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Роль прямых оральных антикоагулянтов при канцер-ассоциированном тромбозе. Обзор клинических рекомендаций и реальной практики
Терешин О.С. Роль прямых оральных антикоагулянтов при канцер-ассоциированном тромбозе. Обзор клинических рекомендаций и реальной практики. Современная Онкология. 2024;26(1):7–11.
DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2024.1.202611
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2024 г.
DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2024.1.202611
© ООО «КОНСИЛИУМ МЕДИКУМ», 2024 г.
________________________________________________
Tereshin OS. The role of direct oral anticoagulants in cancer-associated thrombosis. Review of clinical guidelines and real practice. Journal of Modern Oncology. 2024;26(1):7–11. DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2024.1.202611
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Аннотация
Онкология относится к группе бесспорных лидеров современной медицины по интенсивности изучения и числу предлагаемых инноваций. Глобализация и большое число рандомизированных клинических исследований генерируют непрерывно возрастающее количество новых данных, что приводит к регулярному обновлению клинических рекомендаций по лечению онкологических заболеваний, профилактике осложнений, сопроводительной терапии. Без грамотного решения вопросов лечения и профилактики венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений современная онкология немыслима. В реальной практике ответы на эти вопросы вынужден искать сам онколог. Статья посвящена обзору последних версий клинических рекомендаций по лечению и профилактике канцер-ассоциированных тромбозов и публикаций, отражающих реальную практику.
Ключевые слова: канцер-ассоциированный тромбоз, венозные тромбоэмболические осложнения, прямые оральные антикоагулянты, клинические рекомендации
Ключевые слова: канцер-ассоциированный тромбоз, венозные тромбоэмболические осложнения, прямые оральные антикоагулянты, клинические рекомендации
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Oncology is one of the undisputable leaders of the present day medicine in terms of innovations and research. Globalization and a high number of randomized clinical trials generate an ever increasing amount of new data, clinical guidelines on cancer treatment, complications prevention and supportive care. Modern oncology practice demands vast and firm knowledge on venous thromboembolism treatment and prevention. The article is a survey of the present day clinical guidelines and real world data in the field of cancer-associated thrombosis.
Keywords: cancer-associated thrombosis, venous thromboembolism, direct oral anticoagulants, clinical guidelines
Полный текст
Список литературы
1. Lee AY, Rickles FR, Julian JA, et al. Randomized comparison of low molecular weight heparin and coumarin derivatives on the survival of patients with cancer and venous thromboembolism. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2123‑9. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.133
2. Prins MH, Lensing AW, Brighton TA, et al. Oral rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin with vitamin K antagonist for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer (EINSTEIN-DVT and EINSTEIN-PE): A pooled subgroup analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2014;1(1): e37‑46. DOI:10.1016/S2352‑3026(14)70018‑3
3. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: Results from the AMPLIFY trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(12):2187‑91. DOI:10.1111/jth.13153
4. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor with Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients with Cancer with Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SEL ECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(20):2017‑23. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8034
5. Mulder FI, van Es N, Kraaijpoel N, et al. Edoxaban for treatment of venous thromboembolism in patient groups with different types of cancer: Results fr om the Hokusai VTE Cancer study. Thromb Res. 2020;185:13‑9. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.11.007
6. McBane RD 2nd, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG, et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism: The ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(2):411‑21. DOI:10.1111/jth.14662
7. Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, et al; Caravaggio Investigators. Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1599‑607. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1915103
8. Ageno W, Vedovati MC, Cohen A, et al. Bleeding with Apixaban and Dalteparin in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: Results from the Caravaggio Study. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(5):616‑24. DOI:10.1055/s‑0040‑1720975
9. Бокерия Л.А., Затевахин И.И., Кириенко А.И., и др. Российские клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений. Флебология. 2015;9(4‑2):3‑52 [Bokeria LA, Zatevahin II, Kirienko AI, et al. Russian clinical guidelines on diagnostics treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Flebologiya. 2015;9(4‑2):3‑52 (in Russian)].
