner A.V., Chuprova S.N., Kheymets G.I. et al. New algorithm of vasovagal syncope diagnostic. The third international symposium jn neurocardiology NEUROCARD, 2011. October 6th – 8th 2011, Belgrade, Serbia. Book of abstracts; p. 40.
42. Певзнер А.В., Хеймец Г.И., Чупрова С.Н. и др. Патент №2470578. Способ определения причины обмороков различного происхождения. / Pevzner A.V., Hejmec G.I., Chuprova S.N. i dr. Patent №2470578. Sposob opredeleniya prichiny obmorokov razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniya. [in Russian]
43. Biaggioni I. Treatment: special conditions: orthostatic hypotension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015; 9 (1): 67–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.005
44. Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol 7 (5): 451–8. White NJ. Heart-rate changes on standing in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clin Sci 2008; 58 (5): 411–13. Cons 2016.
45. Zachariah PK, Krier J, Schwartz GL. Orthostatic hypotension and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens (Suppl.) 1991; 9 (8): S78–80.
46. Ejaz AA, Kazory A, Heinig ME. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2007; 9 (12): 952–5.
47. Schmidt C, Berg D, Herting PS et al. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (14): 2136–42.
48. Logan IC, Witham MD. Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2012; 41: 587–94.
49. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Grogan E et al. A potent pressor response elicited by drinking water. Lancet 1999; 353: 723.
50. Krediet CT, van Lieshout JJ, Bogert LW et al. Leg crossing improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H1768–H1772.
51. Diedrich A, Biaggioni I. Segmental orthostatic fluid shifts. Clin Auton Res 2004; 14: 146–7.
52. Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, Hamlin JT. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med 1959; 261: 788–91.
53. Van Lieshout JJ, Ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position lim it the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 2000; 10: 35–42.
54. Singer W, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McPhee BR et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition: a novel approach in the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1294–8.
55. Shibao C, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A et al. Comparative efficacy of yohimbine against pyridostigmine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2010; 56: 847–51.
56. Ramirez CE, Okamoto LE, Arnold AC et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2014; 64: 1235–40.
57. Strieper MJ, Campbell RM. Efficacy of alpha-adrenergic agonist therapy for prevention of pediatric neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 594–7.
58. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Biaggioni I et al. Contrasting actions of pressor agents in severe autonomic failure. Am J Med 1998; 105: 116–24.
59. Juraschek SP, Daya N, Appel LJ et al. Orthostatic Hypotension in Middle-Age and Risk of Falls. Am J Hypertens 2016.
60. Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol 2014; 592: 841–59.
61. Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065. Hypertension 2017.
62. Biaggioni I, Robertson RM. Hypertension in orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysfunction. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 291–301.
63. Jordan J, Biaggioni I. Diagnosis and treatment of supine hypertension in autonomic failure patients with orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens 2002; 4: 139–45.
64. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Dendi R et al. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002; 58: 1247–55.
65. Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med 2002; 112: 355–60.
66. Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T et al. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 263–8.
67. Lagi A, Rossi A, Cornelli A et al. Postural hypotension in hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure 2003; 12: 340–4.
68. Ejaz AA, Haley WE, Wasiluk A et al. Characteristics of consecutive patients presenting with orthostatic hypotension. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79 (7): 890–4.
69. Romero-Ortuno R O’Connell MDL, Finucane C et al. Insights into the clinical management of the syndrome of supine hypertension – orthostatic hypotension (SH-OH): The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Geriatrics 2013; 13: 73.
70. Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Elias N, Rosner I. The patient with supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension: a clinical dilemma. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 246–53.
71. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Pohar B et al. Contrasting effects of vasodilators on blood pressure and sodium balance in the hypertension of autonomic failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 35–42.
72. Arnold AC, Biaggioni I. Management approaches to hypertension in autonomic failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21: 481–5.
2. Gibbons СH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I et al. The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension. J Neurol 2017; 264: 1567–82.
