1. Levitan N, Dowlati A, Remick SC, et al. Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999; 78: 285–91.
2. Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Steffensen FH et al. The risk of a diagnosis of cancer after primary deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1169.
3. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Buller HR et al. Deep vein thrombosis and the incidence of subsequent symptomatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1128–33.
4. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Codo A et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 1–7.
5. Baron JA, Gridley G, Weiderpass E et al. Venous thromboembolism and cancer. Lancet 1998; 351: 1077–80.
6. Nordstrom M, Lindblad B, Anderson H et al. Deep venous thrombosis and occult malignancy: an epidemiological study. BMJ 1994; 308: 891–4.
7. Verso M, Agnelli G. Venous thromboembolism associated with long-term use of central venous catheters in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3665–75.
8. Bona RD. Thrombotic complications of central venous catheters in cancer patients. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 1999; 25: 147–55.
9. Cook D, Randolph A, Kernerman P et al. Central venous catheter replacement strategies: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1417–24.
10. Cornuz J, Pearson SD, Creager MA et al. Importance of findings on the initial evaluation for cancer in patients with symptomatic idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 785–93.
11. Piccioli A, Prandoni P. Venous thromboembolism as first manifestation of cancer. Acta Haematol 2001; 106: 13–7.
12. Falanga A, Zacharski L. Deep vein thrombosis in cancer: the scale of the problem and approaches to management. Ann Oncol 2005; 16: 696–701.
13. Levine MN, Gent M, Hirsh J et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primary at home with unfractionated heparin administered primary in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (11): 677–81.
14. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractioned heparin. N Eng J Med 1995; 332: 1330–5.
15. Geerts W, Pineo GF, Heit GA et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest 2004; 126: 338S–400S.
16. Kakkar AK, Levine M, Pinedo HM et al. Venous thrombosis in cancer patients: insights from a frontline survey. Oncologist 2003; 8: 381–8.
17. Pezzuoli G, Neri Serneri GG, Settembrini et al. Effectiveness and safety of the low-molecular-weight heparin CY 216 in the prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism and thromboembolic death in general surgery. A multicentre, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial versus placebo (STEP). STEP Study Group. Haemostasis 1990; 20 (suppl. 1): 193–204.
18. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Darmon J-Y et al. Meta-analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgery. British J Surg 2001; 88: 913–30.
19. Kakkar AK, Lemoine NR, Scully MF et al. Tissue factor expression correlates with histological grade in human pancreatic cancer. Brit J Surg 1995, 82 (8): 1101–4.
20. Simonneau G. Nadroparin 0,3 ml Versus Enoxaparin 40 mg in the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Abdominal Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Double-Blind Comparative Study. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2005; 106: Abstract 552.
21. Simonneau G, Laporte S, Mismetti P et al. A randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of nadroparin 2850 IU (0,3 ml) vs. enoxaparin 4000 IU (40 mg) in the prevention of venous thromboembolism after colorectal surgery for cancer. Jornal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 4 (8): 1693–700.
22. Bergqvist D, Agnelli G, Cohen AT et al. Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with enoxaparin after surgery of cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 975–80.
23. Rasmussen MS, Wille-Jorgensen P, Jorgensen LN et al. Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) following major abdominal surgery for malignancy. San Diego, USA: Proceedings of America Society of Hematology 2003; 6–9 December 2003 (Abstract no. 186).
24. Lopaciuk S, Bielska-Falda H, Noszczyk W et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus acenocoumarol in the secondary prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemostas 1999; 81 (1): 26–31.
25. Lee AYY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 146–53.
26. Lopez-Beret P, Orgaz A, Fontcuberta J et al. Low-molecular weight heparin versus oral anticoagulant in the long-term treatment of deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: 77–90.
27. Futterman L, Lemberg L. A Silent Killer – Often Preventable. Am J Critical Care 2004; 13 (5): 431–6.
28. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Venous Thtomboembolic Disease. 2007 http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/vte.pdf