Актуальные проблемы лечения местно-распространенного и метастатического плоскоклеточного рака кожи
Актуальные проблемы лечения местно-распространенного и метастатического плоскоклеточного рака кожи
Игнатова А.В. Актуальные проблемы лечения местно-распространенного и метастатического плоскоклеточного рака кожи. Современная онкология. 2021; 23 (1): 94–98.
DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2021.1.200694
________________________________________________
Ignatova AV. Actual treatment options for locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Modern Oncology. 2021; 23 (1): 94–98. DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2021.1.200694
Актуальные проблемы лечения местно-распространенного и метастатического плоскоклеточного рака кожи
Игнатова А.В. Актуальные проблемы лечения местно-распространенного и метастатического плоскоклеточного рака кожи. Современная онкология. 2021; 23 (1): 94–98.
DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2021.1.200694
________________________________________________
Ignatova AV. Actual treatment options for locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Modern Oncology. 2021; 23 (1): 94–98. DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2021.1.200694
Плоскоклеточный рак кожи (ПКРК) занимает 2-е место по распространенности среди злокачественных опухолей кожи, при этом с каждым годом отмечается неуклонный рост заболеваемости данной патологией во всем мире. В большинстве случаев ПКРК имеет доброкачественное течение, однако нередко встречаются инвазивный характер роста опухоли с развитием регионарных и отдаленных метастазов, смертность при распространенных формах составляет около 2%. В настоящее время выделяются новые группы риска развития ПКРК среди пациентов, получающих противоопухолевое лечение определенным рядом препаратов, а также иммуносупрессию по поводу трансплантации органов. С открытием различных новых внутриклеточных сигнальных путей, которые задействованы в канцерогенезе, в последние годы улучшилось понимание биологических особенностей ПКРК, появились новые мишени для направленного лечения местно-распространенных и метастатических форм. По мере изучения роли иммунной системы в развитии опухолей и интенсивности мутационной нагрузки стала активно развиваться таргетная иммунотерапия ингибиторами контрольных точек, эффективность которой изменила подход к лечению ПКРК. Согласно результатам последних исследований, применение анти-PD-1-моноклональных антител позволило достичь ответа на терапию в 50% случаев при местно-распространенном и в 47% случаев – при метастатическом ПКРК, впервые получилось достигнуть полного ответа на терапию у 16,1%. В статье представлены основные факторы, влияющие на развитие опухоли, а также современные и наиболее перспективные направления терапии местно-распространенного и метастатического ПКРК.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), is the second most frequent type of skin cancer, and its incidence continues to rise all over the world. Usually has a benign clinical behavior, but it can be presented as locally invasive and metastatic aggressive tumor with 2% mortality rate. Nowadays, new risk factors for have appeared, that form pharmacologically-induced CSCC after immunosuppressant drugs used for organ transplantation, or BRAF inhibitors used for melanoma. In recent years we have got a new information about the role of mutational burden, signaling pathways involved in CSCC development and new possibilities and molecules for targeted therapy. Better understanding of the immune system functioning and benefits of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1) for CSCC that has changed the therapeutic approach. According to recent clinical trials data, new treatment options with PD-1 inhibitors achieved a response rate of 50% for locally advanced CSCC and 47% for metastatic CSCC, including 16.1% complete remissions. This review focuses on the molecular profile, targeted therapies and immunotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic CSCC.
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3. Brougham ND, Tan ST. The incidence and risk factors of metastasis for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma – Implications on the T-classification system. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110: 876–82. DOI: 10.1002/jso.23731
4. Muzic JG, Schmitt AR, Wright AC, et al. Incidence and Trends of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92: 890–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.02.015
5. Work Group; Invited Reviewers, Kim JYS, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78 (3): 560–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.007
6. Kim C, Cheng J, Colegio OR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in solid organ transplant recipients: emerging strategies for surveillance, staging, and treatment. Semin Oncol 2016; 43 (3): 390–4.
7. Dang C, Koehler A, Forschner T, et al. E6/E7 expression of human papillomavirus types in cutaneous squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 129–36. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07378
8. Mehrany K, Weenig RH, Pittelkow MR, et al. High recurrence rates of squamous cell carcinoma after Mohs’ surgery in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 38–42.
DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200501000-00008
9. Alam M, Ratner D. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2001; 344 (13): 975–83.
10. Agbai ON, Buster K, Sanchez M, et al. Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: a review and recommendations for physicians and the public. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70 (4): 748–62.