3. Amy C. Arnold, Satish R. Raj. Orthostatic hypotension – a practical approach to investigation and management. Canad J Cardiol 2017.
4. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 1996; 46: 1470.
5. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011; 21: 69–72.
6. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037
7. Benvenuto LJ, Krakoff LR. Morbidity and mortality of orthostatic hypotension: implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 135–44.
8. Low A. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res 2008; 18 (Suppl. 1): 8–13.
9. Masaki KH, Schatz IJ, Burchfiel CM et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 1998; 98: 2290–5.
10. Rutan GH, Hermanson R, Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The cardiovascular health study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension 1992; 19 (6 Pt. 1): 508–19.
11. Kamaruzzaman S, Watt H, Carson C, Ebrahim S. The association between orthostatic hypotension and medication use in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 51–6.
12. Poon IO, Braun U. High prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its correlation with potentially causative medications among elderly veterans. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005; 30: 173–8.
13. Xin W, Mi S, Lin Z et al. Orthostatic hypotension and the risk of incidental cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Preventive Med 2016; 85: 90–7 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.007
14. Ooi WL, Hossain M, Lipsitz LA. The association between orthostatic hypotension and recurrent falls in nursing home residents. Am J Med 2000; 108: 106–11.
15. Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing 2006; 35 (Suppl. 2): ii37–ii41.
16. Jonsson PV, Lipsitz LA, Kelley M, Koestner J. Hypotensive responses to common daily activities in institutionalized elderly. A potential risk for recurrent falls. Arch Int Med 1990; 150: 1518–24.
17. Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among patients presenting with syncope in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 497–501.
18. Atkins D, Hanusa B, Sefcik T, Kapoor W. Syncope and orthostatic hypotension. Am J Med 1991; 91: 179–85.
19. Mussi C, Ungar A, Salvioli G et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a cause of syncope in patients older than 65 years admitted to emergency departments for transient loss of consciousness. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 801–6.
20. World Health Organization. Retrieved November 22, 2016, fr om http://www.who.int/en/
21. Wieling W, Krediet CT, van Dijk N et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112 (3): 157–65.
22. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope, European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Heart Failure Association (HFA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Moya A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009; 30 (21): 2631–71.
23. Stewart JM. Transient orthostatic hypotension is common in adolescents. J Pediatr 2002; 140 (4): 418–24.
24. Ganzeboom KS, Colman N, Reitsma JB et al. Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 1006–8, A1008.
25. Stewart JM, Clarke D. "He's Dizzy when he Stands Up". An Introduction to Initial orthostatic Hypotension. J Pediatr 2011; 158 (3): 499–504.
26. Wieling W, Dambrink JH, Borst C. Cardiovascular effects of arising suddenly. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1189.
27. Tanaka H, Yamaguchi H, Matushima R, Tamai H. Instantaneous orthostatic hypotension in children and adolescents: a new clinical entitiy of orthostatic intolerance. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 691–6.
28. Thomas KN, Cotter JD, Galvin SD et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension is unrelated to orthostatic tolerance in healthy young subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107 (2): 506-17. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91650.2008
29. Kuz'mina Iu.V., Oshchepkova E.V., Rogoza A.N. et al. Different types of initial orthostatic depression reactions in hypertensive patients undergoing active tilt table testing. Ter. Arkh. 2008; 80 (4): 38–42.
30. Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L, Fan CW, Kenny RA. Intolerance to initial orthostasis relates to systolic BP changes in elders. Clin Auton Res 2010; 20 (1): 39–45.
31. Imholz BPM, Dambrink JHA, Karenaker JM, Wieling W. Orthostatic circulatory control in the elderly evaluated by continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990; 79: 73–9.
32. Romero-Ortuno R, Med L, Cogan L. Continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurements and their relationship with orthostatic intolerance, falls and frailty in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 655–65.
33. Streeten DH, Anderson GH. Delayed orthostatic intolerance. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1066–72.
34. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic Hypotension. A 10-year follow-up study. Neurology 2015; 85: 1362–7.
