1. Milligan J, Ryan K, Lee J. Demystifying spasticity in primary care. Can Fam Physician 2019; 65: 697–703.
2. Bar-On L, Molenaers G, Aertbeliën E, et al. Spasticity and its contribution to hypertonia in cerebral palsy. Bio Med Res Int 2015; 2015: 317047.
3. Fleuren JF, Voerman GE, Snoek GJ, et al. Perception of lower limb spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2009; 47 (5): 396–400.
4. Sosnoff JJ, Gappmaier E, Frame A, Motl RW. Influence of spasticity on mobility and balance in persons with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Phys Ther 2011; 35 (3): 129–32.
5. Francisco GF, Boake C. Improvement in walking speed in poststroke spastic hemiplegia after intrathecal baclofen therapy: a preliminary study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 1194–99.
6. Graham LA. Management of spasticity revisited. Age Ageing 2013; 42 (4): 435–41.
7. Cha Y, Arami A. Quantitative Modeling of Spasticity for Clinical Assessment, Treatment and Rehabilitation Sensors 2020; 20 (18): 5046.
8. Парфенов В.А., Хасанова Д.Р. Ишемический инсульт. М.: МИА, 2012 [Parfenov V.A., Khasanova D.R. Ischemic stroke. Moscow: MIA, 2012 (in Rissian)].
9. Lindsay C, Kouzouna A, Simcox C, Pandyan AD. Pharmacological interventions other than botulinum toxin for spasticity after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10 (10): CD010362.
10. Formisano R, Pantano P, Buzzi MG, et al. Late motor recovery is influenced by muscle tone changes after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 308–11.
11. McGuire JR, Harvey RL The prevention and management of complications after stroke. Phys Med Rehabil Clin North Am 1999; 10: 857–74.
12. Bavikatte G, Gaber T. Approach to spasticity in general practice. Br J Med Pract 2009; 2 (3): 29–34.
13. Bhimani R, Anderson L. Clinical understanding of spasticity: implications for practice. Rehabil Res Pract 2014; 2014: 279175.
14. Monaghan K, Horgan F, Blake C, et al. Physical treatment interventions for managing spasticity after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 7.
15. Rabchevsky AG, Kitzman PH. Latest approaches for the treatment of spasticity and autonomic dysreflexia in chronic spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8 (2): 274–82.
16. Alashram AR, Annino G, Mercuri NB Changes in spasticity following functional electrical stimulation cycling in patients with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2020; 1: 14.
17. Barnes MP. Management of spasticity. Age and Ageing 1998; 27: 239–45.
18. Mukherjee A, Chakravarty A. Spasticity mechanisms – for the clinician. Frontiers in Neurology 2010; 1: 149.
19. Lataste X, Emre M, Davis C, Groves L. Comparative profile of tizanidine in the management of spasticity. Neurology 1994; 44 (suppl. 9): 53–9.
20. Gelber DA, Good DC, Dromerick A, et al. Open-Label Dose-Titration Safety and Efficacy Study of Tizanidine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Spasticity Associated With Chronic Stroke. Stroke 2001; 32: 1841–6.
21. Maramatsu I, Kigoshi S. Tizanidine may discriminate between imidazoline-receptors and alpha-2 adrenoreceptors. Jpn J Pharmacol 1992; 59: 457–9.
22. Chantraine A, Van Ouwenaller C. Modified release tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity. J Int Med Res 1988; 16: 459–65.
23. Vora A. Tolperisone. J Ass Phys India 2010; 58: 127–8.
24. Wallace JD. Summary of combined clinical analysis of controlled clinical trials with tizanidine. Neurology 1994; 44 (suppl. 9): 60–9.
25. Francisco GE, McGuire JR. Poststroke spasticity management. Stroke 2012; 43 (11): 3132–6.
26. Otero-Romero S, Sastre-Garriga J, Hartung Hans-Peter, et al. Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and consensus paper. Mult Scler 2016; 22 (11): 1386–96.
27. Groves L, Shellenberger MK, Davis CS. Tizanidine treatment of spasticity: a meta-analysis of controlled, double-blind, comparative studies with baclofen and diazepam. Adv Ther 1998; 15 (4): 241–51.
28. Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2016; 86: 1818–26.
29. Franceschini M, Iocco M, Molteni F, et al. Italian Spasticity Study Group Management of stroke patients submitted to botulinum toxin type A therapy: a Delphi survey of an Italian expert panel of specialist injectors. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2014; 50: 525–33.
30. Wissel J, Ward AB, Erztgaard P, et al. European consensus table on the use of botulinum toxin type A in adult spasticity. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41: 13–25.