Целевые уровни артериального давления у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста при наличии хронической болезни почек без синдрома старческой астении
Целевые уровни артериального давления у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста при наличии хронической болезни почек без синдрома старческой астении
Остроумова О.Д., Черняева М.С. Целевые уровни артериального давления у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста при наличии хронической болезни почек без синдрома старческой астении. Системные гипертензии. 2019; 16 (3): 6–12. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.3.190252
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Ostroumova O.D., Cherniaeva M.S. Target levels of blood pressure in the elderly and very old patients with chronic kidney disease without frailty. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (3): 6–12.
DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.3.190252
Целевые уровни артериального давления у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста при наличии хронической болезни почек без синдрома старческой астении
Остроумова О.Д., Черняева М.С. Целевые уровни артериального давления у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста при наличии хронической болезни почек без синдрома старческой астении. Системные гипертензии. 2019; 16 (3): 6–12. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.3.190252
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Ostroumova O.D., Cherniaeva M.S. Target levels of blood pressure in the elderly and very old patients with chronic kidney disease without frailty. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (3): 6–12.
DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.3.190252
В настоящее время особое внимание уделяется проблеме артериальной гипертонии (АГ) у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Ожидаемые преимущества от лечения АГ по сравнению с потенциальным вредом у данной возрастной группы пациентов все больше подвергаются сомнению, поскольку у них часто нарушены механизмы, поддерживающие гомеостаз и жизненно важную перфузию органов, особенно ярко проявляющиеся у «хрупких» пожилых пациентов. Существующие рандомизированные клинические исследования показали, что антигипертензивная терапия у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста значительно снижает сердечно-сосудистую заболеваемость, а также смертность от кардиоваскулярных событий и смертность от всех причин, однако целевые значения артериального давления (АД) до сих пор остаются дискутабельными. Ряд сопутствующих заболеваний также влияют на определение целевого уровня снижения АД. Так, например, для хронической болезни почек (ХБП) АГ является основным фактором риска ее развития и прогрессирования. Поэтому важно понимать стратегию терапии пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста с сопутствующей ХБП. В данной статье представлен обзор литературы о целевых значениях АД у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста без синдрома хрупкости с диабетической и недиабетической ХБП. Рассмотрены данные крупных исследований и метаанализов, оценивающие взаимосвязь более интенсивного по сравнению с менее интенсивным контролем АД со снижением риска развития основных сердечно-сосудистых событий, смертности или изменения скорости клубочковой фильтрации. В ходе анализа литературы показано, что исследования являются крайне противоречивыми: наряду с полученными в некоторых из них преимуществами от снижения АД<130 мм рт. ст. в плане снижения смертности, сердечно-сосудистого риска и темпов прогрессирования ХБП в других исследованиях получены результаты, свидетельствующие не только об отсутствии этих преимуществ, но и о явном преимуществе более высоких целевых цифр АД. Таким образом, имеется необходимость в проведении крупных специально спланированных рандомизированных клинических исследований, посвященных этому вопросу.
Ключевые слова: артериальная гипертония, артериальное давление, целевые уровни артериального давления, пожилые и очень пожилые пациенты, хроническая болезнь почек.
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Currently, people has been paying special attention to the problem of arterial hypertension (AH) in patients of the elderly and very old patients. The expected benefits from the treatment of AH compared to the potential harm in this age group of patients are increasingly being questioned, since they often have disturbed the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis and vital organ perfusion, especially pronounced in “frailty“ elderly and very old patients. Existing randomized clinical trials have shown that antihypertensive therapy in patients of elderly and very old significantly reduces cardiovascular morbidity, as well as cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality, however, the target blood pressure (BP) values are still debatable. A number of comorbidities also affect the determination of target levels of BP reduction. For example, AH is a major risk factor for its development and progression for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, it is important to understand the strategy of treating patients of elderly and very old with concomitant CKD. This article presents a review of the literature on target BP values in elderly and very old patients without frailty with diabetic and non-diabetic CKD. We reviewed data from large studies and meta-analyzes, assessing the relationship of more intensive compared with less intensive control of BP with a reduced risk of major cardiovascular events, mortality or changes in glomerular filtration rate. During the analysis of the literature, it was shown that the studies are extremely controversial: along with the benefits obtained in some of them from lowering BP of less than 130 mm Hg in terms of reducing mortality, cardiovascular risk and rates of progression of CKD, other studies have obtained results indicating not only the absence of these advantages, but also a clear advantage of higher target BP figures. Thus, there is a need for large, specially designed randomized clinical trials devoted to this issue.
1. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (33): 3021–104. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
2. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 244–52.
3. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, Uhlig K. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 541–8.
4. Sim JJ, Shi J, Kovesdy CP et al. Impact of achieved blood pressures on mortality risk and end-stage renal disease among a large, diverse hypertension population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: 588–97.