35. Gupta D, Nair MD. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: chasing "the fall". Postgrad Med J 2008; 84 (987): 6–14.
36. Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, Peto R. Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 1971; 29: 424–31.
37. Davy KP, Seals DR, Tanaka H. Augmented cardiopulmonary and integrative sympathetic baroreflexes but attenuated peripheral vasoconstriction with age. Hypertension 1998; 32: 298–304.
38. Maddens M, Lipsitz LA, Wei JY et al. Impaired heart rate responses to cough and deep breathing in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1368–72.
39. Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120: 841–7.
40. Low PA. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care 2015; 21 (Suppl. 13): s248–s257.
41. Pevzner A.V., Chuprova S.N., Kheymets G.I. et al. New algorithm of vasovagal syncope diagnostic. The third international symposium jn neurocardiology NEUROCARD, 2011. October 6th – 8th 2011, Belgrade, Serbia. Book of abstracts; p. 40.
42. Pevzner A.V., Hejmec G.I., Chuprova S.N. i dr. Patent №2470578. Sposob opredeleniya prichiny obmorokov razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniya. [in Russian]
43. Biaggioni I. Treatment: special conditions: orthostatic hypotension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015; 9 (1): 67–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.005
44. Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol 7 (5): 451–8. White NJ. Heart-rate changes on standing in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clin Sci 2008; 58 (5): 411–13. Cons 2016.
45. Zachariah PK, Krier J, Schwartz GL. Orthostatic hypotension and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens (Suppl.) 1991; 9 (8): S78–80.
46. Ejaz AA, Kazory A, Heinig ME. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2007; 9 (12): 952–5.
47. Schmidt C, Berg D, Herting PS et al. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (14): 2136–42.
48. Logan IC, Witham MD. Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2012; 41: 587–94.
49. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Grogan E et al. A potent pressor response elicited by drinking water. Lancet 1999; 353: 723.
50. Krediet CT, van Lieshout JJ, Bogert LW et al. Leg crossing improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H1768–H1772.
51. Diedrich A, Biaggioni I. Segmental orthostatic fluid shifts. Clin Auton Res 2004; 14: 146–7.
52. Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, Hamlin JT. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med 1959; 261: 788–91.
53. Van Lieshout JJ, Ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position lim it the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 2000; 10: 35–42.
54. Singer W, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McPhee BR et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition: a novel approach in the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1294–8.
55. Shibao C, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A et al. Comparative efficacy of yohimbine against pyridostigmine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2010; 56: 847–51.
56. Ramirez CE, Okamoto LE, Arnold AC et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2014; 64: 1235–40.
57. Strieper MJ, Campbell RM. Efficacy of alpha-adrenergic agonist therapy for prevention of pediatric neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 594–7.
58. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Biaggioni I et al. Contrasting actions of pressor agents in severe autonomic failure. Am J Med 1998; 105: 116–24.
59. Juraschek SP, Daya N, Appel LJ et al. Orthostatic Hypotension in Middle-Age and Risk of Falls. Am J Hypertens 2016.
60. Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol 2014; 592: 841–59.
61. Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065. Hypertension 2017.
62. Biaggioni I, Robertson RM. Hypertension in orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysfunction. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 291–301.
63. Jordan J, Biaggioni I. Diagnosis and treatment of supine hypertension in autonomic failure patients with orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens 2002; 4: 139–45.
64. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Dendi R et al. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002; 58: 1247–55.
65. Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med 2002; 112: 355–60.
66. Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T et al. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 263–8.
67. Lagi A, Rossi A, Cornelli A et al. Postural hypotension in hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure 2003; 12: 340–4.
68. Ejaz AA, Haley WE, Wasiluk A et al. Characteristics of consecutive patients presenting with orthostatic hypotension. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79 (7): 890–4.
69. Romero-Ortuno R O’Connell MDL, Finucane C et al. Insights into the clinical management of the syndrome of supine hypertension – orthostatic hypotension (SH-OH): The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Geriatrics 2013; 13: 73.
70. Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Elias N, Rosner I. The patient with supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension: a clinical dilemma. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 246–53.
71. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Pohar B et al. Contrasting effects of vasodilators on blood pressure and sodium balance in the hypertension of autonomic failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 35–42.
72. Arnold AC, Biaggioni I. Management approaches to hypertension in autonomic failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21: 481–5.
2. Gibbons СH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I et al. The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension. J Neurol 2017; 264: 1567–82.
3. Amy C. Arnold, Satish R. Raj. Orthostatic hypotension – a practical approach to investigation and management. Canad J Cardiol 2017.
4. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 1996; 46: 1470.
5. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011; 21: 69–72.
6. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037
7. Benvenuto LJ, Krakoff LR. Morbidity and mortality of orthostatic hypotension: implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 135–44.
8. Low A. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res 2008; 18 (Suppl. 1): 8–13.
9. Masaki KH, Schatz IJ, Burchfiel CM et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 1998; 98: 2290–5.
10. Rutan GH, Hermanson R, Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The cardiovascular health study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension 1992; 19 (6 Pt. 1): 508–19.
11. Kamaruzzaman S, Watt H, Carson C, Ebrahim S. The association between orthostatic hypotension and medication use in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 51–6.
12. Poon IO, Braun U. High prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its correlation with potentially causative medications among elderly veterans. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005; 30: 173–8.
13. Xin W, Mi S, Lin Z et al. Orthostatic hypotension and the risk of incidental cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Preventive Med 2016; 85: 90–7 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.007
14. Ooi WL, Hossain M, Lipsitz LA. The association between orthostatic hypotension and recurrent falls in nursing home residents. Am J Med 2000; 108: 106–11.
15. Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing 2006; 35 (Suppl. 2): ii37–ii41.
16. Jonsson PV, Lipsitz LA, Kelley M, Koestner J. Hypotensive responses to common daily activities in institutionalized elderly. A potential risk for recurrent falls. Arch Int Med 1990; 150: 1518–24.
17. Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among patients presenting with syncope in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 497–501.
18. Atkins D, Hanusa B, Sefcik T, Kapoor W. Syncope and orthostatic hypotension. Am J Med 1991; 91: 179–85.
19. Mussi C, Ungar A, Salvioli G et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a cause of syncope in patients older than 65 years admitted to emergency departments for transient loss of consciousness. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 801–6.
20. World Health Organization. Retrieved November 22, 2016, fr om http://www.who.int/en/
21. Wieling W, Krediet CT, van Dijk N et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112 (3): 157–65.
22. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope, European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Heart Failure Association (HFA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Moya A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009; 30 (21): 2631–71.
23. Stewart JM. Transient orthostatic hypotension is common in adolescents. J Pediatr 2002; 140 (4): 418–24.
24. Ganzeboom KS, Colman N, Reitsma JB et al. Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 1006–8, A1008.
25. Stewart JM, Clarke D. "He's Dizzy when he Stands Up". An Introduction to Initial orthostatic Hypotension. J Pediatr 2011; 158 (3): 499–504.
26. Wieling W, Dambrink JH, Borst C. Cardiovascular effects of arising suddenly. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1189.
27. Tanaka H, Yamaguchi H, Matushima R, Tamai H. Instantaneous orthostatic hypotension in children and adolescents: a new clinical entitiy of orthostatic intolerance. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 691–6.
28. Thomas KN, Cotter JD, Galvin SD et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension is unrelated to orthostatic tolerance in healthy young subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107 (2): 506-17. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91650.2008
29. Kuz'mina Iu.V., Oshchepkova E.V., Rogoza A.N. et al. Different types of initial orthostatic depression reactions in hypertensive patients undergoing active tilt table testing. Ter. Arkh. 2008; 80 (4): 38–42.
30. Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L, Fan CW, Kenny RA. Intolerance to initial orthostasis relates to systolic BP changes in elders. Clin Auton Res 2010; 20 (1): 39–45.
