Актуальность. Неспособность иммунной системы человека противостоять чужеродной антигенной агрессии называется иммунодефицитным состоянием. Более 1/2 всех случаев вторичных иммунодефицитов (ВИД) в мире занимают гемобластозы и, в большей степени, их терапия, сопровождающаяся иммуносупрессией. В связи с расширением арсенала новых таргетных препаратов в лечении онкогематологических заболеваний, воздействующих на разные звенья иммунитета, все более частым использованием аутологичной и особенно аллогенной трансплантации гемопоэтических стволовых клеток распространенность и частота ВИД неумолимо растет. Своевременная диагностика ВИД должна быть отправной точкой ведения онкогематологических больных для снижения частоты инфекционных осложнений и, как следствие, летальности от них. Основой мониторинга являются оценка факторов риска и идентификация категории пациентов, требующих активных профилактических мероприятий до того, как у них разовьется тяжелая инфекция. Элиминация основной причины развития ВИД является предпочтительным вариантом профилактики инфекционных осложнений. Однако при множественной миеломе, хроническом лимфолейкозе и других онкогематологических заболеваниях такой вариант зачастую невыполним. Поэтому для этой категории пациентов необходима активная сопроводительная терапия, в частности заместительная терапия иммуноглобулинами (Ig). Основные клинические сообщества в настоящее время находятся в процессе обновления своих руководств и рекомендаций по использованию заместительной терапии Ig у пациентов с гемобластозами, страдающими тяжелыми рецидивирующими инфекциями; после неэффективного лечения антибиотиками; с доказанным неадекватным специфическим антительным ответом; уровнем сывороточного IgG<4 г/л. Многочисленные когортные, наблюдательные и рандомизированные исследования продемонстрировали значительное снижение количества инфекционных осложнений у онкогематологических больных при использовании длительной (не менее 10–12 мес) заместительной терапии внутривенными Ig. Недостаточное внимание врачей-онкологов и гематологов к ранней диагностике и профилактике этих состояний ведет к росту количества инфекционных осложнений со всеми вытекающими последствиями в виде ухудшения результатов лечения и повышения летальности среди онкогематологических пациентов. Заключение. Существует реальная потребность в повышении осведомленности врачей и пациентов, скрининге и улучшенном мониторинге группы пациентов с повышенным риском развития ВИД, а также профилактике внутривенными Ig для снижения частоты инфекционных осложнений и активной сопроводительной терапии, направленной на снижение смертности, связанной с инфекцией. Ключевые слова: вторичный иммунодефицит, гипогаммаглобулинемия, Привиджен, внутривенный иммуноглобулин.
________________________________________________
Actuality. The inability of a person's immune system to withstand foreign antigenic aggression is called immunodeficiency. More than 1/2 of all cases of secondary immunodeficiency (SID) in the world are occupied by hemoblastosis and, in a greater degree, the therapy, accompanied by the immunosuppression. Due to the expansion of the arsenal of new targeted drugs for the treatment of oncohematological diseases affecting different parts of the immune system, to increasingly frequent use of autologous and especially allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, the prevalence and the frequency of SID are inexorably increasing. Timely diagnosis of SID should be the starting point of the management of oncohematological patients to reduce the incidence of infectious complications and, as a result, case fatality rate. Monitoring is based on assessing risk factors and identifying the category of patients requiring active preventive measures before they develop severe infection. Elimination of the main cause of SID development is the preferred option for the prevention of the infectious complications. However, in case of multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other oncohematological diseases, this option is often impossible. Therefore, active accompanying therapy is necessary for this category of patients, in particular immunoglobulin (Ig) replacement therapy. Main clinical communities are currently in the process of updating their guidelines and recommendations on using Ig replacement therapy in patients with hemoblastosis accompanied severe recurrent infections; after ineffective antibiotic treatment; with a proven inadequate specific antibody response; IgG<4 g/l. Numerous cohort, observational and randomized trials showed the significant reduction in the number of infectious complications in oncohematological patients on using long-term (not less than 10–12 months) intravenous Ig replacement therapy. The lack of attention of oncologists and hematologists to the early diagnosis and prevention of these conditions leads to the increase in the number of infectious complications with all the consequences such as worsen treatment results and increase mortality among oncohematological patients. Conclusion. There is a real need to raise awareness among physicians and patients, to use screening and better management of the group of patients with increased risk of SID, and preventive use of intravenous Ig to reduce the incidence of infectious complications and active accompanying therapy aimed at reducing infection-related mortality. Key words: secondary immunodeficiency, hypogammaglobulimenia, Privigen, intravenous immunoglobulin.
