Неконтролируемая артериальная гипертония: основные причины, особенности патогенеза и подходы к лечению

1. Stanaway JD, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmenta and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392; 1923–94.
2. World Health Organization. A global brief on Hypertension. WHO/DCO/WHD/2013.2.
3. Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертонии. Системные гипертензии 2019; 16 (1): 6–31 [Chazova IE, Zhernakova YuV. Clinical guidelines. ­Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (1): 6–31 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179
4. Научно-организационный комитет проекта ЭССЕ-РФ Эпидемиология сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в различных регионах России (ЭССЕ-РФ). Обоснование и дизайн исследования. Профилактическая медицина. 2013; 6: 25–34 [Scientific Organizing Committee of the ESSE-RF. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of Russia (ESSE-RF). The rationale for and design of the study. Preventive Medicine. 2013; 6: 25–34 (in Russian)].
5. Aelajado MC, Pisoni R, Dudenbostel T, et al. Refractory hypertension: definition, prevalence, and patient characteristics. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14: 7–12.
6. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018; 71: e13–e115.
7. Dudenbostel T, Siddiqui M, Oparil S, David A. Calhoun A Novel Phenotype of Antihypertensive Treatment Failure. Hypertension 2016; 67: 1085–92. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06587
8. Muntner P, Davis BR, Cushman WC, et al. Treatment-resistant hyper- tension and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease: results from the Antihypertensive and LipidLowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension 2014; 64: 1012–21. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03850
9. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Larson MG, et al. Differential control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure: factors associated with lack of blood pressure control in the community. Hypertension 2000; 36 (4): 594–9. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.4.594
10. Rimoldi SF, Scherrer U, Messerli Franz H. Secondary arterial hypertension: when, who, and how to screen? Eur Heart J 2014; 35. Issue 19; p. 1245–54. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht534
11. Anderson GH Jr, Blakeman N, Streeten DH. The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 609–15.
12. Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, et al. Resistant Hypertension: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment. Circulation 2008; 117: e510–e526
13. De la Sierra A, et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011; 57: 898.
14. Muxfeldt ES, Fiszman R, de Souza F, et al. Appropriate time interval to repeat ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with white-coat resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 59: 384–9. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.185405
15. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–87.
16. Egan BM, Zhao Y, Li J, et al. Prevalence of optimal treatment regimens in patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension based on office blood pressure in a community-based practice network. Hypertension 2013; 62: 691–7. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01448
17. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 2009; 122: 290–300.
18. Jung O, Gechter JL, Wunder C, et al. Resistant hypertension? Assessment of adherence by toxicological urine analysis. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 766–74. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835e2286
19. Brinker S, Pandey A, Ayers C, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring facilitates blood pressure control in resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 834–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.067
20. Ceral J, Habrdova V, Vorisek V, et al. Difficult-to-control arterial hypertension or uncooperative patients? The assessment of serum antihypertensive drug levels to differentiate non-responsiveness from non-adherence to recommended therapy. Hypertens Res 2011; 34 (1): 87–90. DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.183
21. Horvathova H, Kimlikova K, Balazovjech I, Kyselovic I. Compliance and the therapeutic effect in patients with arterial hypertension. Bratisl Lek Listy 2003; 104 (4–5): 149–54. PMID: 14604255
22. Fuchs FD, Massierer D, Tonelli de Oliveira FC. Prevalence of truly resistant hypertension prospectively evaluated in a clinical setting. Circulation 2009; 120: S1163.
23. Otero FR, Grigorian LS, Lado ML, et al Association between refractory hypertension and cardiometabolic risk. The HYPERFRE study. Nefrologia 2008; 28 (4): 425–32.
24. Egan ВM, Zhao Y, Li J, et al. Prevalence of optimal treatment regimens in patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension based on office blood pressure in a communitybased practice network. Hypertension 2013; 62: 691–7.
25. Gupta AK, Nasothimiou EG, Chang CL, et al. Baseline predictors of resistant hypertension in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial (ASCOT): a risk score to identify those at high-risk. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 2004–13. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834a8a42
26. Jamerson K, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, et al. Exceptional early blood pressure con- trol rates: the ACCOMPLISH trial. Blood Press 2007; 16: 80–6. DOI: 10.1080/08037050701395571
27. Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, et al. Characteristics of resistant hypertension in a large, ethnically diverse hypertension population of an integrated health system. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88: 1099–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.017
28. Xiangyang C, Jennifer CS, Brixner D, Kahler KH. Results of a retrospective, observational pilot study using electronic medical records to assess the prevalence and characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension in an ambulatory care setting. Clin Ther 2009; 31 (5): 1116–23.
29. Calhoun DA, Booth JN, Oparil S, et al. Lackland, George Howard, Monika M. Safford and Paul Muntner. Refractory Hypertension: Determination of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities in a Large, Population-Based Cohort. Hypertension 2014; 63: 451–8; originally published online Dec 9, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02026
30. Armario P, Calhoun DA, Oliveras A, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Refractory Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6: e007365. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007365
31. Irvin MR, Booth JN, Shimbo D, et al. Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension and risk for stroke, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8: 405–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.03.003
32. Kumbhani DJ, Steg PG, Cannon CP, et al; REACH Registry Investigators. Resistant hypertension: a frequent and ominous finding among hypertensive patients with atherothrombosis. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1204–14. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs368
33. Smith SM, Gong Y, Handberg E, et al. Predictors and outcomes of resistant hypertension among patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32: 635–43. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000051
34. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley L, et al. The reasons for geographic and racia differences in stroke study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25: 135–43. DOI: 10.1159/000086678
35. Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, et al. Comparative risk of renal, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes in controlled, uncontrolled resistant, and nonresistant hypertension. Kidney Int 2015; 88: 622–32.
36. Holmqvist L, Boström K, Kahan T, et al. Cardiovascular outcome in treatment-resistant hypertension: results from the Swedish Primary Care Cardiovascular Database (SPCCD). J Hypertens 2018; 36: 402–9.
37. Navarro-Soriano C, Martínez-García M-A, Torres G, et al. Factors associated with the changes from a resistant to a refractory phenotype in hypertensive patients: a Pragmatic Longitudinal Study. Japan Soc Hypertens 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0285-8
38. Calhoun DA, Booth JN, Oparil S, et al. Refractory hypertension: determination of prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities in a large, population-based cohort. Hypertension 2014; 63: 451–8.
39. Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Refractory Hypertension and Risks of Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients With Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9: e017634. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017634
40. Weinberger MH. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in Humans. Hypertension 1996; 27 (3): 481–90. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.27.3.481
41. Gaddam KK, Nishizaka MK, Pratt-Ubunama MN, et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone, and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Intern Med 2008; 168 (11): 1159–64. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1159
42. Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, et al. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40 (6): 892–6.
43. Khosla N, Chua DY, Elliott WJ, Bakris GL. Are chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide equivalent blood-pressure-lowering medications? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2005; 7: 354–6.
44. Ouzan J, Pérault C, Lincoff AM, et al. The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2002; 15 (4 Pt 1): 333–9.
45. Vlase HL, Panagopoulos G, Michelis MF. Effectiveness of furosemide in uncontrolled hypertension in the elderly: roleof renin profiling. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16: 187–93.
46. Gaddam K, Corros C, Pimenta E, et al. Rapid reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and intracardiac volume overload in patients with resistant hypertension and hyperaldosteronism: a prospective clinical study. Hypertension 2010; 55: 1137–42. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.141531
47. Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drugresistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet 2015; 386 (10008): 2059–68.
48. Agarwal R, Rossignol P, Romero A, et al. Patiromer versus placebo to enable spironolactone use in patients with resistant hypertension and chronic kidney disease (AMBER): a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2019. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32135-X
49. Dudenbostel T, Acelajado MC, Pisoni R, et al. Refractory hypertension: evidence of heightened sympathetic activity as a cause of antihypertensive treatment failure. Hypertension 2015; 66: 126–33. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05449
50. Velasco A, Siddiqui M, Kreps E, et al. Refractory Hypertension Is not Attributable to Intravascular Fluid Retention as Determined by Intracardiac Volumes. Hypertension 2018; 72 (2): 343–9. DOI: 10.1161/ HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10965
51. Siddiqui M, Bhatt H, Judd EK, Suzanne Oparil, et al. Reserpine Substantially Lowers Blood Pressure in Patients with Refractory Hypertension: a Proof-of-Concept Study. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33. Issue 8; p. 741–7.
52. Агаева Р.А., Данилов Н.М., Сагайдак О.В., Чазова И.Е. Место интервенционных методов в алгоритме лечения рефрактерной артериальной гипертонии. Системные гипертензии. 2018; 15 (1): 21–2 [Agaeva RA, Danilov NM, Sagaydak OV, Chazova IE. The place of intervention methods of treatment of patients with resistant hypertension in clinical practice. Systemic Hypertension. 2018; 15 (1): 21–2 (in Russian)]. DOI: 10.26442/2075-082X_15.1.21-22
53. Ruilope LM, Dukat A, Böhm M, et al. Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study. Lancet 2010; 375 (9722): 1255–66. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61966-8
54. Kario K, Sun N, Chiang FT, et al. Efficacy and safety of LCZ696, a first-in-class angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, in Asian patients with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. ­Hypertension 2014; 63 (4): 698–705. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02002
55. Williams B, Cockcroft JR, Kario K, et al. Effects of sacubitril/valsartan versus olmesartan on central hemodynamics in the elderly with systolic hypertension: the PARAMETER study. Hypertens 2017; 69: 411–20.
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59. Guimaraes GV, de Barros Cruz LG, Fernandes-Silva MM, et al. Heated water-based exercise training reduces 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure levels in resistant hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial (Hex trial). Int J Cardiol 2014; 172: 434–41.
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64. Sardar P, Bhatt DL, Kirtane AJ, et al. Sham-Controlled Randomized Trials of Catheter-Based Renal Denervation in Patients With Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73 (13): 1633–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.082
65. Данилов Н.М., Матчин Ю.Г., Чазова И.Е. Эндоваскулярная радиочастотная денервация почечных артерий – инновационный метод лечения рефрактерной артериальной гипертонии. Первый опыт в России. Ангиология и сосудистая хирургия. 2012; 18 (1): 51–4 [Danilov NM, Matchin IuG, Chazova IE. ­Endovaskuliarnaia radiochastotnaia denervatsiia pochechnykh arterii – innovatsionnyi metod lecheniia refrakternoi arterial'noi gipertonii. Pervyi opyt v Rossii. Angiologiia i sosudistaia khirurgiia. 2012; 18 (1): 51–4 (in Russian)].
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1. Stanaway JD, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmenta and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 2018; 392; 1923–94.
2. World Health Organization. A global brief on Hypertension. WHO/DCO/WHD/2013.2.
3. Chazova IE, Zhernakova YuV. Clinical guidelines. ­Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2019; 16 (1): 6–31 (in Russian). DOI: 10.26442/2075082X.2019.1.190179
4. Scientific Organizing Committee of the ESSE-RF. Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in different regions of Russia (ESSE-RF). The rationale for and design of the study. Preventive Medicine. 2013; 6: 25–34 (in Russian).
5. Aelajado MC, Pisoni R, Dudenbostel T, et al. Refractory hypertension: definition, prevalence, and patient characteristics. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14: 7–12.
6. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018; 71: e13–e115.
7. Dudenbostel T, Siddiqui M, Oparil S, David A. Calhoun A Novel Phenotype of Antihypertensive Treatment Failure. Hypertension 2016; 67: 1085–92. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06587
8. Muntner P, Davis BR, Cushman WC, et al. Treatment-resistant hyper- tension and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease: results from the Antihypertensive and LipidLowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension 2014; 64: 1012–21. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03850
9. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Larson MG, et al. Differential control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure: factors associated with lack of blood pressure control in the community. Hypertension 2000; 36 (4): 594–9. DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.4.594
10. Rimoldi SF, Scherrer U, Messerli Franz H. Secondary arterial hypertension: when, who, and how to screen? Eur Heart J 2014; 35. Issue 19; p. 1245–54. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht534
11. Anderson GH Jr, Blakeman N, Streeten DH. The effect of age on prevalence of secondary forms of hypertension in 4429 consecutively referred patients. J Hypertens 1994; 12: 609–15.
12. Calhoun DA, Jones D, Textor S, et al. Resistant Hypertension: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment. Circulation 2008; 117: e510–e526
13. De la Sierra A, et al. Clinical features of 8295 patients with resistant hypertension classified on the basis of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension 2011; 57: 898.
14. Muxfeldt ES, Fiszman R, de Souza F, et al. Appropriate time interval to repeat ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with white-coat resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2012; 59: 384–9. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.185405
15. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25: 1105–87.
16. Egan BM, Zhao Y, Li J, et al. Prevalence of optimal treatment regimens in patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension based on office blood pressure in a community-based practice network. Hypertension 2013; 62: 691–7. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01448
17. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 2009; 122: 290–300.
18. Jung O, Gechter JL, Wunder C, et al. Resistant hypertension? Assessment of adherence by toxicological urine analysis. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 766–74. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835e2286
19. Brinker S, Pandey A, Ayers C, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring facilitates blood pressure control in resistant hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 834–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.067
20. Ceral J, Habrdova V, Vorisek V, et al. Difficult-to-control arterial hypertension or uncooperative patients? The assessment of serum antihypertensive drug levels to differentiate non-responsiveness from non-adherence to recommended therapy. Hypertens Res 2011; 34 (1): 87–90. DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.183
21. Horvathova H, Kimlikova K, Balazovjech I, Kyselovic I. Compliance and the therapeutic effect in patients with arterial hypertension. Bratisl Lek Listy 2003; 104 (4–5): 149–54. PMID: 14604255
22. Fuchs FD, Massierer D, Tonelli de Oliveira FC. Prevalence of truly resistant hypertension prospectively evaluated in a clinical setting. Circulation 2009; 120: S1163.
23. Otero FR, Grigorian LS, Lado ML, et al Association between refractory hypertension and cardiometabolic risk. The HYPERFRE study. Nefrologia 2008; 28 (4): 425–32.
24. Egan ВM, Zhao Y, Li J, et al. Prevalence of optimal treatment regimens in patients with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension based on office blood pressure in a communitybased practice network. Hypertension 2013; 62: 691–7.
25. Gupta AK, Nasothimiou EG, Chang CL, et al. Baseline predictors of resistant hypertension in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial (ASCOT): a risk score to identify those at high-risk. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 2004–13. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834a8a42
26. Jamerson K, Bakris GL, Dahlöf B, et al. Exceptional early blood pressure con- trol rates: the ACCOMPLISH trial. Blood Press 2007; 16: 80–6. DOI: 10.1080/08037050701395571
27. Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, et al. Characteristics of resistant hypertension in a large, ethnically diverse hypertension population of an integrated health system. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88: 1099–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.017
28. Xiangyang C, Jennifer CS, Brixner D, Kahler KH. Results of a retrospective, observational pilot study using electronic medical records to assess the prevalence and characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension in an ambulatory care setting. Clin Ther 2009; 31 (5): 1116–23.
29. Calhoun DA, Booth JN, Oparil S, et al. Lackland, George Howard, Monika M. Safford and Paul Muntner. Refractory Hypertension: Determination of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities in a Large, Population-Based Cohort. Hypertension 2014; 63: 451–8; originally published online Dec 9, 2013. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02026
30. Armario P, Calhoun DA, Oliveras A, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Refractory Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6: e007365. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007365
31. Irvin MR, Booth JN, Shimbo D, et al. Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension and risk for stroke, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. J Am Soc Hypertens 2014; 8: 405–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.03.003
32. Kumbhani DJ, Steg PG, Cannon CP, et al; REACH Registry Investigators. Resistant hypertension: a frequent and ominous finding among hypertensive patients with atherothrombosis. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1204–14. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs368
33. Smith SM, Gong Y, Handberg E, et al. Predictors and outcomes of resistant hypertension among patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension. J Hypertens 2014; 32: 635–43. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000051
34. Howard VJ, Cushman M, Pulley L, et al. The reasons for geographic and racia differences in stroke study: objectives and design. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25: 135–43. DOI: 10.1159/000086678
35. Sim JJ, Bhandari SK, Shi J, et al. Comparative risk of renal, cardiovascular, and mortality outcomes in controlled, uncontrolled resistant, and nonresistant hypertension. Kidney Int 2015; 88: 622–32.
36. Holmqvist L, Boström K, Kahan T, et al. Cardiovascular outcome in treatment-resistant hypertension: results from the Swedish Primary Care Cardiovascular Database (SPCCD). J Hypertens 2018; 36: 402–9.
37. Navarro-Soriano C, Martínez-García M-A, Torres G, et al. Factors associated with the changes from a resistant to a refractory phenotype in hypertensive patients: a Pragmatic Longitudinal Study. Japan Soc Hypertens 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0285-8
38. Calhoun DA, Booth JN, Oparil S, et al. Refractory hypertension: determination of prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidities in a large, population-based cohort. Hypertension 2014; 63: 451–8.
39. Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Refractory Hypertension and Risks of Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients With Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9: e017634. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.017634
40. Weinberger MH. Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure in Humans. Hypertension 1996; 27 (3): 481–90. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.27.3.481
41. Gaddam KK, Nishizaka MK, Pratt-Ubunama MN, et al. Characterization of resistant hypertension: association between resistant hypertension, aldosterone, and persistent intravascular volume expansion. Intern Med 2008; 168 (11): 1159–64. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.11.1159
42. Calhoun DA, Nishizaka MK, Zaman MA, et al. Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40 (6): 892–6.
43. Khosla N, Chua DY, Elliott WJ, Bakris GL. Are chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide equivalent blood-pressure-lowering medications? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2005; 7: 354–6.
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А.Р. Денисова*, Т.Д. Солнцева, О.А. Сивакова, И.Е. Чазова

Институт клинической кардиологии им. А.Л. Мясникова ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*nastya4358@gmail.com

________________________________________________

Anastasiia R. Denisova*, Tatiana D. Solntseva, Olga A. Sivakova, Irina E. Chazova

Myasnikov Institute of Clinical Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
*nastya4358@gmail.com