31. Imholz BPM, Dambrink JHA, Karenaker JM, Wieling W. Orthostatic circulatory control in the elderly evaluated by continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990; 79: 73–9.
32. Romero-Ortuno R, Med L, Cogan L. Continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurements and their relationship with orthostatic intolerance, falls and frailty in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 655–65.
33. Streeten DH, Anderson GH. Delayed orthostatic intolerance. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1066–72.
34. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic Hypotension. A 10-year follow-up study. Neurology 2015; 85: 1362–7.
35. Gupta D, Nair MD. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: chasing "the fall". Postgrad Med J 2008; 84 (987): 6–14.
36. Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, Peto R. Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 1971; 29: 424–31.
37. Davy KP, Seals DR, Tanaka H. Augmented cardiopulmonary and integrative sympathetic baroreflexes but attenuated peripheral vasoconstriction with age. Hypertension 1998; 32: 298–304.
38. Maddens M, Lipsitz LA, Wei JY et al. Impaired heart rate responses to cough and deep breathing in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1368–72.
39. Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120: 841–7.
40. Low PA. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care 2015; 21 (Suppl. 13): s248–s257.
41. Pevzner A.V., Chuprova S.N., Kheymets G.I. et al. New algorithm of vasovagal syncope diagnostic. The third international symposium jn neurocardiology NEUROCARD, 2011. October 6th – 8th 2011, Belgrade, Serbia. Book of abstracts; p. 40.
42. Певзнер А.В., Хеймец Г.И., Чупрова С.Н. и др. Патент №2470578. Способ определения причины обмороков различного происхождения. / Pevzner A.V., Hejmec G.I., Chuprova S.N. i dr. Patent №2470578. Sposob opredeleniya prichiny obmorokov razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniya. [in Russian]
43. Biaggioni I. Treatment: special conditions: orthostatic hypotension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015; 9 (1): 67–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.005
44. Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol 7 (5): 451–8. White NJ. Heart-rate changes on standing in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clin Sci 2008; 58 (5): 411–13. Cons 2016.
45. Zachariah PK, Krier J, Schwartz GL. Orthostatic hypotension and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens (Suppl.) 1991; 9 (8): S78–80.
46. Ejaz AA, Kazory A, Heinig ME. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2007; 9 (12): 952–5.
47. Schmidt C, Berg D, Herting PS et al. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (14): 2136–42.
48. Logan IC, Witham MD. Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2012; 41: 587–94.
49. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Grogan E et al. A potent pressor response elicited by drinking water. Lancet 1999; 353: 723.
50. Krediet CT, van Lieshout JJ, Bogert LW et al. Leg crossing improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H1768–H1772.
51. Diedrich A, Biaggioni I. Segmental orthostatic fluid shifts. Clin Auton Res 2004; 14: 146–7.
52. Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, Hamlin JT. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med 1959; 261: 788–91.
53. Van Lieshout JJ, Ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position lim it the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 2000; 10: 35–42.
54. Singer W, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McPhee BR et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition: a novel approach in the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1294–8.
55. Shibao C, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A et al. Comparative efficacy of yohimbine against pyridostigmine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2010; 56: 847–51.
56. Ramirez CE, Okamoto LE, Arnold AC et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2014; 64: 1235–40.
57. Strieper MJ, Campbell RM. Efficacy of alpha-adrenergic agonist therapy for prevention of pediatric neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 594–7.
58. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Biaggioni I et al. Contrasting actions of pressor agents in severe autonomic failure. Am J Med 1998; 105: 116–24.
59. Juraschek SP, Daya N, Appel LJ et al. Orthostatic Hypotension in Middle-Age and Risk of Falls. Am J Hypertens 2016.
60. Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol 2014; 592: 841–59.
61. Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065. Hypertension 2017.
62. Biaggioni I, Robertson RM. Hypertension in orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysfunction. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 291–301.