1. Patel SY, Carbone J, Jolles S. The Expanding Field of Secondary Antibody Deficiency: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 33. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00033
2. Cancer Stat Facts: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. National Cancer Institute. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/clyl.html
3. Dhalla F, Lucas M, Schuh A et al. Antibody deficiency secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia: should patients be treated with prophylactic replacement immunoglobulin? J Clin Immunol 2014; 34: 277–82.
4. Seppänen M. Immunoglobulin G treatment of secondary immunodeficiencies in the era of novel therapies. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178 (Suppl. 1): 10–3.
5. Tete SM, Bijl M, Sahota SS, Bos NA. Immune defects in the risk of infection and response to vaccination in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 257.
6. Blimark C, Holmberg E et al. Multiple myeloma and infections: a population-based study on 9253 multiple myeloma patients. Haematologica 2015; 100: 107–13.
7. Na I‐K, Buckland M, Agostini C. Current clinical practice and challenges in the management of secondary immunodeficiency in hematological malignancies. Eur J Haematol 2019.
8. Parmar S, Patel K, Pinilla-Ibarz J. Ibrutinib (imbruvica): a novel targeted therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. P T 2014; 39: 483–519.
9. Hasegawa T, Aisa Y, Shimazaki K et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2016; 96 (1): 78–82.
10. Lavi N, Okasha D, Sabo E et al. Severe cytomegalovirus enterocolitis developing following daratumumab exposure in three patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2018. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13164. [Epub ahead of print]
11. Kaplan B, Bonagura VR. Secondary Hypogammaglobulinemia: An Increasingly Recognized Complication of Treatment with Immunomodulators and After Solid Organ Transplantation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39 (1): 31–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.005
12. Maus MV, Grupp SA, Porter DL, June CH. Antibody-modified T cells: CARstake the front seat for hematologic malignancies. Blood 2014; 123: 2625–35.
13. Christou EAA, Giardino G, Worth A, Ladomenou F. Risk factors predisposing to the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections post-Rituximab. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36: 352–9.
14. Vacca A, Melaccio A, Sportelli A et al. Subcutaneous immunoglobulins in patients with multiple myeloma and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia: a randomized trial. Clin Immunol 2018; 191: 110–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.11.014
15. Slawik HR, Plath M. 7th International Immunoglobulin Conference, April 3–5, 2014, Interlaken, Switzerland; 16th Biennial Meeting of the European Society of Immunodeficiencies, Oct. 29 – Nov. 1, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic.
16. European Medicines Agency. Guideline on Core SmPC for Human Normal Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Administration (IVIg): EMA (2018). https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/scientificguideline/guideline-core-smpc-human-normal-immunoglobu...
17. Srivastava S, Wood P. Secondary antibody deficiency – causes and approach to diagnosis. Clin Med 2016; 16 (6): 571–6.
18. Бабичева Л.Г., Поддубная И.В. Вторичные иммунодефициты в онкогематологии. Учебное пособие. М., 2019.
[Babicheva L.G., Poddubnaya I.V. Secondary immunodeficiencies in oncohematology. Tutorial. Moscow, 2019 (in Russian).]
19. Sun А, Teschnerand W et al. Improving Patient Tolerability in Immunoglobulin Treatment: Focus on Stabilizer Effects. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9 (6): 577–87.
20. Bolli R et al. L-Proline reduces IgG dimer content and enhances the stability of intravenous immunoglobulin solutions. Biologicals 2010; 38 (1): 150–7.
