Диагностическая тактика при метастатическом поражении легких: обзор

1. Атанасян Л.А. Метастатические опухоли легких (клиника, диагностика, лечение). Дис. … д-ра мед. наук. М., 1973. / Atanasian L.A. Metastaticheskie opukholi legkikh (klinika, diagnostika, lechenie). Dis. … d-ra med. nauk. M., 1973. [in Russian]
2. Чиссов В.И. Онкология: национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2008. / Chissov V.I. Onkologiia: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2008. [in Russian]
3. Паршин В.Д. Результаты хирургического лечения больных с внутрилегочными метастазами. Автореф. дисс. … канд. мед. наук. М., 1990. / Parshin V.D. Rezul'taty khirurgicheskogo lecheniia bol'nykh s vnutrilegochnymi metastazami. Avtoref. diss. … kand. med. nauk. M., 1990. [in Russian]
4. Атанасян Л.А., Рыбакова Н.И., Поддубный Б.К. М.: Медицина, 1977. / Atanasian L.A., Rybakova N.I., Poddubnyi B.K. M.: Meditsina, 1977. [in Russian]
5. Комаров И.Г., Комов Д.В. Метастазы злокачественных опухолей без выявленного первичного очага. М.: Триада-Х, 2002. / Komarov I.G., Komov D.V. Metastazy zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. M.: Triada-Kh, 2002. [in Russian]
6. Позмогов А.И., Терновой С.К., Бабий Я.С., Лепихин Н.М. Томография грудной клетки. Киев: Здоровье, 1992; с. 142–240. / Pozmogov A.I., Ternovoi S.K., Babii Ia.S., Lepikhin N.M. Tomografiia grudnoi kletki. Kiev: Zdorov'e, 1992; s. 142–240. [in Russian]
7. Портной Л.М., Петрова Г.А., Нефедова В.О. КТ и легочная патология. Вестн. рентгенологии и радиологии. 1995; 5: 5–12. / Portnoi L.M., Petrova G.A., Nefedova V.O. KT i legochnaia patologiia. Vestn. rentgenologii i radiologii. 1995; 5: 5–12. [in Russian]
8. Розенштраух Л.С., Рыбакова Н.И., Виннер М.Г. Рентгендиагностика заболеваний органов дыхания. М., 1987. / Rozenshtraukh L.S., Rybakova N.I., Vinner M.G. Rentgendiagnostika zabolevanii organov dykhaniia. M., 1987. [in Russian]
9. Kuhlman JE, Collins J, Brooks GN, Yandow DR. Dual-energy subtraction chest radiography: what to look for beyond calcified nodules. Radiographics 2006; 26 (1): 79–92.
10. Dobbins JT 3rd, McAdams HP. Chest tomosynthesis: technical principles and clinical update. Eur J Radiol 2009; 72 (2): 244–51.
11. Varadhachary GR, Abbruzzese JL, Lenzi R. Diagnostic strategies for unknown primary cancer. Cancer 2004; 100 (9): 1776–85.
12. Tanay Patel, Prabhakar Rajiah Lung. Metastases Imaging. 2015. www.medscape.com
13. Girvin F, Ko JP. Pulmonary nodules: detection, assessment, and CAD. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191 (4): 1057–69.
14. Nie Y, Li Q, Li F et al. Integrating PET and CT information to improve diagnostic accuracy for lung nodules: A semiautomatic computer-aided method. J Nucl Med 2006; 47 (7): 1075–80.
15. Song KD, Chung MJ, Kim HC et al. Usefulness of the CAD system for detecting pulmonary nodule in real clinical practice. Korean J Radiol 2011; 12 (2): 163–8.
16. Christensen JD et al. 2015; Chudgar NP et al, 2015; Mauchley DC et al., 2015.
17. Awai K, Murao K, Ozawa A et al. Pulmonary Nodules: Estimation of Malignancy at Thin-Section Helical CT-Effect of Computer-aided Diagnosis on Performance of Radiologists. Radiology 2006; 239 (1): 276–84.
18. Larici AR, Farchione A, Franchi P et al. Lung nodules: size still matters. Eur Resp Rev 2017. www.pubmed.com
19. Sanjay Manocha, Sat Sharma. Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Imaging. 2015. www.medscape.com
20. Schafer JF, Vollmar J, Schick F. Imaging diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules on an open low-field MRI system-comparison of two MR sequences with spiral CT. Rofo 2002; 174 (9): 1107–14.
21. Schroeder T, Ruehm SG, Debatin JF. Detection of pulmonary nodules using a 2D HASTE MR sequence: comparison with MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185 (4): 979–84.
22. Vogt FM, Herborn CU, Hunold P. HASTE MRI versus chest radiography in the detection of pulmonary nodules: comparison with MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183 (1): 71–8.
23. Ohno Y, Koyama H, Takenaka D et al. Dynamic MRI, dynamic multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), and coregistered 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT: comparative study of capability for management of pulmonary nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27 (6): 1284–95. 
24. Raffy P, Gaudeau Y, Miller DP et al. Computer-aided detection of solid lung nodules in lossy compressed multidetector computed tomography chest exams. Acad Radiol 2006; 13 (10): 1194–203.
25. Seo JB, Im JG, Goo JM et al. Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings. Radiographics 2001; 21 (2): 403–17.
26. Jin F, Mu D, Chu D et al. Severe complications of bronchoscopy. Respiration 2008; 76 (4): 429–33.
27. Schwartz DS. Secondary Lung Tumors Workup. 2016. www.medscape.com
28. Jensen KW, Hsia DW, Seijo LM et al. Multicenter experience with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2012; 19 (3): 195–9.
29. Dale CR, Madtes DK, Fan VS et al. Navigational bronchoscopy with biopsy versus computed tomography-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of a solitary pulmonary nodule: a cost-consequences analysis. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2012; 19 (4): 294–303.
30. Bilaçeroglu S, Kumcuoglu Z, Alper H et al. CT bronchus sign-guided bronchoscopic multiple diagnostic procedures in carcinomatous solitary pulmonary nodules and masses. Respiration 1998; 65 (1): 49–55.
31. Seijo LM, de Torres JP, Lozano MD et al. Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is highly dependent on the presence of a bronchus sign on CT imaging: results from a prospective study. Chest 2010; 138 (6): 1316–132.
32. Rivera P, Gonzalez J, Rabines A et al. Predictors of diagnostic yield and complications of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy in peripheral pulmonary lesions. ATS International Conference Abstracts. ATS J 2015 abstract 3731.
33. Wang Memoli JS, Nietert PJ, Silvestri GA. Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule. Chest 2012; 142 (2): 385–93.
34. Eberhardt R, Anantham D, Ernst A et al. Multimodality bronchoscopic diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions: a randomised controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176 (1): 36.
35. Huang CT, Ho CC, Tsai YJ, Yang PC. Factors influencing visibility and diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasound in peripheral pulmonary lesions. Respirology 2009; 14 (6): 859–64.
36. Yamada N, Yamazaki K, Kurimoto N et al. Factors related to diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath in small peripheral pulmonary lesions. Chest 2007; 132 (2): 603–8.
37. Steinfort DP, Khor YH, Manser RL, Irving LB. Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2011; 37 (4): 902–10.
38. Ost DE, Ernst A, Lei X et al., AQuIRE Bronchoscopy Registry. Diagnostic Yield and Complications of Bronchoscopy for Peripheral Lung Lesions. Results of the AQuIRE Registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193 (1): 68–77.
39. Colella S, Vilmann P, Konge L, Clementsen PF. Endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Endosc Ultrasound 2014; 3: 205–12.
40. Vilmann P, Clementsen PF, Colella S et al. Combined endobronchial and esophageal endosonography for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline, in cooperation with the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Endoscopy. 2015; 47: 545–59. 
41. Weiner RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Welch HG. Population-based risk for complications after transthoracic needle biopsy of a pulmonary nodule: an analysis of discharge records. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155 (3): 137–44.
42. Covey AM, Gandhi R, Brody LA et al. Factors associated with pneumothorax and pneumothorax requiring treatment after percutaneous lung biopsy in 443 consecutive patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15 (5): 479–83. 
43. Minezawa T, Okamura T, Yatsuya H et al. Bronchus sign on thin-section computed tomography is a powerful predictive factor for successful transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasound with a guide sheath for small peripheral lung lesions: a retrospective observational study. BMC Med Imaging 2015; 15: 21.
44. Rivera MP, Mehta AC, Wahidi MM. Establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143 (5): e142S–e165S.
45. Patel PH, Patolia SK. Solitary Pulmonary Nodule. 2016. www.medscape.com

________________________________________________

1. Atanasian L.A. Metastaticheskie opukholi legkikh (klinika, diagnostika, lechenie). Dis. … d-ra med. nauk. M., 1973. [in Russian]
2. Chissov V.I. Onkologiia: natsional'noe rukovodstvo. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2008. [in Russian]
3. Parshin V.D. Rezul'taty khirurgicheskogo lecheniia bol'nykh s vnutrilegochnymi metastazami. Avtoref. diss. … kand. med. nauk. M., 1990. [in Russian]
4. Atanasian L.A., Rybakova N.I., Poddubnyi B.K. M.: Meditsina, 1977. [in Russian]
5. Komarov I.G., Komov D.V. Metastazy zlokachestvennykh opukholei bez vyiavlennogo pervichnogo ochaga. M.: Triada-Kh, 2002. [in Russian]
6. Pozmogov A.I., Ternovoi S.K., Babii Ia.S., Lepikhin N.M. Tomografiia grudnoi kletki. Kiev: Zdorov'e, 1992; s. 142–240. [in Russian]
7. Portnoi L.M., Petrova G.A., Nefedova V.O. KT i legochnaia patologiia. Vestn. rentgenologii i radiologii. 1995; 5: 5–12. [in Russian]
8. Rozenshtraukh L.S., Rybakova N.I., Vinner M.G. Rentgendiagnostika zabolevanii organov dykhaniia. M., 1987. [in Russian]
9. Kuhlman JE, Collins J, Brooks GN, Yandow DR. Dual-energy subtraction chest radiography: what to look for beyond calcified nodules. Radiographics 2006; 26 (1): 79–92.
10. Dobbins JT 3rd, McAdams HP. Chest tomosynthesis: technical principles and clinical update. Eur J Radiol 2009; 72 (2): 244–51.
11. Varadhachary GR, Abbruzzese JL, Lenzi R. Diagnostic strategies for unknown primary cancer. Cancer 2004; 100 (9): 1776–85.
12. Tanay Patel, Prabhakar Rajiah Lung. Metastases Imaging. 2015. www.medscape.com
13. Girvin F, Ko JP. Pulmonary nodules: detection, assessment, and CAD. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191 (4): 1057–69.
14. Nie Y, Li Q, Li F et al. Integrating PET and CT information to improve diagnostic accuracy for lung nodules: A semiautomatic computer-aided method. J Nucl Med 2006; 47 (7): 1075–80.
15. Song KD, Chung MJ, Kim HC et al. Usefulness of the CAD system for detecting pulmonary nodule in real clinical practice. Korean J Radiol 2011; 12 (2): 163–8.
16. Christensen JD et al. 2015; Chudgar NP et al, 2015; Mauchley DC et al., 2015.
17. Awai K, Murao K, Ozawa A et al. Pulmonary Nodules: Estimation of Malignancy at Thin-Section Helical CT-Effect of Computer-aided Diagnosis on Performance of Radiologists. Radiology 2006; 239 (1): 276–84.
18. Larici AR, Farchione A, Franchi P et al. Lung nodules: size still matters. Eur Resp Rev 2017. www.pubmed.com
19. Sanjay Manocha, Sat Sharma. Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Imaging. 2015. www.medscape.com
20. Schafer JF, Vollmar J, Schick F. Imaging diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules on an open low-field MRI system-comparison of two MR sequences with spiral CT. Rofo 2002; 174 (9): 1107–14.
21. Schroeder T, Ruehm SG, Debatin JF. Detection of pulmonary nodules using a 2D HASTE MR sequence: comparison with MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185 (4): 979–84.
22. Vogt FM, Herborn CU, Hunold P. HASTE MRI versus chest radiography in the detection of pulmonary nodules: comparison with MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183 (1): 71–8.
23. Ohno Y, Koyama H, Takenaka D et al. Dynamic MRI, dynamic multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT), and coregistered 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT: comparative study of capability for management of pulmonary nodules. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27 (6): 1284–95. 
24. Raffy P, Gaudeau Y, Miller DP et al. Computer-aided detection of solid lung nodules in lossy compressed multidetector computed tomography chest exams. Acad Radiol 2006; 13 (10): 1194–203.
25. Seo JB, Im JG, Goo JM et al. Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings. Radiographics 2001; 21 (2): 403–17.
26. Jin F, Mu D, Chu D et al. Severe complications of bronchoscopy. Respiration 2008; 76 (4): 429–33.
27. Schwartz DS. Secondary Lung Tumors Workup. 2016. www.medscape.com
28. Jensen KW, Hsia DW, Seijo LM et al. Multicenter experience with electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2012; 19 (3): 195–9.
29. Dale CR, Madtes DK, Fan VS et al. Navigational bronchoscopy with biopsy versus computed tomography-guided biopsy for the diagnosis of a solitary pulmonary nodule: a cost-consequences analysis. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2012; 19 (4): 294–303.
30. Bilaçeroglu S, Kumcuoglu Z, Alper H et al. CT bronchus sign-guided bronchoscopic multiple diagnostic procedures in carcinomatous solitary pulmonary nodules and masses. Respiration 1998; 65 (1): 49–55.
31. Seijo LM, de Torres JP, Lozano MD et al. Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy is highly dependent on the presence of a bronchus sign on CT imaging: results from a prospective study. Chest 2010; 138 (6): 1316–132.
32. Rivera P, Gonzalez J, Rabines A et al. Predictors of diagnostic yield and complications of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy in peripheral pulmonary lesions. ATS International Conference Abstracts. ATS J 2015 abstract 3731.
33. Wang Memoli JS, Nietert PJ, Silvestri GA. Meta-analysis of guided bronchoscopy for the evaluation of the pulmonary nodule. Chest 2012; 142 (2): 385–93.
34. Eberhardt R, Anantham D, Ernst A et al. Multimodality bronchoscopic diagnosis of peripheral lung lesions: a randomised controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176 (1): 36.
35. Huang CT, Ho CC, Tsai YJ, Yang PC. Factors influencing visibility and diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasound in peripheral pulmonary lesions. Respirology 2009; 14 (6): 859–64.
36. Yamada N, Yamazaki K, Kurimoto N et al. Factors related to diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath in small peripheral pulmonary lesions. Chest 2007; 132 (2): 603–8.
37. Steinfort DP, Khor YH, Manser RL, Irving LB. Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2011; 37 (4): 902–10.
38. Ost DE, Ernst A, Lei X et al., AQuIRE Bronchoscopy Registry. Diagnostic Yield and Complications of Bronchoscopy for Peripheral Lung Lesions. Results of the AQuIRE Registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193 (1): 68–77.
39. Colella S, Vilmann P, Konge L, Clementsen PF. Endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Endosc Ultrasound 2014; 3: 205–12.
40. Vilmann P, Clementsen PF, Colella S et al. Combined endobronchial and esophageal endosonography for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline, in cooperation with the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Endoscopy. 2015; 47: 545–59. 
41. Weiner RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Welch HG. Population-based risk for complications after transthoracic needle biopsy of a pulmonary nodule: an analysis of discharge records. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155 (3): 137–44.
42. Covey AM, Gandhi R, Brody LA et al. Factors associated with pneumothorax and pneumothorax requiring treatment after percutaneous lung biopsy in 443 consecutive patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15 (5): 479–83. 
43. Minezawa T, Okamura T, Yatsuya H et al. Bronchus sign on thin-section computed tomography is a powerful predictive factor for successful transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasound with a guide sheath for small peripheral lung lesions: a retrospective observational study. BMC Med Imaging 2015; 15: 21.
44. Rivera MP, Mehta AC, Wahidi MM. Establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143 (5): e142S–e165S.
45. Patel PH, Patolia SK. Solitary Pulmonary Nodule. 2016. www.medscape.com

И.Г.Комаров*1,2, О.С.Белова1

1 ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина» Минздрава России. 115478, Россия, Москва, Каширское ш., д. 23;
2 ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1
*komarovig@mail.ru

________________________________________________

I.G.Komarov*1,2, O.S.Belova1

1 N.N.Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 115478, Russian Federation, Moscow, Kashirskoe sh., d. 23;
2 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1
*komarovig@mail.ru