Нормоальбуминурическая хроническая болезнь почек при сахарном диабете
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Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет, диабетическая нефропатия, хроническая болезнь почек, альбуминурия, скорость клубочковой фильтрации.
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Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) is widely used in clinical practice as indicator of diabetic kidney disease. According to the classical concept of the natural course of diabetic nephropathy, an increase in UAE usually precedes a decline in renal function. Meanwhile, a growing body of evidences indicates a high prevalence of normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease (NA-CKD) in diabetic subjects, especially among patients with type 2 diabetes. An increase in NA-CKD prevalence can be results of improved glucose, blood pressure, and lipid control, widespread use of renin-angiotensin system blockers, and smoking cessation. It was shown that NA-CKD is more prevalent among women and is associated with arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease. The renal structure in subjects with NA-CKD is more heterogeneous when compared to patients with increased albuminuria, wherein interstitial changes and arteriolosclerosis could be the principal morphological findings, while signs of glomerulopathy may be absent. The prognostic value of NA-CKD needs to be clarified. It was shown that NA-CKD increases the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death in patients with diabetes. The search for alternative diagnostic markers for detecting of diabetic kidney disease in the absence of albuminuria, is of practical importance. The evaluations of the markers of tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis, as well as proteomic approaches, are considered as perspective diagnostic and prognostic options in NA-CKD. The study of pathogenesis, pathology, clinical course of NA-CKD in diabetic patients, as well as the development of more specific diagnostic and treatment options is a challenge for future research.
Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, albuminuria, glomerular filtration rate.
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11. Molitch ME, Steffes M, Sun W, et al. Development and progression of renal insufficiency with and without albuminuria in adults with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1536-1543. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1098
12. Thorn LM, Gordin D, Harjutsalo V, Hägg S, Masar R, Saraheimo M, Tolonen N, Wadén J, Groop PH, Forsblom CM; FinnDiane Study Group. The presence and consequence of nonalbuminuric chronic kidney disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(11):2128-2133. doi: 10.2337/dc15-0641
13. Penno G, Russo E, Garofolo M, Daniele G, Lucchesi D, Giusti L, Sancho Bornez V, Bianchi C, Dardano A, Miccoli R, Del Prato S. Evidence for two distinct phenotypes of chronic kidney disease in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 2017;60(6):1102-1113. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4251-1
14. Pugliese G. Updating the natural history of diabetic nephropathy. Acta Diabetol. 2014;51(6):905-915. doi: 10.1007/s00592-014-0650-7
15. [Bondar IA, Klimontov VV, Nadeev AP, Bgatova NP. Early renal changes in type 1 diabetes. Problemy Endokrinologii. 2007;53(5):3-8 (In Russ.)].
16. Fioretto P, Caramori ML, Mauer M. The kidney in diabetes: dynamic pathways of injury and repair. The Camillo Golgi Lecture 2007. Diabetologia. 2008;51(8):1347-1355. doi: 10.1007/s00125-008-1051-7
17. Caramori ML, Fioretto P, Mauer M. Low glomerular filtration rate in normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients: an indicator of more advanced glomerular lesions. Diabetes. 2003;52(4):1036-1040. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1036
18. Dalla Vestra M, Masiero A, Roiter AM, Saller A, Crepaldi G, Fioretto P. Is podocyte injury relevant in diabetic nephropathy? Studies in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52(4):1031-1035. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1031
19. Weil EJ, Lemley KV, Mason CC, Yee B, Jones LI, Blouch K, Lovato T, Richardson M, Myers BD, Nelson RG. Podocyte detachment and reduced glomerular capillary endothelial fenestration promote kidney disease in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2012;82(9):1010-1017. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.234
20. Ekinci EI, Jerums G, Skene A, Crammer P, Power D, Cheong KY, Panagiotopoulos S, McNeil K, Baker ST, Fioretto P, Macisaac RJ. Renal structure in normoalbuminuric and albuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired renal function. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(11):3620-3626. doi: 10.2337/dc12-2572
21. Andrésdóttir G, Jensen ML, Carstensen B, et al. Improved prognosis of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2015;87(2):417-426. doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.206
22. [Korbut AI, Klimontov VV. Incretin-based therapy: renal effects. Sakharnyy Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2016;19(1):53-63 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/DM7727
23. [Korbut AI, Klimontov VV. Empagliflozin: a new strategy for nephroprotection in diabetes. Sakharnyy Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2017;20(1):75-84 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/DM8005
24. Boronat M, García-Cantón C, Quevedo V, et al. Non-albuminuric renal disease among subjects with advanced stages of chronic kidney failure related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ren Fail. 2014;36(2):166-170. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2013.835266
25. Afghahi H, Cederholm J, Eliasson B, Zethelius B, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Hadimeri H, Svensson MK. Risk factors for the development of albuminuria and renal impairment in type 2 diabetes – the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(4):1236-1243. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq535
26. Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, de Galan BE, Zoungas S, Pillai A, Jardine M, Patel A, Cass A, Neal B, Poulter N, Mogensen CE, Cooper M, Marre M, Williams B, Hamet P, Mancia G, Woodward M, Macmahon S, Chalmers J; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(8):1813-1821. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008121270
27. Svensson MK, Cederholm J, Eliasson B, Zethelius B, Gudbjörnsdottir S; Swedish National Diabetes Register. Albuminuria and renal function as predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in a general population of patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2013;10(6):520-529. doi: 10.1177/1479164113500798
28. Lin CH, Chang YC, Chuang LM. Early detection of diabetic kidney disease: Present limitations and future perspectives. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(14):290-301. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i14.290
29. Rigalleau V, Blanco L, Alexandre L, Pupier E, Lasseur C, Barthe N, Combe C. Normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes: is it real and is it serious? Diabetologia. 2017; in press. doi: 10.1007/s00125-017-4378-0
30. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1-150. http://www.kdigo.org/clinical_practice_guidelines/pdf/CKD/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf
31. [Klimontov VV, Eremenko NV, Myakina NE, Fazullina ON. Cystatin C and collagen type IV in diagnostics of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Sakharnyy Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2015;18(1):87-93 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/DM2015187-93
32. Lacquaniti A, Donato V, Pintaudi B, Di Vieste G, Chirico V, Buemi A, Di Benedetto A, Arena A, Buemi M. "Normoalbuminuric" diabetic nephropathy: tubular damage and NGAL. Acta Diabetol. 2013;50(6):935-942. doi: 10.1007/s00592-013-0485-7
33. Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C. Diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: a review of early natural history, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017;33(2). doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2841
34. Bouvet BR, Paparella CV, Arriaga SM, Monje AL, Amarilla AM, Almará AM. Evaluation of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase as a marker of early renal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2014;58(8):798-801. doi: 10.1590/0004-2730000003010
35. [Bondar IA, Klimontov VV, Parfentieva EM, Romanov VV, Nadeev AP. Urinary excretion of profibrotic and antifibrotic growth factors in type 1 diabetic patients: the relation with diabetic nephropathy. Terapevticheskij Arkhiv. 2012;84(6):36-40 (In Russ.)].
36. [Shamkhalova MS, Kurumova KO, Klefortova II, Sitkin II, Il'in AV, Arbuzova MI, Goncharov NP, Katsiya GV, Aleksandrov AA, Kukharenko SS, Shestakova MV, Dedov II. Factors promoting development of renal tubulointerstitial lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus. Sakharnyy Diabet = Diabetes Mellitus. 2010;13(3):134-141 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14341/2072-0351-5502
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Научно-исследовательский институт клинической и экспериментальной лимфологии – филиал ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия
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V.V. Klimontov, A.I. Korbut
Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia