Современные подходы к диагностике и лечению смешанной деменции

1. Гаврилова С.И. Фармакотерапия болезни Альцгеймера. М., 2003. / Gavrilova S.I. Farmakoterapiia bolezni Al'tsgeimera. M., 2003. [in Russian]
2. Дамулин И.В. Сосудистая деменция и болезнь Альцгеймера. М., 2002. / Damulin I.V. Sosudistaia dementsiia i bolezn' Al'tsgeimera. M., 2002. [in Russian]
3. Левин О.С. Клинико-магнитнорезонансно-томографическое исследование диcциркуляторной энцефалопатии с когнитивными нарушениями. Дис. … канд. мед. наук. М., 1996. / Levin O.S. Kliniko-magnitnorezonansno-tomograficheskoe issledovanie dictsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii s kognitivnymi narusheniiami. Dis. … kand. med. nauk. M., 1996. [in Russian]
4. Левин О.С. Диагностика и лечение деменции в клинической практике. М.: Медпресс-информ, 2009. / Levin O.S. Diagnostika i lechenie dementsii v klinicheskoi praktike. M.: Medpress-inform, 2009. [in Russian]
5. Ферстл Г., Мелике А., Вейхель К. Деменция. Пер. с нем. М.: Медпресс-информ, 2010. / Ferstl G., Melike A., Veikhel' K. Dementsiia. Per. s nem. M.: Medpress-inform, 2010. [in Russian]
6. Яхно Н.Н. Когнитивные расстройства в неврологической клинике. Неврол. журн. 2006; 11 (Прил. 1): 4–13. / Iakhno N.N. Kognitivnye rasstroistva v nevrologicheskoi klinike. Nevrol. zhurn. 2006; 11 (Pril. 1): 4–13. [in Russian]
7. Ballard C, Sauter M, Scheltens P et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the Vantage study. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 2561–74. 
8. Baor KJ, Boettger MK, Seidler N et al. Influence of galantamine on vasomotor reactivity in Аlzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia due to cerebral microangiopathy. Stroke 2007; 38: 3186–92.
9. Benarroch E. Neurovascular unit dysfunction: a vascular component of Alzheimer disease? Neurology 2007; 68: 1730–2.
10. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968; 114: 797–811.
11. Bruandet A, Richard F, Bombois S. Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular disease compared with Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 133–9.
12. Dubois B, Feldman H, Jacova C et el. Revising the definition of Alzheimer’s disease: a new lexicon. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 1118–27.
13. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1283–90.
14. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Small GW et al. An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1765–82. 
15. Erkinjuntti T, Skoog I, Lane R, Andrews C. Rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and concurrent hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 791–6. 
16. Feldman HH, Doody RS, Kivipelto M et al. Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2010; 74: 956–64.
17. Frisoni GB, Galluzzi S, Pantoni L et al. The effect of white matter lisions on cognition in the elderly. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 620–7.
18. Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension. Stroke and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 328–35.
19. Iadecola C. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 347–60. 
20. Jellinger KA. The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2007; 113: 349–88. 
21. Jellinger KA, Attems J. Is there pure vascular dementia in old age? J Neurol Sci 2010; 299: 150–5.
22. Jellinger KA. Prevalence and Impact of Cerebrovascular Lesions in Alzheimer and Lewy Body Diseases. Neurodegenerative Dis 2010; 7: 112–5.
23. Kalaria RN, Kenny RA, Ballard C et al. Towards defining of neuropathological substrates of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2004; 226: 75–80. 
24. Leys D, Неnon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Pasquier F. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 752–9.
25. Libon D, Price C, Giovannetti T et al. Linking MRI hyperintensities with patterns of neuropsychological impairment. Stroke 2008; 39: 806–13.
26. McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore AP et al. Systematic review: blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 4–5.
27. Mesulam M, Siddique T, Cohen B. Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: observations on CADASIL. Neurology 2003; 60: 1183–5.
28. O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 89–98.
29. O’Connor D. Epidemiology. A.Burns et al (eds). Dementia. 3-d ed. New York, Holder Arnold, 2005; p. 16–23.
30. Orgogozo JM, Rigaud AS, Stöffler A et al. Efficacy and Safety of Memantine in Patients With Mild to Moderate Vascular Dementia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (MMM 300). Stroke 2002; 33: 1834–9.
31. Rockwood K, Wentzel C, Hachinscki V et al. Prevalence and outcomes of vascular cognitive impairment. Neu-rology 2000; 54: 447–51.
32. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993; 43: 250–60.
33. Román GC, Royall DR. Executive control function: a rational basis for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13 (Suppl. 3): S.69–80. 
34. Roman GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 1769–85. 
35. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology 2007; 69: 2197–204.
36. Shanks M, Kivipelto M, Bullock R. Cholinesterase inhibition: is there evidence for disease-modifying effects? Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25: 2439–46.
37. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study. JAMA 1997; 277: 813–7.
38. Sparks DL, Sabbagh MN, Connor DJ et al. Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 753–7.
39. Staekenborg S., Van der Flier W, Van Straaten E et al. Neurological signs in relation of type of cerebrovascular disease in vascular dementia. Stroke 2008; 39: 317–22.
40. Wilcock G, Möbius HJ, Stöffler A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM 500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 297–305.
41. Woodward M, Brodaty H, Boundy K. Does executive impairment define a frontal variant of Alzheimer’s disease? Int Psychogeriatr 2010; 22: 1280–90.
42. Zekry D, Hauw JJ, Gold G. Mixed dementia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1431–8.
43. Zekry D, Gold G. Management of Mixed Dementia. Drugs Aging 2010; 27: 715–28.

________________________________________________

1. Gavrilova S.I. Farmakoterapiia bolezni Al'tsgeimera. M., 2003. [in Russian]
2. Damulin I.V. Sosudistaia dementsiia i bolezn' Al'tsgeimera. M., 2002. [in Russian]
3. Levin O.S. Kliniko-magnitnorezonansno-tomograficheskoe issledovanie dictsirkuliatornoi entsefalopatii s kognitivnymi narusheniiami. Dis. … kand. med. nauk. M., 1996. [in Russian]
4. Levin O.S. Diagnostika i lechenie dementsii v klinicheskoi praktike. M.: Medpress-inform, 2009. [in Russian]
5. Ferstl G., Melike A., Veikhel' K. Dementsiia. Per. s nem. M.: Medpress-inform, 2010. [in Russian]
6. Iakhno N.N. Kognitivnye rasstroistva v nevrologicheskoi klinike. Nevrol. zhurn. 2006; 11 (Pril. 1): 4–13. [in Russian]
7. Ballard C, Sauter M, Scheltens P et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules in patients with probable vascular dementia: the Vantage study. Curr Med Res Opin 2008; 24: 2561–74. 
8. Baor KJ, Boettger MK, Seidler N et al. Influence of galantamine on vasomotor reactivity in Аlzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia due to cerebral microangiopathy. Stroke 2007; 38: 3186–92.
9. Benarroch E. Neurovascular unit dysfunction: a vascular component of Alzheimer disease? Neurology 2007; 68: 1730–2.
10. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M. The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1968; 114: 797–811.
11. Bruandet A, Richard F, Bombois S. Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular disease compared with Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 133–9.
12. Dubois B, Feldman H, Jacova C et el. Revising the definition of Alzheimer’s disease: a new lexicon. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 1118–27.
13. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Gauthier S et al. Efficacy of galantamine in probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease combined with cerebrovascular disease: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1283–90.
14. Erkinjuntti T, Kurz A, Small GW et al. An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1765–82. 
15. Erkinjuntti T, Skoog I, Lane R, Andrews C. Rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and concurrent hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 791–6. 
16. Feldman HH, Doody RS, Kivipelto M et al. Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2010; 74: 956–64.
17. Frisoni GB, Galluzzi S, Pantoni L et al. The effect of white matter lisions on cognition in the elderly. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3: 620–7.
18. Girouard H, Iadecola C. Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension. Stroke and Alzheimer disease. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 328–35.
19. Iadecola C. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 347–60. 
20. Jellinger KA. The enigma of vascular cognitive disorder and vascular dementia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2007; 113: 349–88. 
21. Jellinger KA, Attems J. Is there pure vascular dementia in old age? J Neurol Sci 2010; 299: 150–5.
22. Jellinger KA. Prevalence and Impact of Cerebrovascular Lesions in Alzheimer and Lewy Body Diseases. Neurodegenerative Dis 2010; 7: 112–5.
23. Kalaria RN, Kenny RA, Ballard C et al. Towards defining of neuropathological substrates of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 2004; 226: 75–80. 
24. Leys D, Неnon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, Pasquier F. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 752–9.
25. Libon D, Price C, Giovannetti T et al. Linking MRI hyperintensities with patterns of neuropsychological impairment. Stroke 2008; 39: 806–13.
26. McGuinness B, Todd S, Passmore AP et al. Systematic review: blood pressure lowering in patients without prior cerebrovascular disease for prevention of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 4–5.
27. Mesulam M, Siddique T, Cohen B. Cholinergic denervation in a pure multi-infarct state: observations on CADASIL. Neurology 2003; 60: 1183–5.
28. O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 89–98.
29. O’Connor D. Epidemiology. A.Burns et al (eds). Dementia. 3-d ed. New York, Holder Arnold, 2005; p. 16–23.
30. Orgogozo JM, Rigaud AS, Stöffler A et al. Efficacy and Safety of Memantine in Patients With Mild to Moderate Vascular Dementia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (MMM 300). Stroke 2002; 33: 1834–9.
31. Rockwood K, Wentzel C, Hachinscki V et al. Prevalence and outcomes of vascular cognitive impairment. Neu-rology 2000; 54: 447–51.
32. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993; 43: 250–60.
33. Román GC, Royall DR. Executive control function: a rational basis for the diagnosis of vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999; 13 (Suppl. 3): S.69–80. 
34. Roman GC, Kalaria RN. Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 1769–85. 
35. Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Bang W, Bennett DA. Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons. Neurology 2007; 69: 2197–204.
36. Shanks M, Kivipelto M, Bullock R. Cholinesterase inhibition: is there evidence for disease-modifying effects? Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25: 2439–46.
37. Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: the Nun Study. JAMA 1997; 277: 813–7.
38. Sparks DL, Sabbagh MN, Connor DJ et al. Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 753–7.
39. Staekenborg S., Van der Flier W, Van Straaten E et al. Neurological signs in relation of type of cerebrovascular disease in vascular dementia. Stroke 2008; 39: 317–22.
40. Wilcock G, Möbius HJ, Stöffler A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (MMM 500). Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 297–305.
41. Woodward M, Brodaty H, Boundy K. Does executive impairment define a frontal variant of Alzheimer’s disease? Int Psychogeriatr 2010; 22: 1280–90.
42. Zekry D, Hauw JJ, Gold G. Mixed dementia: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 1431–8.
43. Zekry D, Gold G. Management of Mixed Dementia. Drugs Aging 2010; 27: 715–28.

О.С.Левин

ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России. 125993, Россия, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1
oslevin@mail.ru

________________________________________________

O.S.Levin

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. 125993, Russian Federation, Moscow, ul. Barrikadnaia, d. 2/1
oslevin@mail.ru