63. Jordan J, Biaggioni I. Diagnosis and treatment of supine hypertension in autonomic failure patients with orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens 2002; 4: 139–45.
64. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Dendi R et al. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002; 58: 1247–55.
65. Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med 2002; 112: 355–60.
66. Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T et al. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 263–8.
67. Lagi A, Rossi A, Cornelli A et al. Postural hypotension in hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure 2003; 12: 340–4.
68. Ejaz AA, Haley WE, Wasiluk A et al. Characteristics of consecutive patients presenting with orthostatic hypotension. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79 (7): 890–4.
69. Romero-Ortuno R O’Connell MDL, Finucane C et al. Insights into the clinical management of the syndrome of supine hypertension – orthostatic hypotension (SH-OH): The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Geriatrics 2013; 13: 73.
70. Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Elias N, Rosner I. The patient with supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension: a clinical dilemma. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 246–53.
71. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Pohar B et al. Contrasting effects of vasodilators on blood pressure and sodium balance in the hypertension of autonomic failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 35–42.
72. Arnold AC, Biaggioni I. Management approaches to hypertension in autonomic failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21: 481–5.
________________________________________________
2. Gibbons СH, Schmidt P, Biaggioni I et al. The recommendations of a consensus panel for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and associated supine hypertension. J Neurol 2017; 264: 1567–82.
3. Amy C. Arnold, Satish R. Raj. Orthostatic hypotension – a practical approach to investigation and management. Canad J Cardiol 2017.
4. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 1996; 46: 1470.
5. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011; 21: 69–72.
6. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037
7. Benvenuto LJ, Krakoff LR. Morbidity and mortality of orthostatic hypotension: implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24: 135–44.
8. Low A. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension. Clin Auton Res 2008; 18 (Suppl. 1): 8–13.
9. Masaki KH, Schatz IJ, Burchfiel CM et al. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program. Circulation 1998; 98: 2290–5.
10. Rutan GH, Hermanson R, Bild DE et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The cardiovascular health study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension 1992; 19 (6 Pt. 1): 508–19.
11. Kamaruzzaman S, Watt H, Carson C, Ebrahim S. The association between orthostatic hypotension and medication use in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study. Age Ageing 2010; 39: 51–6.
12. Poon IO, Braun U. High prevalence of orthostatic hypotension and its correlation with potentially causative medications among elderly veterans. J Clin Pharm Ther 2005; 30: 173–8.
13. Xin W, Mi S, Lin Z et al. Orthostatic hypotension and the risk of incidental cardiovascular diseases: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Preventive Med 2016; 85: 90–7 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.007
14. Ooi WL, Hossain M, Lipsitz LA. The association between orthostatic hypotension and recurrent falls in nursing home residents. Am J Med 2000; 108: 106–11.
15. Rubenstein LZ. Falls in older people: epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention. Age Ageing 2006; 35 (Suppl. 2): ii37–ii41.
16. Jonsson PV, Lipsitz LA, Kelley M, Koestner J. Hypotensive responses to common daily activities in institutionalized elderly. A potential risk for recurrent falls. Arch Int Med 1990; 150: 1518–24.
17. Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D et al. Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension among patients presenting with syncope in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2002; 20: 497–501.
18. Atkins D, Hanusa B, Sefcik T, Kapoor W. Syncope and orthostatic hypotension. Am J Med 1991; 91: 179–85.
19. Mussi C, Ungar A, Salvioli G et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a cause of syncope in patients older than 65 years admitted to emergency departments for transient loss of consciousness. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64: 801–6.
20. World Health Organization. Retrieved November 22, 2016, fr om http://www.who.int/en/
21. Wieling W, Krediet CT, van Dijk N et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112 (3): 157–65.
22. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope, European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), Heart Failure Association (HFA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Moya A et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009; 30 (21): 2631–71.
23. Stewart JM. Transient orthostatic hypotension is common in adolescents. J Pediatr 2002; 140 (4): 418–24.
24. Ganzeboom KS, Colman N, Reitsma JB et al. Prevalence and triggers of syncope in medical students. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 1006–8, A1008.
25. Stewart JM, Clarke D. "He's Dizzy when he Stands Up". An Introduction to Initial orthostatic Hypotension. J Pediatr 2011; 158 (3): 499–504.
26. Wieling W, Dambrink JH, Borst C. Cardiovascular effects of arising suddenly. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1189.
27. Tanaka H, Yamaguchi H, Matushima R, Tamai H. Instantaneous orthostatic hypotension in children and adolescents: a new clinical entitiy of orthostatic intolerance. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 691–6.
28. Thomas KN, Cotter JD, Galvin SD et al. Initial orthostatic hypotension is unrelated to orthostatic tolerance in healthy young subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107 (2): 506-17. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91650.2008
29. Kuz'mina Iu.V., Oshchepkova E.V., Rogoza A.N. et al. Different types of initial orthostatic depression reactions in hypertensive patients undergoing active tilt table testing. Ter. Arkh. 2008; 80 (4): 38–42.
30. Romero-Ortuno R, Cogan L, Fan CW, Kenny RA. Intolerance to initial orthostasis relates to systolic BP changes in elders. Clin Auton Res 2010; 20 (1): 39–45.
31. Imholz BPM, Dambrink JHA, Karenaker JM, Wieling W. Orthostatic circulatory control in the elderly evaluated by continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990; 79: 73–9.
32. Romero-Ortuno R, Med L, Cogan L. Continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurements and their relationship with orthostatic intolerance, falls and frailty in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 655–65.
33. Streeten DH, Anderson GH. Delayed orthostatic intolerance. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1066–72.
34. Gibbons CH, Freeman R. Clinical implications of delayed orthostatic Hypotension. A 10-year follow-up study. Neurology 2015; 85: 1362–7.
35. Gupta D, Nair MD. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: chasing "the fall". Postgrad Med J 2008; 84 (987): 6–14.
36. Gribbin B, Pickering TG, Sleight P, Peto R. Effect of age and high blood pressure on baroreflex sensitivity in man. Circ Res 1971; 29: 424–31.
37. Davy KP, Seals DR, Tanaka H. Augmented cardiopulmonary and integrative sympathetic baroreflexes but attenuated peripheral vasoconstriction with age. Hypertension 1998; 32: 298–304.
38. Maddens M, Lipsitz LA, Wei JY et al. Impaired heart rate responses to cough and deep breathing in elderly patients with unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1368–72.
39. Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007; 120: 841–7.
40. Low PA. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care 2015; 21 (Suppl. 13): s248–s257.
41. Pevzner A.V., Chuprova S.N., Kheymets G.I. et al. New algorithm of vasovagal syncope diagnostic. The third international symposium jn neurocardiology NEUROCARD, 2011. October 6th – 8th 2011, Belgrade, Serbia. Book of abstracts; p. 40.
42. Pevzner A.V., Hejmec G.I., Chuprova S.N. i dr. Patent №2470578. Sposob opredeleniya prichiny obmorokov razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniya. [in Russian]
43. Biaggioni I. Treatment: special conditions: orthostatic hypotension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015; 9 (1): 67–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.12.005
44. Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol 7 (5): 451–8. White NJ. Heart-rate changes on standing in elderly patients with orthostatic hypotension. Clin Sci 2008; 58 (5): 411–13. Cons 2016.
45. Zachariah PK, Krier J, Schwartz GL. Orthostatic hypotension and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens (Suppl.) 1991; 9 (8): S78–80.
46. Ejaz AA, Kazory A, Heinig ME. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring in the evaluation of supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension. Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2007; 9 (12): 952–5.
47. Schmidt C, Berg D, Herting PS et al. Loss of nocturnal blood pressure fall in various extrapyramidal syndromes. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (14): 2136–42.
48. Logan IC, Witham MD. Efficacy of treatments for orthostatic hypotension: a systematic review. Age Ageing 2012; 41: 587–94.
49. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Grogan E et al. A potent pressor response elicited by drinking water. Lancet 1999; 353: 723.
50. Krediet CT, van Lieshout JJ, Bogert LW et al. Leg crossing improves orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H1768–H1772.
51. Diedrich A, Biaggioni I. Segmental orthostatic fluid shifts. Clin Auton Res 2004; 14: 146–7.
52. Hickler RB, Thompson GR, Fox LM, Hamlin JT. Successful treatment of orthostatic hypotension with 9-alpha-fluorohydrocortisone. N Engl J Med 1959; 261: 788–91.
53. Van Lieshout JJ, Ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position lim it the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 2000; 10: 35–42.
54. Singer W, Opfer-Gehrking TL, McPhee BR et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition: a novel approach in the treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1294–8.
55. Shibao C, Okamoto LE, Gamboa A et al. Comparative efficacy of yohimbine against pyridostigmine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2010; 56: 847–51.
56. Ramirez CE, Okamoto LE, Arnold AC et al. Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension in autonomic failure. Hypertension 2014; 64: 1235–40.
57. Strieper MJ, Campbell RM. Efficacy of alpha-adrenergic agonist therapy for prevention of pediatric neurocardiogenic syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 594–7.
58. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Biaggioni I et al. Contrasting actions of pressor agents in severe autonomic failure. Am J Med 1998; 105: 116–24.
59. Juraschek SP, Daya N, Appel LJ et al. Orthostatic Hypotension in Middle-Age and Risk of Falls. Am J Hypertens 2016.
60. Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol 2014; 592: 841–59.
61. Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065. Hypertension 2017.
62. Biaggioni I, Robertson RM. Hypertension in orthostatic hypotension and autonomic dysfunction. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 291–301.
63. Jordan J, Biaggioni I. Diagnosis and treatment of supine hypertension in autonomic failure patients with orthostatic hypotension. J Clin Hypertens 2002; 4: 139–45.
64. Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Dendi R et al. Orthostatic hypotension from sympathetic denervation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002; 58: 1247–55.
65. Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med 2002; 112: 355–60.
66. Masuo K, Mikami H, Ogihara T et al. Changes in frequency of orthostatic hypotension in elderly hypertensive patients under medications. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 263–8.
67. Lagi A, Rossi A, Cornelli A et al. Postural hypotension in hypertensive patients. Blood Pressure 2003; 12: 340–4.
68. Ejaz AA, Haley WE, Wasiluk A et al. Characteristics of consecutive patients presenting with orthostatic hypotension. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79 (7): 890–4.
69. Romero-Ortuno R O’Connell MDL, Finucane C et al. Insights into the clinical management of the syndrome of supine hypertension – orthostatic hypotension (SH-OH): The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Geriatrics 2013; 13: 73.
70. Naschitz JE, Slobodin G, Elias N, Rosner I. The patient with supine hypertension and orthostatic hypotension: a clinical dilemma. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82: 246–53.
71. Jordan J, Shannon JR, Pohar B et al. Contrasting effects of vasodilators on blood pressure and sodium balance in the hypertension of autonomic failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 35–42.
72. Arnold AC, Biaggioni I. Management approaches to hypertension in autonomic failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21: 481–5.
Авторы
А.В.Аксенова*, Ш.Б.Гориева, А.Н.Рогоза, О.А.Сивакова, Т.Е.Есаулова, И.Е.Чазова
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России. 121552, Россия, Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а
*aksenovaannav@gmail.com
National Medical Research Center of Cardiologyof the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 121552, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. 3-ia Cherepkovskaia, d. 15a
*aksenovaannav@gmail.com
ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России. 121552, Россия, Москва, ул. 3-я Черепковская, д. 15а
*aksenovaannav@gmail.com
________________________________________________
National Medical Research Center of Cardiologyof the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 121552, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. 3-ia Cherepkovskaia, d. 15a
*aksenovaannav@gmail.com
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