5. Malhotra R, Nguyen HA, Benavente O et al. Association Between More Intensive vs Less Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering and Risk of Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 to 5: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177 (10): 1498–505. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4377
6. Cheung AK, Rahman M, Reboussin DM et al. Effects of Intensive BP Control in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28 (9): 2812–23. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2017020148
7. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (19): 2421–31.
8. Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Smith RD et al. “Strict” blood pressure control and progression of renal disease in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int 1995; 48 (3): 851–9.
9. Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (22): 2103–16.
10. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (Suppl. 2): B54–B64.
11. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002; 61 (3): 1086–97.
12. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317 (7160): 703–13.
13. Heerspink HJ, Ninomiya T, Perkovic V et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J 2010; 31 (23): 2888–96.
14. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP et al. Effects of intensive blood‐pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (17): 1575–85.
15. Lonn EM, Bosch J, López‐Jaramillo P et al; HOPE‐3 Investigators. Blood‐pressure lowering in intermediate‐risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2016; 374 (21): 2009–20.
16. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al; Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (18): 1887–98.
17. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood‐pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 330 (13): 877–84.
18. Mant J, McManus RJ, Roalfe A et al. Different systolic blood pressure targets for people with history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack: PAST‐BP (Prevention After Stroke–Blood Pressure) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016; 352: i708.
19. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G et al. Blood‐pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non‐diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN‐2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365 (9463): 939–46.
20. Schrier R, McFann K, Johnson A et al. Cardiac and renal effects of standard versus rigorous blood pressure control in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease: results of a seven‐year prospective randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13 (7): 1733–9.
21. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research. JAMA 1991; 265 (24): 3255–64.
22. Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R et al; SPS3 Study Group. Blood‐pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382 (9891): 507–15.
23. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al. Randomised double‐blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 997; 350 (9080): 757–64.
24. Tsai WC, Wu HY Peng YS et al. Association of Intensive Blood Pressure Control and Kidney Disease Progression in Nondiabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177 (6): 792–9. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0197
25. Hayashi K, Saruta T, Goto Y et al. Impact of renal function on cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients treated with efonidipine. Hypertens Res 2010; 33 (11): 1211–20.
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1. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (33): 3021–104. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
2. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 244–52.
3. Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, Uhlig K. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med 2011; 154: 541–8.
4. Sim JJ, Shi J, Kovesdy CP et al. Impact of achieved blood pressures on mortality risk and end-stage renal disease among a large, diverse hypertension population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: 588–97.
5. Malhotra R, Nguyen HA, Benavente O et al. Association Between More Intensive vs Less Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering and Risk of Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 to 5: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177 (10): 1498–505. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4377
6. Cheung AK, Rahman M, Reboussin DM et al. Effects of Intensive BP Control in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28 (9): 2812–23. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2017020148
7. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (19): 2421–31.
8. Toto RD, Mitchell HC, Smith RD et al. “Strict” blood pressure control and progression of renal disease in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int 1995; 48 (3): 851–9.
9. Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (22): 2103–16.
10. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (Suppl. 2): B54–B64.
11. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002; 61 (3): 1086–97.
12. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317 (7160): 703–13.
13. Heerspink HJ, Ninomiya T, Perkovic V et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J 2010; 31 (23): 2888–96.
14. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP et al. Effects of intensive blood‐pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (17): 1575–85.
15. Lonn EM, Bosch J, López‐Jaramillo P et al; HOPE‐3 Investigators. Blood‐pressure lowering in intermediate‐risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2016; 374 (21): 2009–20.
16. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE et al; Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008; 358 (18): 1887–98.
17. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood‐pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 1994; 330 (13): 877–84.
18. Mant J, McManus RJ, Roalfe A et al. Different systolic blood pressure targets for people with history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack: PAST‐BP (Prevention After Stroke–Blood Pressure) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016; 352: i708.
19. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G et al. Blood‐pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non‐diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN‐2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365 (9463): 939–46.
20. Schrier R, McFann K, Johnson A et al. Cardiac and renal effects of standard versus rigorous blood pressure control in autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease: results of a seven‐year prospective randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13 (7): 1733–9.
21. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research. JAMA 1991; 265 (24): 3255–64.
22. Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R et al; SPS3 Study Group. Blood‐pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382 (9891): 507–15.
23. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L et al. Randomised double‐blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 997; 350 (9080): 757–64.
24. Tsai WC, Wu HY Peng YS et al. Association of Intensive Blood Pressure Control and Kidney Disease Progression in Nondiabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017; 177 (6): 792–9. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0197
25. Hayashi K, Saruta T, Goto Y et al. Impact of renal function on cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients treated with efonidipine. Hypertens Res 2010; 33 (11): 1211–20.
Авторы
О.Д. Остроумова*1, М.С. Черняева2
1ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента РФ, Москва, Россия
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru
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Olga D. Ostroumova*1, Marina S. Cherniaeva2
1Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia;
2Central State Medical Academy of Department
of Presidential Affairs, Moscow, Russia
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru