Доказательная база в отношении целевых уровней артериального давления у пациентов, перенесших инсульт: фокус на гериатрическую популяцию
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Ostroumova O.D., Cherniaeva M.S. Evidence base regarding target levels of arterial pressure in patients after a stroke: focus on a geriatric population. Systemic Hypertension. 2020; 17 (1): 51–61. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2020.1.200039
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Ключевые слова: артериальная гипертензия, инсульт, целевые уровни артериального давления, пожилые и очень пожилые пациенты, вторичная профилактика инсульта.
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Arterial hypertension (AH) is a very significant and most common risk factor for stroke, and lowering blood pressure (BP) is the most effective action to prevent stroke in patients with AH. This article provides an overview of existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and meta-analyzes to study the optimal target BP levels in patients with AH and cerebral events with a history of focusing on the geriatric population. As a result of the analysis of literature data, we obtained contradictory results: RCTs showed the benefits of lower target BP, in only two of them the target level of systolic BP (SBP) was less than 130 mm Hg, and the average age of patients included in the RCTs varied from 60 to 68 years, the number of patients older than 75 years was insignificant, and some studies excluded patients older than 85 years. Several subanalyses analyzed by RCTs found a J-shaped relationship between BP levels achieved and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. One of them showed that with a decrease in BP below the SBP – 120 mm Hg and DBP – 65 mm Hg higher BP was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events. Another one showed that the risk of re-stroke and the risk of subsequent adverse events was statistically significantly higher in patients with an average level of SBP below 120 mm Hg than in patients with a level of SBP of 130–139 mm Hg. The meta-analysis published in the Cochrane database did not show significant advantages of lowering BP<130/85 mm Hg versus standard lowering BP<140–160/90–100 mm Hg, while another meta-analysis revealed some advantages of a more intense decrease in BP for the prevention of re-stroke. Existing studies did not take into account the heterogeneity of the geriatric population and did not include patients with fraility and multimorbidity patients, and did not take into account the type of stroke to develop a differentiated approach to the tactics of lowering BP in patients of all age groups. Therefore, in relation to the recommended ESC/ESH experts in 2018, target BP levels of 120–129/70–79 mm Hg (aged 18–65 years) and 130–139/70–79 mmHg (aged ≥65 years) for patients with AH and a history of cerebral events, there are still some doubts about the benefits of lower target BP values for the prevention of re-stroke and other cardiovascular events for the entire population of geriatric patients, especially patients older than 75, so specially designed randomized controlled trials are needed.
Key words: arterial hypertension, stroke, target blood pressure, old and very old patients, secondary stroke prevention.
2. Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В. от имени экспертов. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертонии. Системные гипертензии. 2019; 16 (1): 6–31. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179
[Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Yu.V. on behalf of the experts. Clinical guidelines. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (1): 6–31. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179 (in Russian).]
3. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–41. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (01)06178-5
4. PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995; 108: 710–7.
5. Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: The sps3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 507–15. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (13)60852-1
6. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1225–37. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804593
7. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski et al. A Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005; 36 (6): 1218–26. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000166048.35740.a9
8. Kitagawa K, Yamamoto Y, Arima H et al. Effect of Standard vs Intensive Blood Pressure Control on the Risk of Recurrent Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2019; Е1–Е10. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2167
9. Wang P, Wang Y, Feng T et al. Rationale and design of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nimodipine in preventing cognitive impairment in ischemic cerebrovascular events (NICE). BMC Neurology 2012; 12: 88. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-88
10. Zanchetti A, Liu L, Mancia G et al. Blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment randomized trial. J Hypertens 2014; 32 (9): 1888–97. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000254
11. Zonneveld TP, Richard E, Vergouwen MD et al. Blood pressure-lowering treatment for preventing recurrent stroke, major vascular events, and dementia in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7: CD007858. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007858.pub2
12. Odden MC, McClure LA, Sawaya BP et al. Achieved blood pressure and outcomes in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Trial. Hypertension 2016; 67: 63–9. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06480
13. White CL, Szychowski JM, Pergola PE et al. Can blood pressure be lowered safely in older adults with lacunar stroke? The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes study experience. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 722–9. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13349
14. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1201–8. DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000226212.34055.86
15. Arima H, Anderson C, Omae T et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering on major vascular events among patients with isolated diastolic hypertension: the perindopril protection against recurrent stroke study (PROGRESS) trial. Stroke 2011; 42 (8): 2339–41. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606764
16. Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S et al. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA 2011; 306 (19): 2137–44. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1650
17. Weber R, Weimar C, Wanke I et al. Risk of recurrent stroke in patients with silent brain infarction in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) imaging substudy. Stroke 2012; 43 (2): 350–5. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.631739
18. Mant J, McManus RJ, Roalfe A et al. Different systolic blood pressure targets for people with history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack: PAST-BP (Prevention After Stroke-Blood Pressure) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016; 352: i708. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i708
19. Bath PM, Scutt P, Blackburn DJ et al. Intensive versus guideline blood pressure and lipid lowering in patients with previous stroke: main results from the pilot "Prevention of Decline in Cognition After Stroke Trial" (PODCAST) randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12 (1): e0164608. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164608
20. Blackburn DJ, Krishnan K, Fox L et al. Prevention Of Decline in Cognition After Stroke Trial (PODCAST): a study protocol for a factorial randomised controlled trial of intensive versus guideline lowering of blood pressure and lipids. Trials 2013; 14: 401. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-401
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1. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018; 39 (33): 3021–104. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
2. Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Yu.V. on behalf of the experts. Clinical guidelines. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (1): 6–31. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179 (in Russian).
3. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001; 358: 1033–41. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (01)06178-5
4. PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995; 108: 710–7.
5. Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: The sps3 randomised trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 507–15. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (13)60852-1
6. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1225–37. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804593
7. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski et al. A Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005; 36 (6): 1218–26. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000166048.35740.a9
8. Kitagawa K, Yamamoto Y, Arima H et al. Effect of Standard vs Intensive Blood Pressure Control on the Risk of Recurrent Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2019; Е1–Е10. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2167
9. Wang P, Wang Y, Feng T et al. Rationale and design of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nimodipine in preventing cognitive impairment in ischemic cerebrovascular events (NICE). BMC Neurology 2012; 12: 88. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-88
10. Zanchetti A, Liu L, Mancia G et al. Blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment randomized trial. J Hypertens 2014; 32 (9): 1888–97. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000254
11. Zonneveld TP, Richard E, Vergouwen MD et al. Blood pressure-lowering treatment for preventing recurrent stroke, major vascular events, and dementia in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7: CD007858. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007858.pub2
12. Odden MC, McClure LA, Sawaya BP et al. Achieved blood pressure and outcomes in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Trial. Hypertension 2016; 67: 63–9. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06480
13. White CL, Szychowski JM, Pergola PE et al. Can blood pressure be lowered safely in older adults with lacunar stroke? The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes study experience. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 722–9. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13349
14. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M et al. Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1201–8. DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000226212.34055.86
15. Arima H, Anderson C, Omae T et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering on major vascular events among patients with isolated diastolic hypertension: the perindopril protection against recurrent stroke study (PROGRESS) trial. Stroke 2011; 42 (8): 2339–41. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606764
16. Ovbiagele B, Diener HC, Yusuf S et al. Level of systolic blood pressure within the normal range and risk of recurrent stroke. JAMA 2011; 306 (19): 2137–44. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1650
17. Weber R, Weimar C, Wanke I et al. Risk of recurrent stroke in patients with silent brain infarction in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) imaging substudy. Stroke 2012; 43 (2): 350–5. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.631739
18. Mant J, McManus RJ, Roalfe A et al. Different systolic blood pressure targets for people with history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack: PAST-BP (Prevention After Stroke-Blood Pressure) randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016; 352: i708. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i708
19. Bath PM, Scutt P, Blackburn DJ et al. Intensive versus guideline blood pressure and lipid lowering in patients with previous stroke: main results from the pilot "Prevention of Decline in Cognition After Stroke Trial" (PODCAST) randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12 (1): e0164608. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164608
20. Blackburn DJ, Krishnan K, Fox L et al. Prevention Of Decline in Cognition After Stroke Trial (PODCAST): a study protocol for a factorial randomised controlled trial of intensive versus guideline lowering of blood pressure and lipids. Trials 2013; 14: 401. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-401
1 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
2 ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента РФ, Москва, Россия
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru
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Olga D. Ostroumova*1, Marina S. Cherniaeva2
1 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2 Central State Medical Academy of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
*ostroumova.olga@mail.ru