11. Werner RN, Sammain A, Erdmann R, et al. The natural history of actinic keratosis: A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169: 502–18. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12420
12. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA, et al. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10124–8. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10124
13. Pickering CR, Zhou JH, Lee JJ, et al. Mutational landscape of aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 6582–92. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1768
14. Pierceall WE, Goldberg LH, Tainsky MA, et al. Ras gene mutation and amplification in human nonmelanoma skin cancers. Mol Carcinog 1991; 4: 196–202. DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940040306
15. South AP, Purdie KJ, Watt SA, et al. NOTCH1 mutations occur early during cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. J Investig Dermatol 2014; 134: 2630–8. DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.154
16. Brown VL, Harwood CA, Crook T, et al. p16INK4a and p14ARF tumor suppressor genes are commonly inactivated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Investig Dermatol 2004; 122: 1284–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22501
17. Canueto J, Cardenoso E, Garcia JL, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression is associated with poor outcome in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176: 1279–7. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14936
18. Bottomley MJ, Thomson J, Harwood C, Leigh I. The Role of the Immune System in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20: 2009. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082009
19. Giacchero D, Barriere J, Benezery K, et al. Efficacy of cetuximab for unresectable or advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma–A report of eight cases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2011; 23: 716–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.07.007
20. Wheeler DL, Dunn EF, Harari PM. Understanding resistance to EGFR inhibitors-impact on future treatment strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010; 7: 493–507. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.97
21. Foote MC, McGrath M, Guminski A, et al. Phase II study of single-agent panitumumab in patients with incurable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2014; 25: 2047–52. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu368
22. Lewis CM, Glisson BS, Feng L, et al. A phase II study of gefitinib for aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18: 1435–46. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1951
23. Adelmann CH, Truong KA, Liang RJ, et al. MEK Is a Therapeutic and Chemopreventative Target in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Investig Dermatol 2016; 136: 1920–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.110
24. Ding LT, Zhao P, Yang ML, et al. GDC-0084 inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503: 1941–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.139
25. Mittal A, Colegio OR. Skin Cancers in Organ Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2017; 17: 2509–30. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14382
26. Webster AC, Woodroffe RC, Taylor RS, et al. Tacrolimus versus ciclosporin as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients: Meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised trial data. BMJ 2005; 331: 810. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38569.471007.AE
27. De Gruijl FR, Koehl GE, Voskamp P, et al. Early and late effects of the immunosuppressants rapamycin and mycophenolate mofetil on UV carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 796–804. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25097
28. Dantal J, Morelon E, Rostaing L, et al. Sirolimus for Secondary Prevention of Skin Cancer in Kidney Transplant Recipients: 5-Year Results. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36: 2612–20. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.6691
29. Attard NR, Karran P. UVA photosensitization of thiopurines and skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11: 62–8. DOI: 10.1039/C1PP05194F
30. Singer JP, Boker A, Metchnikoff C, et al. High cumulative dose exposure to voriconazole is associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31: 694–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.02.033
31. Bancalari B, Llombart B, Serra-Guillen C, et al. Histologic Changes During Treatment With Vismodegib in Locally Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Series of 19 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 41: 711–7. DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000001384
32. Puig S, Sampogna F, Tejera-Vaquerizo A. Study on the Risk of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Vismodegib Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: Not a Case-Control Study. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152: 1172–3. DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2428
33. Zhao X, Ponomaryov T, Ornell KJ, et al. RAS/MAPK Activation Drives Resistance to Smo Inhibition, Metastasis, and Tumor Evolution in Shh Pathway-Dependent Tumors. Cancer Res 2015; 75: 3623–35. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2999-T
34. Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2507–16. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103782
35. Oberholzer PA, Kee D, Dziunycz P, et al. RAS mutations are associated with the development of cutaneous squamous cell tumors in patients treated with RAF inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 316–21. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.7680
36. Sanlorenzo M, Choudhry A, Vujic I, et al. Comparative profile of cutaneous adverse events: BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy versus BRAF monotherapy in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71: 1102–9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.09.002
37. Peng L, Wang Y, Hong Y, et al. Incidence and relative risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with single-agent BRAF inhibitor and dual BRAF/MEK inhibitors in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 83280–91. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21059
38. Escuin-Ordinas H, Atefi M, Fu Y, et al. COX-2 inhibition prevents the appearance of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas accelerated by BRAF inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2014; 8: 250–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.005
39. Keir ME, Butte MJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Ann Rev Immunol 2008; 26: 677–704. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331
40. Jia L, Zhang Q, Zhang R. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade works as an effective and practical therapy for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15: 116–23. DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0086
41. Maubec E, Boubaya M, Petrow P, et al. Pembrolizumab as first line therapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Interim results of the phase 2 CARSKIN trial. J. Clin Oncol 2018; 36. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.9534
42. Blum V, Muller B, Hofer S, et al. Nivolumab for recurrent cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Three cases. Eur J Dermatol 2018; 28: 78–81. DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2017.3209
43. Petersen ET, Ahmed SR, Chen L, et al. Review of systemic agents in the treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2019; 15: 3171–84. DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0158
44. Migden MR, Rischin D, Schmults CD, et al. PD-1 Blockade with Cemiplimab in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 341–51. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805131
45. Migden MR, Khushalani NI, Chang ALS, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: results from an open-label, phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21 (2): 294–305. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30728-4
46. Rischin D, Migden MR, Lim AM, et al. Phase 2 study of cemiplimab in patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: primary analysis of fixed-dosing, long-term outcome of weight-based dosing. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8 (1): e000775. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000775
47. Rischin D, Khushalani NI, Chrysalyne D, et al. Phase II study of cemiplimab in patients (pts) with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC): Longer follow-up. ASCO Meeting Library. ASCO Virtual Scientific Program, 2020. Available at: https://meetinglibrary.asco.org/record/185846/abstract/. Accessed:
48. Corchado-Cobos R, García-Sancha N, González-Sarmiento R, et al. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21 (8): 2956. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082956
________________________________________________
1. The online GLOBOCAN 2020 database. Available at: http://gco.iarc.fr/ as part of IARC’s Global Cancer Observatory. Accessed:
2. Kaprin A.D., Starinsky V.V., Shakhzadova A.O. The state of cancer care for the population of Russia in 2019. Moscow: MNIOI im. P.A. Herzen – branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “NMRC of Radiology” of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 2020; p. 25–9 (in Russian).
3. Brougham ND, Tan ST. The incidence and risk factors of metastasis for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma – Implications on the T-classification system. J Surg Oncol 2014; 110: 876–82. DOI: 10.1002/jso.23731
4. Muzic JG, Schmitt AR, Wright AC, et al. Incidence and Trends of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 2000 to 2010. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92: 890–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.02.015
5. Work Group; Invited Reviewers, Kim JYS, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78 (3): 560–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.10.007
6. Kim C, Cheng J, Colegio OR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in solid organ transplant recipients: emerging strategies for surveillance, staging, and treatment. Semin Oncol 2016; 43 (3): 390–4.
7. Dang C, Koehler A, Forschner T, et al. E6/E7 expression of human papillomavirus types in cutaneous squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 129–36. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07378
8. Mehrany K, Weenig RH, Pittelkow MR, et al. High recurrence rates of squamous cell carcinoma after Mohs’ surgery in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 38–42. DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200501000-00008
9. Alam M, Ratner D. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2001; 344 (13): 975–83.
10. Agbai ON, Buster K, Sanchez M, et al. Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: a review and recommendations for physicians and the public. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70 (4): 748–62.
11. Werner RN, Sammain A, Erdmann R, et al. The natural history of actinic keratosis: A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169: 502–18. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12420
12. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA, et al. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10124–8. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10124
13. Pickering CR, Zhou JH, Lee JJ, et al. Mutational landscape of aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20: 6582–92.
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1768
14. Pierceall WE, Goldberg LH, Tainsky MA, et al. Ras gene mutation and amplification in human nonmelanoma skin cancers. Mol Carcinog 1991; 4: 196–202. DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940040306
15. South AP, Purdie KJ, Watt SA, et al. NOTCH1 mutations occur early during cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. J Investig Dermatol 2014; 134: 2630–8. DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.154
16. Brown VL, Harwood CA, Crook T, et al. p16INK4a and p14ARF tumor suppressor genes are commonly inactivated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Investig Dermatol 2004; 122: 1284–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22501
17. Canueto J, Cardenoso E, Garcia JL, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression is associated with poor outcome in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176: 1279–7. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14936
18. Bottomley MJ, Thomson J, Harwood C, Leigh I. The Role of the Immune System in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20: 2009. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082009
19. Giacchero D, Barriere J, Benezery K, et al. Efficacy of cetuximab for unresectable or advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma–A report of eight cases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2011; 23: 716–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2011.07.007
20. Wheeler DL, Dunn EF, Harari PM. Understanding resistance to EGFR inhibitors-impact on future treatment strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010; 7: 493–507. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.97
21. Foote MC, McGrath M, Guminski A, et al. Phase II study of single-agent panitumumab in patients with incurable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2014; 25: 2047–52. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu368
22. Lewis CM, Glisson BS, Feng L, et al. A phase II study of gefitinib for aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18: 1435–46. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-1951
23. Adelmann CH, Truong KA, Liang RJ, et al. MEK Is a Therapeutic and Chemopreventative Target in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Investig Dermatol 2016; 136: 1920–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.110
24. Ding LT, Zhao P, Yang ML, et al. GDC-0084 inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503: 1941–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.139
25. Mittal A, Colegio OR. Skin Cancers in Organ Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2017; 17: 2509–30. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14382
26. Webster AC, Woodroffe RC, Taylor RS, et al. Tacrolimus versus ciclosporin as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients: Meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomised trial data. BMJ 2005; 331: 810. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38569.471007.AE
27. De Gruijl FR, Koehl GE, Voskamp P, et al. Early and late effects of the immunosuppressants rapamycin and mycophenolate mofetil on UV carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 796–804. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25097
28. Dantal J, Morelon E, Rostaing L, et al. Sirolimus for Secondary Prevention of Skin Cancer in Kidney Transplant Recipients: 5-Year Results. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36: 2612–20. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.6691
29. Attard NR, Karran P. UVA photosensitization of thiopurines and skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11: 62–8. DOI: 10.1039/C1PP05194F
30. Singer JP, Boker A, Metchnikoff C, et al. High cumulative dose exposure to voriconazole is associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31: 694–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.02.033
31. Bancalari B, Llombart B, Serra-Guillen C, et al. Histologic Changes During Treatment With Vismodegib in Locally Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Series of 19 Cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 41: 711–7. DOI: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000001384
32. Puig S, Sampogna F, Tejera-Vaquerizo A. Study on the Risk of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Vismodegib Therapy for Basal Cell Carcinoma: Not a Case-Control Study. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152: 1172–3. DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2428
33. Zhao X, Ponomaryov T, Ornell KJ, et al. RAS/MAPK Activation Drives Resistance to Smo Inhibition, Metastasis, and Tumor Evolution in Shh Pathway-Dependent Tumors. Cancer Res 2015; 75: 3623–35. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2999-T
34. Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2507–16. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103782
35. Oberholzer PA, Kee D, Dziunycz P, et al. RAS mutations are associated with the development of cutaneous squamous cell tumors in patients treated with RAF inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 316–21. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.7680
36. Sanlorenzo M, Choudhry A, Vujic I, et al. Comparative profile of cutaneous adverse events: BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy versus BRAF monotherapy in melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71: 1102–9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.09.002
37. Peng L, Wang Y, Hong Y, et al. Incidence and relative risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with single-agent BRAF inhibitor and dual BRAF/MEK inhibitors in cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 83280–91. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21059
38. Escuin-Ordinas H, Atefi M, Fu Y, et al. COX-2 inhibition prevents the appearance of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas accelerated by BRAF inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2014; 8: 250–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.11.005
39. Keir ME, Butte MJ, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. PD-1 and its ligands in tolerance and immunity. Ann Rev Immunol 2008; 26: 677–704. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331
40. Jia L, Zhang Q, Zhang R. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade works as an effective and practical therapy for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2018; 15: 116–23. DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2017.0086
41. Maubec E, Boubaya M, Petrow P, et al. Pembrolizumab as first line therapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: Interim results of the phase 2 CARSKIN trial. J. Clin Oncol 2018; 36. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.9534
42. Blum V, Muller B, Hofer S, et al. Nivolumab for recurrent cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Three cases. Eur J Dermatol 2018; 28: 78–81. DOI: 10.1684/ejd.2017.3209
43. Petersen ET, Ahmed SR, Chen L, et al. Review of systemic agents in the treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2019; 15: 3171–84. DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0158
44. Migden MR, Rischin D, Schmults CD, et al. PD-1 Blockade with Cemiplimab in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2018; 379: 341–51. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805131
45. Migden MR, Khushalani NI, Chang ALS, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: results from an open-label, phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21 (2): 294–305. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30728-4
46. Rischin D, Migden MR, Lim AM, et al. Phase 2 study of cemiplimab in patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: primary analysis of fixed-dosing, long-term outcome of weight-based dosing. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8 (1): e000775. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000775
47. Rischin D, Khushalani NI, Chrysalyne D, et al. Phase II study of cemiplimab in patients (pts) with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC): Longer follow-up. ASCO Meeting Library. ASCO Virtual Scientific Program, 2020. Available at: https://meetinglibrary.asco.org/record/185846/abstract/. Accessed:
48. Corchado-Cobos R, García-Sancha N, González-Sarmiento R, et al. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21 (8): 2956. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082956
Авторы
А.В. Игнатова*
ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России, Москва, Россия;
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов», Москва, Россия
*annasurge@gmail.com
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Anastasia V. Ignatova*
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
*annasurge@gmail.com