10. Cеливерстов Е.И., Лобастов К.В., Илюхин Е.А., и др. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение тромбоза глубоких вен. Рекомендации российских экспертов. Флебология. 2023;17(3):152‑296 [Seliverstov EI, Lobastov KV, Ilyuhin EA, et al. Prevention diagnostics and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Expert guidelines. Flebologiya. 2023;17(3):152‑296 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/flebo202317031152
11. Сомонова О.В., Антух Э.А., Варданян А.В., и др. Практические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению тромбоэмболических осложнений у онкологических больных. Злокачественные опухоли. 2022;12(3s2‑2):159‑70 [Somonova OV, Antukh EA, Vardanyan AV, et al. Practical guidelines on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2022;12(3s2‑2):159‑70 (in Russian)].
12. Сомонова О.В., Антух Э.А., Варданян А.В., и др. Практические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению тромбоэмболических осложнений у онкологических больных. Практические рекомендации RUSSCO, часть 2. Злокачественные опухоли. 2023;13(3s2):167‑78 [Somonova OV, Antukh EA, Vardanyan AV, et al. Practical guidelines on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2023;12(3s2):167‑78 (in Russian)].
13. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease; 2023. Available at: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1423. Accessed: 01.12.2023.
14. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel report. Chest. 2016;149:315‑52. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026
15. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2021;160(6):e545‑608. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.055
16. Khorana AA, Noble S, Lee AYY, et al. Role of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(9):1891‑4. DOI:10.1111/jth.14219
17. Wang T, Zwicker JI, Ay C, et al. The use of direct oral anticoagulants for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(10):1772‑8. DOI:10.1111/jth.14564
18. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients with Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16):3063‑71. DOI:10.1200/JCO.23.00294
19. Lyman GH, Carrirer M, Ay C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv. 2021;5(4):927‑74. DOI:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004734
20. Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor’s Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61(1):9‑82. DOI:10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.09.023
21. Khorana AA, McCrae KR, Milentijevic D, et al. Current practice patterns and patient persistence with anticoagulant treatments for cancer-associated thrombosis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2017;1(1):14‑22. DOI:10.1002/rth2.12002
22. Cohen A, Keshishian A, Lee T, et al. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, low-molecular-weight heparin, and warfarin among venous thromboembolism patients with active cancer: A U.S. claims data analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(3):383‑95. DOI:10.1055/s‑0040‑1718728
23. Bertoletti L, Gusto G, Khachatryan A, et al. Anticoagulant Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism and Active Cancer – a Nationwide Cohort Study in France. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl. 1):670. DOI:10.1182/blood‑2021‑147748
24. Lotya J, Dhamane A, Rosenblatt L, et al. Discordance between Treatment Guideline Recommendations and Real-World Practice in a Group of Large Integrated Delivery Networks for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Patients: A Closer Look at VTE Patients with Cancer. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl. 1):1951.
2. Prins MH, Lensing AW, Brighton TA, et al. Oral rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin with vitamin K antagonist for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer (EINSTEIN-DVT and EINSTEIN-PE): A pooled subgroup analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2014;1(1): e37‑46. DOI:10.1016/S2352‑3026(14)70018‑3
3. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: Results from the AMPLIFY trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(12):2187‑91. DOI:10.1111/jth.13153
4. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor with Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients with Cancer with Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SEL ECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(20):2017‑23. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8034
5. Mulder FI, van Es N, Kraaijpoel N, et al. Edoxaban for treatment of venous thromboembolism in patient groups with different types of cancer: Results fr om the Hokusai VTE Cancer study. Thromb Res. 2020;185:13‑9. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.11.007
6. McBane RD 2nd, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG, et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism: The ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(2):411‑21. DOI:10.1111/jth.14662
7. Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, et al; Caravaggio Investigators. Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1599‑607. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1915103
8. Ageno W, Vedovati MC, Cohen A, et al. Bleeding with Apixaban and Dalteparin in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: Results from the Caravaggio Study. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(5):616‑24. DOI:10.1055/s‑0040‑1720975
9. Бокерия Л.А., Затевахин И.И., Кириенко А.И., и др. Российские клинические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике венозных тромбоэмболических осложнений. Флебология. 2015;9(4‑2):3‑52 [Bokeria LA, Zatevahin II, Kirienko AI, et al. Russian clinical guidelines on diagnostics treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Flebologiya. 2015;9(4‑2):3‑52 (in Russian)].
10. Cеливерстов Е.И., Лобастов К.В., Илюхин Е.А., и др. Профилактика, диагностика и лечение тромбоза глубоких вен. Рекомендации российских экспертов. Флебология. 2023;17(3):152‑296 [Seliverstov EI, Lobastov KV, Ilyuhin EA, et al. Prevention diagnostics and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Expert guidelines. Flebologiya. 2023;17(3):152‑296 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.17116/flebo202317031152
11. Сомонова О.В., Антух Э.А., Варданян А.В., и др. Практические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению тромбоэмболических осложнений у онкологических больных. Злокачественные опухоли. 2022;12(3s2‑2):159‑70 [Somonova OV, Antukh EA, Vardanyan AV, et al. Practical guidelines on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2022;12(3s2‑2):159‑70 (in Russian)].
12. Сомонова О.В., Антух Э.А., Варданян А.В., и др. Практические рекомендации по профилактике и лечению тромбоэмболических осложнений у онкологических больных. Практические рекомендации RUSSCO, часть 2. Злокачественные опухоли. 2023;13(3s2):167‑78 [Somonova OV, Antukh EA, Vardanyan AV, et al. Practical guidelines on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2023;12(3s2):167‑78 (in Russian)].
13. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease; 2023. Available at: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1423. Accessed: 01.12.2023.
14. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel report. Chest. 2016;149:315‑52. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026
15. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2021;160(6):e545‑608. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.055
16. Khorana AA, Noble S, Lee AYY, et al. Role of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(9):1891‑4. DOI:10.1111/jth.14219
17. Wang T, Zwicker JI, Ay C, et al. The use of direct oral anticoagulants for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(10):1772‑8. DOI:10.1111/jth.14564
18. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients with Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16):3063‑71. DOI:10.1200/JCO.23.00294
19. Lyman GH, Carrirer M, Ay C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv. 2021;5(4):927‑74. DOI:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004734
20. Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor’s Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61(1):9‑82. DOI:10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.09.023
21. Khorana AA, McCrae KR, Milentijevic D, et al. Current practice patterns and patient persistence with anticoagulant treatments for cancer-associated thrombosis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2017;1(1):14‑22. DOI:10.1002/rth2.12002
22. Cohen A, Keshishian A, Lee T, et al. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, low-molecular-weight heparin, and warfarin among venous thromboembolism patients with active cancer: A U.S. claims data analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(3):383‑95. DOI:10.1055/s‑0040‑1718728
23. Bertoletti L, Gusto G, Khachatryan A, et al. Anticoagulant Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism and Active Cancer – a Nationwide Cohort Study in France. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl. 1):670. DOI:10.1182/blood‑2021‑147748
24. Lotya J, Dhamane A, Rosenblatt L, et al. Discordance between Treatment Guideline Recommendations and Real-World Practice in a Group of Large Integrated Delivery Networks for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Patients: A Closer Look at VTE Patients with Cancer. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl. 1):1951.
________________________________________________
1. Lee AY, Rickles FR, Julian JA, et al. Randomized comparison of low molecular weight heparin and coumarin derivatives on the survival of patients with cancer and venous thromboembolism. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2123‑9. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2005.03.133
2. Prins MH, Lensing AW, Brighton TA, et al. Oral rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin with vitamin K antagonist for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer (EINSTEIN-DVT and EINSTEIN-PE): A pooled subgroup analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2014;1(1): e37‑46. DOI:10.1016/S2352‑3026(14)70018‑3
3. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: Results from the AMPLIFY trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(12):2187‑91. DOI:10.1111/jth.13153
4. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor with Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients with Cancer with Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SEL ECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(20):2017‑23. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.8034
5. Mulder FI, van Es N, Kraaijpoel N, et al. Edoxaban for treatment of venous thromboembolism in patient groups with different types of cancer: Results fr om the Hokusai VTE Cancer study. Thromb Res. 2020;185:13‑9. DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2019.11.007
6. McBane RD 2nd, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG, et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism: The ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(2):411‑21. DOI:10.1111/jth.14662
7. Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, et al; Caravaggio Investigators. Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1599‑607. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1915103
8. Ageno W, Vedovati MC, Cohen A, et al. Bleeding with Apixaban and Dalteparin in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: Results from the Caravaggio Study. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(5):616‑24. DOI:10.1055/s‑0040‑1720975
9. Bokeria LA, Zatevahin II, Kirienko AI, et al. Russian clinical guidelines on diagnostics treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Flebologiya. 2015;9(4‑2):3‑52 (in Russian).
10. Seliverstov EI, Lobastov KV, Ilyuhin EA, et al. Prevention diagnostics and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Expert guidelines. Flebologiya. 2023;17(3):152‑296 (in Russian). DOI:10.17116/flebo202317031152
11. Somonova OV, Antukh EA, Vardanyan AV, et al. Practical guidelines on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2022;12(3s2‑2):159‑70 (in Russian).
12. Somonova OV, Antukh EA, Vardanyan AV, et al. Practical guidelines on prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2023;12(3s2):167‑78 (in Russian).
13. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic Disease; 2023. Available at: https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/guidelines-detail?category=3&id=1423. Accessed: 01.12.2023.
14. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel report. Chest. 2016;149:315‑52. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2015.11.026
15. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease Second Update of the CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2021;160(6):e545‑608. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.055
16. Khorana AA, Noble S, Lee AYY, et al. Role of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(9):1891‑4. DOI:10.1111/jth.14219
17. Wang T, Zwicker JI, Ay C, et al. The use of direct oral anticoagulants for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(10):1772‑8. DOI:10.1111/jth.14564
18. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients with Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16):3063‑71. DOI:10.1200/JCO.23.00294
19. Lyman GH, Carrirer M, Ay C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv. 2021;5(4):927‑74. DOI:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004734
20. Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor’s Choice – European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Venous Thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021;61(1):9‑82. DOI:10.1016/j.ejvs.2020.09.023
21. Khorana AA, McCrae KR, Milentijevic D, et al. Current practice patterns and patient persistence with anticoagulant treatments for cancer-associated thrombosis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2017;1(1):14‑22. DOI:10.1002/rth2.12002
22. Cohen A, Keshishian A, Lee T, et al. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, low-molecular-weight heparin, and warfarin among venous thromboembolism patients with active cancer: A U.S. claims data analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2021;121(3):383‑95. DOI:10.1055/s‑0040‑1718728
23. Bertoletti L, Gusto G, Khachatryan A, et al. Anticoagulant Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism and Active Cancer – a Nationwide Cohort Study in France. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl. 1):670. DOI:10.1182/blood‑2021‑147748
24. Lotya J, Dhamane A, Rosenblatt L, et al. Discordance between Treatment Guideline Recommendations and Real-World Practice in a Group of Large Integrated Delivery Networks for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Patients: A Closer Look at VTE Patients with Cancer. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl. 1):1951.
Авторы
О.С. Терешин*
ГБУЗ «Челябинский областной клинический центр онкологии и ядерной медицины», Челябинск, Россия
*olegter@mail.ru
ГБУЗ «Челябинский областной клинический центр онкологии и ядерной медицины», Челябинск, Россия
*olegter@mail.ru
________________________________________________
Oleg S. Tereshin*
Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Center of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Chelyabinsk, Russia
*olegter@mail.ru
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