Цель исследования. Оценить эффективность терапии мезенхимальными стромальными клетками (МСК) костного мозга у пациентов с болезнью Крона (БК), получающих азатиоприн (АЗА). Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 34 пациента с воспалительной (люминальной) формой БК. 1-я группа больных (n=15) получала противовоспалительную терапию с применением культуры МСК в комбинации с АЗА. 2-я группа (n=19) получала МСК без АЗА. Тяжесть атаки оценивали в баллах в соответствии с индексом активности БК (ИАБК). В сыворотке крови исследовали иммуно-глобулины (IgA, IgG, IgM), интерлейкины (ИЛ) 1β, 4, 10, фактор некроза опухоли-α (ФНО-α), интерферон-γ (ИНФ-γ), трансформирующий фактор роста-1β (ТФР-1β), С-реактивный белок (СРБ), тромбоциты и скорость оседания эритроцитов (СОЭ) через 2, 6 и 12 мес от начала терапии МСК. Результаты. Исходный средний ИАБК в 1-й группе составил 337,6±17,1 балла, во 2-й – 332,7±11,0 балла (p=0,3). В обеих группах больных отмечено достоверное снижение ИАБК через 2 мес от начала терапии МСК: в 1-й группе – до 118,9±12,4 балла, во 2-й – до 120,3±14,1 балла (p=0,7), через 6 мес – 110,3±11,1 и 114,3±11,8 балла (p=0,8), соответственно. Через 12 мес ИАБК в 1-й группе составил 99,9±10,8 балла, во 2-й – 100,6±12,1 балла (p=0,8), через 24 мес – 133,2±28,3 и 120,8±15,5 балла (p=0,2), соответственно; через 36 мес – 139,9±23,4 и 141,7±20,8 балла (p=0,9), соответственно. Уровни IgA, IgG, IgM были достоверно ниже в группе больных с более продолжительным анамнезом заболевания и длительно принимающих АЗА. После введения МСК в обеих группах больных БК отмечалась тенденция к росту про- и противовоспалительных цитокинов, с достоверно более низким уровнем провоспалительных цитокинов: ИНФ-γ, ФНО-α, ИЛ-1β – в 1-й группе, свидетельствующим о потенцировании иммуносупрессивного действия МСК и АЗА, которое обеспечивает более выраженный противовоспалительный эффект. Заключение. Трансплантация МСК способствует повышению в сыворотке крови больных БК изначально сниженной концентрации иммуноглобулинов, цитокинов и восстановлению их баланса по мере наступления клинической ремиссии. Сочетание с АЗА оказывает более выраженный противовоспалительный эффект.
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, recurring disease of the gastrointestinal tract of unclear etiology. One of the new approaches to CD therapy is the use of the possibilities of stem cells, in particular, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Currently, the use of MSC in clinical practice for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is being studied in patients who receive concomitant therapy with other immunomodulatory medications. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of MSCs therapy in patients with CD receiving azathioprine (AZA). Materials and methods. The study included 34 patients with inflammatory (luminal) form of CD. The 1st group of patients (n=15) received anti-inflammatory therapy using MSCs culture in combination with AZA. The 2nd group (n=19) received MSCs without AZA. The severity of the attack was assessed in points in accordance with the of Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI). Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), interleukins (IL) 1β, 4, 10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), transforming growth factor-1β (TGF-1β), C-reactive protein (CRP), platelets and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) at 2, 6 and 12 months from the beginning of MSCs therapy. Results. The initial mean CDAI in the 1st group was 337.6±17.1 points, in the 2nd group – 332.7±11.0 points (p=0.3). In both groups of patients there was a significant decrease in CDAI after 2 months. From the beginning of therapy MSCs: in the 1st group to 118.9±12.4 points, in the 2nd – 120.3±14.1 points (p=0.7), after 6 months – 110.3±11.1 and 114.3±11.8 points (p=0.8), respectively. After 12 months CDAI in the 1st group was 99.9±10.8 points, in the 2nd group it was 100.6±12.1 points (p=0.8). The level of IgA, IgG, IgM was significantly lower in the group of patients with a longer history of the disease and long-term ASA. After the introduction of MSC in both groups of patients with BC, there was a tendency for the growth of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, with a significantly lower level of pro-inflammatory cytokines – INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β – in the 1st group, indicating potentiation of the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs and AZA, which provides a more pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusion. Transplantation of MSCs promotes an increase in the serum of patients with CD initially reduced concentration of IG, cytokines and restoring their balance as the onset of clinical remission. The combination with AZA has a more pronounced anti-inflammatory effect.
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2. Nelson TJ, Behfar A, Terzic A. Strategies for Therapeutic Repair: The “R3” Regenerative Medicine Paradigm. Clin Transl Sci. 2008 Sept 10;1(2):168-71.
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4. Ciccocioppo R, Bernardo ME, Sgarella A, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of fistulising Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2011;60:788-98.
5. De la Portilla F, Alba F, Garcia-Olmo D, et al. Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (eASCs) for the treatment of complex perianal fistula in Crohn’s disease: results from a multicenter phase I/IIa clinical trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:313-23.
6. Князев О.В., Парфенов А.И., Щербаков П.Л., Хомерики С.Г., Ручкина И.Н., Конопляников А.Г. Эффективность и безопасность мезенхимальных стромальных клеток костного мозга у больных с рефрактерными формами болезни Крона. Клеточная трансплантология и тканевая инженерия. 2013;VIII(1):76-84 [Knyazev OV, Parfenov AI, Shcherbakov PL, Khomeriki SG, Ruchkina IN, Konoplyanikov AG. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal bone marrow stromal cells in patients with refractory forms of Crohn’s disease. Kletochnaya Transplantologiya i Tkanevaya Inzheneriya = Cellular Transplantology and Tissue Engineering. 2013;VIII(1):76-84 (In Russ.)].
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10. Le Blanc K, Tammik C, Rosendahl K, et al. HLA expression and immunologic properties of differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Hematol. 2003;31:890-6.
11. Majumdar MK, Keane-Moore M, Buyaner D, et al. Characterization and functionality of cell surface molecules on human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Sci. 2003;10:228-41.
12. McIntosh K, Zvonic S, Garrett S, et al. The immunogenicity of human adipose-derived cells: temporal changes in vitro. Stem Cells. 2006;24:1246-53.
13. Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, et al. Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2739-49.
14. Griffin MD, Ryan AE, Alagesan S, et al. Anti-donor immune responses elicited by allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: what have we learned so far? Immunol Cell Biol. 2013; 91:40-51.
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20. Gonzalez-Rey E, Gonzalez MA, Rico L, et al. Human adult stem cells derived from adipose tissue protect against experimental colitis and sepsis. Gut. 2009;58:929-39.
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________________________________________________
1. Parfenov AI. Crohn’s disease: to the 80th anniversary of the description. Terapevticheskii Arhiv = Therapeutic Archive. 2013;85(8):35-42 (In Russ.)
2. Nelson TJ, Behfar A, Terzic A. Strategies for Therapeutic Repair: The “R3” Regenerative Medicine Paradigm. Clin Transl Sci. 2008 Sept 10;1(2):168-71.
3. Duijvestein M, Vos AC, Roelofs H, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell treatment for refractory luminal Crohn’s disease: results of a phase I study. Gut. 2010;59:1662-9.
4. Ciccocioppo R, Bernardo ME, Sgarella A, et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in the treatment of fistulising Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2011;60:788-98.
5. De la Portilla F, Alba F, Garcia-Olmo D, et al. Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (eASCs) for the treatment of complex perianal fistula in Crohn’s disease: results from a multicenter phase I/IIa clinical trial. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:313-23.
6. Knyazev OV, Parfenov AI, Shcherbakov PL, Khomeriki SG, Ruchkina IN, Konoplyanikov AG. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal bone marrow stromal cells in patients with refractory forms of Crohn’s disease. Kletochnaya Transplantologiya i Tkanevaya Inzheneriya = Cellular Transplantology and Tissue Engineering. 2013;VIII(1):76-84 (In Russ.)
7. Meisel R, Zibert A, Laryea M, et al. Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation. Blood. 2004;103:4619-21.
8. DelaRosa O, Lombardo E, Beraza A, et al. Requirement of IFN-gamma-mediated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in the modulation of lymphocyte proliferation by human adipose-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2009;15:2795-806.
9. Maccario R, Podesta M, Moretta A, et al. Interaction of human mesenchymal stem cells with cells involved in alloantigen-specific immune response favors the differentiation of CD4 + T-cell subsets expressing a regulatory/suppressive phenotype. Haematologica. 2005;90:516-25.
10. Le Blanc K, Tammik C, Rosendahl K, et al. HLA expression and immunologic properties of differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Hematol. 2003;31:890-6.
11. Majumdar MK, Keane-Moore M, Buyaner D, et al. Characterization and functionality of cell surface molecules on human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Sci. 2003;10:228-41.
12. McIntosh K, Zvonic S, Garrett S, et al. The immunogenicity of human adipose-derived cells: temporal changes in vitro. Stem Cells. 2006;24:1246-53.
13. Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, et al. Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2739-49.
14. Griffin MD, Ryan AE, Alagesan S, et al. Anti-donor immune responses elicited by allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: what have we learned so far? Immunol Cell Biol. 2013; 91:40-51.
15. Duijvestein M, Molendijk I, Roelofs H, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cell function is not affected by drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Cytotherapy. 2011;13:1066-73.
16. Huang HR, Zan H, Lin Y, Zhong YQ. Effects of azathioprine and infliximab on mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow of rats in vitro. Mol Med Rep. 2014 Mar;9(3):1005-12. doi: 10.3892/ mmr.2014.1905. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
17. Tsyb AF, Konoplyannikov AG, Kolesnikova AI, Pavlov VV. Reception and use in medicine of cell cultures from mesenchymal stem cells of human bone marrow. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk = Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2004; 59(9):71-6 (In Russ.)
18. Dolgikh VT. Osnovy immunopatologii [Fundamentals of immunopathology]. Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix; 2007. P. 119-58 (In Russ.)
19. Rafei M, Hsieh J, Fortier S, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived CCL2 suppresses plasma cell immunoglobulin production via STAT3 inactivation and PAX5 induction. Blood. 2008;112:4991-8.
20. Gonzalez-Rey E, Gonzalez MA, Rico L, et al. Human adult stem cells derived from adipose tissue protect against experimental colitis and sepsis. Gut. 2009;58:929-39.
21. Cytokines in gastroenterology]. Moscow: Anaharsis; 2003. 96 p. (In Russ.)
1 ГБУЗ «Московский клинический научно-практический центр им. А.С. Логинова Департамента здравоохранения Москвы», Москва, Россия;
2 Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Минздрава России, Обнинск, Россия
1 S.A. Loginov Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia;
2 A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center – branch of the "National research center of medical radiology", Ministry of Health of Russia, Obninsk, Russia