21. Siani B et al. Isoagglutinin Reduction in Human Immunoglobulin Products by Donor Screening. Biol Ther 2014; 4: 15–26.
________________________________________________
1. Patel SY, Carbone J, Jolles S. The Expanding Field of Secondary Antibody Deficiency: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 33. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00033
2. Cancer Stat Facts: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. National Cancer Institute. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/clyl.html
3. Dhalla F, Lucas M, Schuh A et al. Antibody deficiency secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia: should patients be treated with prophylactic replacement immunoglobulin? J Clin Immunol 2014; 34: 277–82.
4. Seppänen M. Immunoglobulin G treatment of secondary immunodeficiencies in the era of novel therapies. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178 (Suppl. 1): 10–3.
5. Tete SM, Bijl M, Sahota SS, Bos NA. Immune defects in the risk of infection and response to vaccination in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 257.
6. Blimark C, Holmberg E et al. Multiple myeloma and infections: a population-based study on 9253 multiple myeloma patients. Haematologica 2015; 100: 107–13.
7. Na I‐K, Buckland M, Agostini C. Current clinical practice and challenges in the management of secondary immunodeficiency in hematological malignancies. Eur J Haematol 2019.
8. Parmar S, Patel K, Pinilla-Ibarz J. Ibrutinib (imbruvica): a novel targeted therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. P T 2014; 39: 483–519.
9. Hasegawa T, Aisa Y, Shimazaki K et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2016; 96 (1): 78–82.
10. Lavi N, Okasha D, Sabo E et al. Severe cytomegalovirus enterocolitis developing following daratumumab exposure in three patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2018. DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13164. [Epub ahead of print]
11. Kaplan B, Bonagura VR. Secondary Hypogammaglobulinemia: An Increasingly Recognized Complication of Treatment with Immunomodulators and After Solid Organ Transplantation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39 (1): 31–47. DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.005
12. Maus MV, Grupp SA, Porter DL, June CH. Antibody-modified T cells: CARstake the front seat for hematologic malignancies. Blood 2014; 123: 2625–35.
13. Christou EAA, Giardino G, Worth A, Ladomenou F. Risk factors predisposing to the development of hypogammaglobulinemia and infections post-Rituximab. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36: 352–9.
14. Vacca A, Melaccio A, Sportelli A et al. Subcutaneous immunoglobulins in patients with multiple myeloma and secondary hypogammaglobulinemia: a randomized trial. Clin Immunol 2018; 191: 110–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.11.014
15. Slawik HR, Plath M. 7th International Immunoglobulin Conference, April 3–5, 2014, Interlaken, Switzerland; 16th Biennial Meeting of the European Society of Immunodeficiencies, Oct. 29 – Nov. 1, 2014, Prague, Czech Republic.
16. European Medicines Agency. Guideline on Core SmPC for Human Normal Immunoglobulin for Intravenous Administration (IVIg): EMA (2018). https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/scientificguideline/guideline-core-smpc-human-normal-immunoglobu...
17. Srivastava S, Wood P. Secondary antibody deficiency – causes and approach to diagnosis. Clin Med 2016; 16 (6): 571–6.
18. Babicheva L.G., Poddubnaya I.V. Secondary immunodeficiencies in oncohematology. Tutorial. Moscow, 2019 (in Russian).
19. Sun А, Teschnerand W et al. Improving Patient Tolerability in Immunoglobulin Treatment: Focus on Stabilizer Effects. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9 (6): 577–87.
20. Bolli R et al. L-Proline reduces IgG dimer content and enhances the stability of intravenous immunoglobulin solutions. Biologicals 2010; 38 (1): 150–7.
21. Siani B et al. Isoagglutinin Reduction in Human Immunoglobulin Products by Donor Screening. Biol Ther 2014; 4: 15–26.
Авторы
Л.Г. Бабичева*, И.В. Поддубная
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия
*lalibabicheva@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Lali G. Babicheva*, Irina V. Poddubnaya
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
*lalibabicheva@mail.ru